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無(wú)錫太湖學(xué)院 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì) （ 論 文 ） 開(kāi) 題 報(bào) 告 題目： 精密平面磨床微進(jìn)給及微位移 工作臺(tái)設(shè)計(jì) 信 機(jī) 系 機(jī) 械 工 程 及 自 動(dòng) 化 專(zhuān) 業(yè) 學(xué) 號(hào)： 0923150 學(xué)生姓名： 邱文浩 指導(dǎo)教師： 范圣耀 （職稱(chēng)：副教授） （職稱(chēng)：副教授） 2013 年 1 月 15 日 課題來(lái)源 自擬題目 科學(xué)依據(jù) （1）課題科學(xué)意義 當(dāng)代社會(huì)，制造業(yè)特別是機(jī)械制造業(yè)是國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)，現(xiàn)代制造業(yè)正在 改變著人們的生產(chǎn)方式、生活方式、經(jīng)營(yíng)管理模式乃至社會(huì)的組織結(jié)構(gòu)和文化。 由于中國(guó)潛在的巨大市場(chǎng)和豐富的勞動(dòng)力資源，世界的制造業(yè)正在向中國(guó)轉(zhuǎn)移， 中國(guó)正在成為世界的制造大國(guó)。我國(guó)在家電等若干產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)量已居世界第一位。 但是在自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)、先進(jìn)制造工藝和裝備及現(xiàn)代化管理等方面仍 然存在很大差距，所以我們還沒(méi)還不是領(lǐng)先于世界的制造強(qiáng)國(guó)。 機(jī)械制造業(yè)是國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)，是一個(gè)國(guó)家綜合國(guó)力的重要體現(xiàn)。 伴隨經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化，我國(guó)正在成為世界機(jī)械制造業(yè)的中心，但是與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家相比， 我國(guó)機(jī)械制造業(yè)不僅制造工藝裝備陳舊、生產(chǎn)自動(dòng)化技術(shù)落后，企業(yè)管理粗放、缺 乏自主創(chuàng)新產(chǎn)品與先進(jìn)技術(shù)等，而且在快速、高品質(zhì)、低成本，以及優(yōu)質(zhì)服務(wù)方面 也有較大的差距。 因此正確分析我國(guó)機(jī)械制造業(yè)的品牌優(yōu)勢(shì)、技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì)和成本優(yōu)勢(shì)，并依據(jù)不同 類(lèi)型制造業(yè)的特點(diǎn)，有針對(duì)性地提出制造業(yè)的信息化戰(zhàn)略對(duì)策具有重要意義。 （2）精密加工技術(shù)的研究狀況及其發(fā)展前景 精密和超精密制造技術(shù)是當(dāng)前各個(gè)工業(yè)國(guó)家發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)的核心技術(shù)之一,因此了解 精密與超精密加工的國(guó)內(nèi)外發(fā)展?fàn)顩r及發(fā)展趨勢(shì)對(duì)我國(guó)發(fā)展裝備制造業(yè)具有十分重 要的意義。 目前精密加工所能達(dá)到的加工精度距加工的極限還有相當(dāng)?shù)木嚯x。國(guó)外有人聲 稱(chēng)已開(kāi)發(fā)了以原子級(jí)去除單位的加工方法，但目前還未在實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中得到應(yīng)用。 為了促進(jìn)精密加工技術(shù)的發(fā)展，應(yīng)深入研究和探討下列幾個(gè)問(wèn)題，即發(fā)展前景： (1)努力開(kāi)發(fā)加工單位極小的精密加工方法； (2)開(kāi)發(fā)精密的機(jī)械機(jī)構(gòu)； (3)開(kāi)發(fā)高精度的檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)； (4)開(kāi)發(fā)適用于精密加工并能獲得高精度、搞表面質(zhì)量的新型材料。 研究?jī)?nèi)容 ① 設(shè)計(jì)一臺(tái)精密數(shù)控平面磨床，用砂輪周邊磨削平面，也可以磨削臺(tái)階平面、能用 于機(jī)械制造業(yè)及工具磨具制造業(yè)，能加工各種難加工材料（如陶瓷材料） ； ② 磨床總體設(shè)計(jì)方案確定，繪制機(jī)床總體布局圖； ③ 砂輪修整器設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算； ④ 垂直進(jìn)給機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)，伺服電機(jī)和滾珠絲杠副設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算， ⑤繪制垂直進(jìn)給機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)的裝配圖 ； ⑥結(jié)合數(shù)控技術(shù)的微位移工作臺(tái)的設(shè)計(jì)； 擬采取的研究方法、技術(shù)路線(xiàn)、實(shí)驗(yàn)方案及可行性分析 實(shí)驗(yàn)方案 設(shè)計(jì)一臺(tái)精密數(shù)控平面磨床，用砂輪周邊磨削平面和臺(tái)階平面，用于機(jī)械制造 業(yè)及工具模具制造業(yè)，且能加工各種難加工材料。確定了該精密平面磨床工作臺(tái)的 各個(gè)部件及其功能分配，完成了該平面磨床的傳動(dòng)選擇以及總體布局設(shè)計(jì)。利用滾 珠絲桿為主要器件，結(jié)合梯形螺紋絲桿壓桿來(lái)檢測(cè)其穩(wěn)定性；通過(guò)壓電、電致伸縮 器件在微位移系統(tǒng)中的壓電耦合效應(yīng)和砂輪修整器特性提高了該工作臺(tái)的加工精度。 將 840D 數(shù)控技術(shù)作用于平面磨床工作臺(tái)并選擇西門(mén)子 IFK6 交流伺服電機(jī)作為為進(jìn) 給機(jī)構(gòu)和微位移系統(tǒng)的電力源，完成了精密平面磨床微進(jìn)給及微位移工作臺(tái)的設(shè)計(jì)。 研究計(jì)劃及預(yù)期成果 研究計(jì)劃： 2012 年 10 月 28 日-2012 年 11 月 28 日：學(xué)習(xí)并翻譯一篇與畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)相關(guān)的英文材 料。 2012 年 12 月 01 日-2013 年 01 月 30 日：按照任務(wù)書(shū)要求查閱論文相關(guān)參考資料， 填畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)題報(bào)告書(shū)。 2013 年 01 月 25 日-2013 年 02 月 10 日：填寫(xiě)畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告。 2013 年 02 月 20 日-2013 年 03 月 20 日：按照要求修改畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)題報(bào)告。 2013 年 03 月 20 日-2013 年 04 月 30 日：微進(jìn)給機(jī)構(gòu)微位移系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)。 2013 年 05 月 01 日-2010 年 05 月 21 日：畢業(yè)論文撰寫(xiě)和修改工作。 預(yù)期成果： 這套低成本、高效率、高可靠性、人性化精密平面磨床，能在市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中處于 有利地位。微進(jìn)給及微位移技術(shù)的應(yīng)用范圍廣泛,其推廣應(yīng)用社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益十分顯著, 國(guó)內(nèi)制造業(yè)水平有顯著的提高。 特色或創(chuàng)新之處 使用 840D 數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，效果明顯，方便改變參量，能有效的提高加工工件的精度。 采用固定某些參量、改變某些參量來(lái)研究問(wèn)題的方法，思路清晰，簡(jiǎn)潔明了，行之 有效。 已具備的條件和尚需解決的問(wèn)題 圖書(shū)館中提供了大量的資料，包括前輩們辛苦的勞動(dòng)成果，使得我可以像站在 巨人肩膀上一樣來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)課題，當(dāng)然，由于學(xué)生的條件約束性，不能到工廠進(jìn)行實(shí)際 裝配操作，理論依據(jù)也有待完善。 指導(dǎo)教師意見(jiàn) 指導(dǎo)教師簽名： 年 月 日 教研室（學(xué)科組、研究所）意見(jiàn) 教研室主任簽名： 年 月 日 系意見(jiàn) 主管領(lǐng)導(dǎo)簽名： 年 月 日 英文原文 THE PROGRAMMES OF MODERN MECHANICAL DESIGN The mechanical design of products that is not purely mathematical calculations using the methods, also difficult to use mathematical models to describe the complete, and must be in accordance with product features Formal description help design expert knowledge and experience for reasoning and decision-making. Thus, for the purpose of computer-aided design products, the need to address the use of computer storage and product design knowledge and design experts, and other parties to the decision-making problem, The resulting product characteristics of knowledge-based design methods. At present, the intelligent design method is to use 3D graphics software and virtual reality technology in design, visualization better, Users can develop early in a certain degree of direct participation in the design, but systemic poor, and parts of the structure, shape, Size, location to determine the reasonable, demand software with high degree of intelligence, or have extensive experience in the designers. 2, the modular design structure From the perspective of planning products : definition of design tasks to the functional structure-based products, The product has been used solutions (such as common parts and components, etc.) to describe the design task, That the decomposition of tasks on each task to consider whether there are corresponding to the product solution, so that in the product planning stage design tasks to eliminate potential conflicts, early production forecasts, costs, and the development of the design process of adjustment, which can improve design efficiency and reliability, while also reducing the cost of new product. Feldmann will describe the design of the function of the product mix is divided into four tiers, (1) Product → (2) functional components → (3) major functional components → (4) functional components. And using application-oriented features of the directory structure, the functional components for more specific qualitative and quantitative description. Meanwhile developed products suited to the development of an early design stage and the use of the software tools STRAT. That the majority of machinery specialized functions can be used existing product solutions, and with the new solution is only a small number of special features, Therefore, the exclusive use of mechanical design functions of the product mix, machinery specialized for the evaluation of the design, manufacturing risks are very favorable. Promotion of the product function on the basis of the analysis, will be divided into products with a particular function in one or several of the basic modular structure, through options and combinations of these basic modular structure formed into different products. These basic structures can be parts, components, or even a system. Ideal modular structure should have a standardized interface (Department of connectivity and tie), and is serialized, and generalized, integrated, hierarchical, flexible, economy, interchangeability is, compatibility and relevance. China's combination of software component technology and CAD technology, design and deformation of composite design combined according to the classification modular theory, machine processing center will be divided into small and product level, component level, component level and component level, and the use of expert knowledge and technology to their CAD portfolio into different varieties, the functional module specifications, by the combination of these functional modules into different processing center overall program. The design for the directory as a choice variation mechanical structure tools, design elements for the solution of integrity, Structure of the organization formed Solution Set design catalog. And the solution set design directory listed a comment on each of Additional Information Solutions, is very conducive to the solution design engineers to choose elements. According to the mechanical parts connectivity features, be grouped into four types : 1) direct inter-positioning components, and self-adjustment of components; 2) structure common to the assembly; 3) having a nested structure and nested components connectivity; 4) modular structure with modular components and connectivity. And the potential use of symbols said typical components and the connecting element rules, This realization of the connection between the components of the algorithm and the concept of visualization. Mechanical systems during the design, "the functional establishment of a" module to function decomposition, and a functional decomposition of the best "pills" with the degree of functional institutions type correspondence. "Structure establishment of a" module, as a functional solution of choice in order to achieve mapping algorithm. 2, the characteristics of knowledge-based Product design knowledge-based product design characteristics of the main features : using computers to identify the language to describe the characteristics of the product and its design experts in the field of knowledge and experience, corresponding inference engine and knowledge base, Reuse stored domain knowledge and reasoning mechanism established by the Computer Aided Design program. Mechanical systems design is mainly based on the products with the characteristics and the design of experts in the field of knowledge and experience in policy-making and implementation capacity, completing the type, consolidated. To achieve this stage of the computer-aided design, research must automatic acquisition of knowledge, expression, integration, coordination, management and use. To this end, scholars at home and abroad design mechanical systems design knowledge of automated processing done a lot of research work, The method can be summarized in the following several. 2.1coding method Under the "conversion campaign" functions (functions) to organizations classified, and the use of codes to describe functional yuan and the institutional category, which established the "System Design Expert System" knowledge base. On this basis, binary logic and fuzzy theory combined the establishment of the "expert systems" of the reasoning mechanism, and work spaces for four Special Machine Design program. Use of the theory of biological evolution through natural selection and sexual reproduction to the evolution of organisms principle, At the institutional design, the use of network theory to map the structure of expression topology map, and through the coding technology put the structure and properties of individual chromosome into a binary string of a few, and prepared in accordance with the design requirements fitness, use of the theory of biological evolution control reproductive mechanism, through selection, crossover, sudden variations, and other means adapt to the low value out unsuitable individuals, a rapid evolutionary process is the optimal adaptive individual, that is the best design requirements of agency programs. 2.2 knowledge mixed expressions Complex mechanical systems design, adoption of hybrid knowledge expression to describe the design of all types of knowledge is particularly well-suited, This has been our design many scholars consensus. In the development of complex product design intelligent decision support system DMDSS, to the rules, frameworks, process and neural network methods of knowledge representation and combined with the design to suit different types of knowledge described. Of a single variety of methods of knowledge representation (rules, the framework and process), according to the object-oriented programming principles. with the framework of the slots said the attribute with the rules said the dynamic characteristics of objects using a process that knowledge, A mixed composition of the knowledge expression patterns, and successfully developed the "object-oriented NC milling machine gearbox design GBCDIS intelligent system" and "change Speed box structure design expert system GBSDES. " 2.3 the use of knowledge-based development tools Coupling in the CAD system, the use of knowledge-based development tools NEXPERT - DCOM. using the object-oriented methods, the creation of object-oriented database design, Coupling of designers for the design and structural design provides a broad and reliable design spectrum. NEXPERT is using the linear guide describes the design needs to be based on knowledge of the design, This seeking out of knowledge-based solutions, and develop linear guideway design expert system. 2.4 Design of Contents Construction of "modules", "functional element solution" and "body" three progressive design directory, This will be three progressive design directory as a mechanical transmission programs Intelligent Design Theory of Knowledge Base system design and development support tools. 2.5 Based on the example of the method In the development of expert system-based design of the knowledge base, using the basic description of the predicate design requirements, conditions and design of the selected program, frame structure described "engineering practice" and various "concept entity," through case- based reasoning technology to generate candidate solutions to the allocation aspirin products design requirements. 3, Intelligent Design Intelligent Design is the main features : design theory, using 3D graphics software, Intelligent design software and virtual reality technology, and multimedia, hypermedia tools for product development design, Expression product ideas, describing the structure of products. In the use of mathematical theory at the same time, in consideration of the theory of systems engineering, product design technology and systems development methodologies VDI2221. developed for product design in the early development of the multimedia system software MUSE. Automatic teller machines during the design, the entire product development process as "product planning" "development" and "production planning" stage three, and full use of existing CAD cutting-edge technologies -- virtual reality technology. 1) Product Planning-concept products. Its task is to determine the external product characteristics, such as color, shape, surface quality, ergonomics, etc., and the idea of using the initial three-dimensional CAD model shows that the establishment of products to reflect the shape of a simple model, The model can establish virtual environment, using data cap and 3D mouse, Users also to some extent involved in the environment, and can quickly generate different shapes and colors. Detection is a three- dimensional model of the effect of the external shape, as well as a design variable geometry shows that the basis for the same time the process of developing various types of analysis. 2) development-design products. According to the main stage, "Synthesis System" principle, a three-dimensional model of the configuration and integration solution elements, Solutions based on the design elements of the different goals have different meanings : it is the basic elements, such as bolts, or wheel shaft connected; it can also be a composite elements, such as mechanical, electrical and electronic components, control technology or software components of the drive system; It may also be requested, character, shape, and so on. To achieve functional solution of the key elements of the three-dimensional distribution model, will be the configuration of products (design model solution to the relations between elements), Product Configuration analysis is integrated "product planning" and "development" an important means of the results. 3) production planning-processing and assembling products. At this stage, mainly discusses the assembly process of CAD technology, proposed using computer image display solution elements in the corresponding location of the assembly process. through virtual assembly model reveals fashion and the relationship between the assembly, which found difficulties and problems, and find a way to solve problems, and that technology will be integrated CAD product development for the three stages, the design process can be integrated with the analysis of the "product planning", "development" and "production planning" to the alternating row. Therefore, it can be found in all the earlier stages of the problems that exist so that their products in the development process of continually refined and improved. China's use of virtual reality technology is still in the design phase has just begun. The use of object-oriented technology, focus on the chronology of the agencies synthesis package design expert system, and with the help of high-performance graphics and the ability to handle the exchange of OpenGL technology, in 3D environment from all angles right expert system design program for observation, If inter-agency campaign convergence position of conflict, and so on. Construction of the standard modules, overall product structure and its manufacturing process and use the design (see Figure 1) as rapid prototyping technology. Recommended in the product development process will be rapid prototyping technology, multimedia technology and virtual expression and neural networks (used in various stages of the process required for the occasion) combined application. With that computer software and hardware to keep on improving. will be possible to multimedia graphics processing technology for product development, For example, 3D graphics (3D model) to replace assembly, demolition and design Connector when the three-dimensional structure of the imagination, and so on. Intelligent CAD system SIGRAPH-DESIGN as a development platform product development process is divided into conceptual design, assembly design and components design and design variables to technology as the foundation, a cam linkage Offset conceptual model. From the literature on the research work, the concept of the model is to determine the type of institutions, a number of consolidated basis, using software SIGRAPH-DESIGN design variables for the function, With the diagram so that the structure and change parameters, and the concept of model parameters passed to the assembly under one model, parts design. Network technology to flourish, Collaborative Design and Manufacturing, and the users of products from the functional requirements → Design → processing → → finished assembling the parallel project of the possible. However, to achieve these objectives by one of the important prerequisites for that product design effect of 3-D visualization. To this end, 3D graphics software, intelligent design software used in more and more products to the design, Virtual reality technology and multimedia, hypermedia tool is the design of products began to bear fruit. Currently, Germany and other developed countries are focused on research-media technology, product data exchange standards STEP, and the standard Virtual Reality Modeling Language VRML (Virtual Internet platform environment based on the standard exchange format) Product design applications. Mechanical Products programs are moving towards computer-aided design to achieve, Intelligent Design Collaborative and meet the needs of design and manufacturing direction. product design computer method of a late start, but there were no mature, to achieve the above objectives of the program design software tools. The writer believes that the integrated use of four types of text is designed to achieve this objective effective way. Although these methods are integrated use of the field more, not only with the mechanical design of the domain knowledge, but also to the theory of systems engineering, artificial intelligence, computer hardware and software engineering, Network technology and other fields of knowledge, it is still necessary product design efforts. Abroad in research in this area has achieved initial success. My design scholars have been aware of CAD technology and international exchange and cooperation of the importance and the measures that should be taken. THE NUMBER CONTROLS THE PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY 1. numerical controls programming and its development The number controls to weave distance is one of the link that current CAD/ CAPP/ the CAM system inside can develop the performance obviously most , its at realize the design processes the automation and increases to process the accuracy with process the quantity and shorten the product research to manufacture period etc. develop to emphasize to want the function. At have got a flood of application such as aviation industry, car industry etc. realm. Because producing the physically strong need, domestic and international all the logarithms controls to weave the distance technique proceeded the extensive research, and obtained the plenteous result. The underneath controls to weave for the logarithms distance and its developments make the some introduction. 1.1 numerical controls programming basic concept Number control to weave distance is from spare parts diagram paper to acquire the number control the whole process that process the procedure. It of the main mission is a calculation to process to walk the knife in the knife orders.( cutter location point brief name the CL orders)The knife orders to take generally to have for the knife the stalk line has with knife to hand over to order superficially, many stalks processes the inside to still want to out the knife stalk deal. 1.2 numerical controls programming technology development introduction Control the procedure establishment problem,50's that process the inside for the sake of the solution number, the MIT designed a kind of used for exclusiv