全新版大學英語第二冊UNIT7課件.ppt

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Unit7,LearningaboutEnglish.,PartIPre-ReadingTaskListentotherecordingtwoorthreetimesandthenthinkoverthefollowingquestions:1.Whatisthepassageabout?2.WhatsyourimpressionoftheEnglishlanguage?3.Canyougiveoneortwoexamplestoillustrate（說明）themessinessoftheEnglishlanguage?4.Canyouguesswhatthetextsinthisunitaregoingtobeabout?,Thefollowingwordsintherecordingmaybenewtoyou:eggplantn.茄子pineapplen.菠蘿hamburgern.漢堡牛肉餅，漢堡包,PartIITextASomelanguagesresisttheintroductionofnewwords.Others,likeEnglish,seemtowelcomethem.RobertMacNeillooksatthehistoryofEnglishandcomestotheconclusionthatitstoleranceforchangerepresentsdeeplyrootedideasoffreedom.THEGLORIOUSMESSINESSOFENGLISHRobertMacNeilThestoryofourEnglishlanguageistypicallyoneofmassivestealingfromotherlanguages.ThatiswhyEnglishtodayhasanestimatedvocabularyofoveronemillionwords,whileothermajorlanguageshavefarfewer,French,forexample,hasonlyabout75,000words,andthatincludesEnglishexpressionslikesnackbarandhitparade.TheFrench,however,donotlikeborrowingforeignwordsbecausetheythinkitcorruptstheirlanguage.ThegovernmenttriestobanwordsfromEnglishanddeclaresthatwalkmanisnotdesirable;sotheyinventaword,balladeur,whichFrenchkidsaresupposedtosayinsteadbuttheydont.,WalkmanisfascinatingbecauseitisntevenEnglish.Strictlyspeaking,itwasinventedbytheJapanesemanufacturerswhoputtwosimpleEnglishwordstogethertonametheirproduct.Thatdoesntbotherus,butitdoesbothertheFrench.SuchisthegloriousmessinessofEnglish.Thathappytolerance,thatwillingnesstoacceptwordsfromanywhere,explainstherichnessofEnglishandwhyithasbecome,toaveryrealextent,thefirsttrulygloballanguage.,HowdidthelanguageofasmallislandoffthecoastofEuropebecomethelanguageoftheplanetmorewidelyspokenandwrittenthananyotherhaseverbeen?ThehistoryofEnglishispresentinthefirstwordsachildlearnsaboutidentity(I,me,you);possession(mine,yours);thebody(eye,nose,mouth);size(tall,short);andnecessities(food,water).ThesewordsallcomefromOldEnglishorAnglo-SaxonEnglish,thecoreofourlanguage.Usuallyshortanddirect,thesearewordswestillusetodayforthethingsthatreallymattertous.GreatspeakersoftenuseOldEnglishtoarouseouremotions.Forexample,duringWorldWarII,WinstonChurchillmadethisspeech,stirringthecourageofhispeopleagainstHitlersarmiespositionedtocrosstheEnglishChannel:Weshallfightonthebeaches,weshallfightonthelandinggrounds,weshallfightinthefieldsandinthestreets,weshallfightinthehills.Weshallneversurrender.VirtuallyeveryoneofthosewordscamefromOldEnglish,exceptthelastsurrender,whichcamefromNormanFrench.Churchillcouldhavesaid,Weshallnevergivein,butitisoneofthelovelyandpowerfulopportunitiesofEnglishthatawritercanmix,foreffect,differentwordsfromdifferentbackgrounds.Yetthereissomethingdirecttotheheartthatspeakstousfromtheearliestwordsinourlanguage.,WhenJuliusCaesarinvadedBritainin55B.C.,Englishdidnotexist.TheCelts,whoinhabitedtheland,spokelanguagesthatsurvivetodaymainlyasWelsh.Wherethoselanguagescamefromisstillamystery,butthereisatheory.TwocenturiesagoanEnglishjudgeinIndianoticedthatseveralwordsinSanskritcloselyresembledsomewordsinGreekandLatin.Asystematicstudyrevealedthatmanymodernlanguagesdescendedfromacommonparentlanguage,losttousbecausenothingwaswrittendown.Identifyingsimilarwords,linguistshavecomeupwithwhattheycallanIndo-Europeanparentlanguage,spokenuntil3500to2000B.C.Thesepeoplehadcommonwordsforsnow,beeandwolfbutnowordforsea.Sosomescholarsassumetheylivedsomewhereinnorth-centralEurope,whereitwascold.Travelingeast,someestablishedthelanguagesofIndiaandPakistan,andothersdriftedwesttowardthegentlerclimatesofEurope,SomewhomadetheearliestmovewestwardbecameknownastheCelts,whomCaesarsarmiesfoundin,NewwordscamewiththeGermanictribestheAngles,theSaxons,etc.thatslippedacrosstheNorthSeatosettleinBritaininthe5thcentury.TogethertheyformedwhatwecallAnglo-Saxonsociety.TheAnglo-Saxonspassedontoustheirfarmingvocabulary,includingsheep,ox,earth,wood,fieldandwork.Theymusthavealsoenjoyedthemselvesbecausetheygaveusthewordlaughter.ThenextbiginfluenceonEnglishwasChristianity.ItenrichedtheAnglo-Saxonvocabularywithsome400to500wordsfromGreekandLatin,includingangel,discipleandmartyr.ThenintothisrelativelypeacefullandcametheVikingsfromScandinavia.TheyalsobroughttoEnglishmanywordsthatbeginwithsk,likeskyandskirt.ButOldNorseandEnglishbothsurvived,andsoyoucanrearachild(English)orraiseachild(Norse).Othersuchpairssurvive:wishandwant,craftandskill,hideandskin.EachsuchadditiongaveEnglishmorerichness,morevariety.Anotherfloodofnewvocabularyoccurredin1066,whentheNormansconqueredEngland.Thecountrynowhadthreelanguages:Frenchforthenobles,LatinforthechurchesandEnglishforthecommonpeople.Withthreelanguagescompeting,thereweresometimesdifferenttermsforthesamething.Forexample,Anglo-Saxonshadthewordkingly,butaftertheNormans,royalandsovereignenteredthelanguageasalternatives.,TheextraordinarythingwasthatFrenchdidnotreplaceEnglish.OverthreecenturiesEnglishgraduallyswallowedFrench,andbytheendofthe15thcenturywhathaddevelopedwasamodified,greatlyenrichedlanguageMiddleEnglishwithabout10,000borrowedFrenchwords.Around1476WilliamCaxtonsetupaprintingpressinEnglandandstartedacommunicationsrevolution.PrintingbroughtintoEnglishthewealthofnewthinkingthatsprangfromtheEuropeanRenaissance.TranslationsofGreekandRomanclassicswerepouredontotheprintedpage,andwiththemthousandsofLatinwordslikecapsuleandhabitual,andGreekwordslikecatastropheandthermometer.TodaywestillborrowfromLatinandGreektonamenewinventions,likevideo,televisionandcyberspace.AssettlerslandedinNorthAmericaandestablishedtheUnitedStates,EnglishfounditselfwithtwosourcesAmericanandBritish.ScholarsinBritainworriedthatthelanguagewasoutofcontrol,andsomewantedtosetupanacademytodecidewhichwordswereproperandwhichwerenot.Fortunatelytheirideahasneverbeenputintopractice.Thattoleranceforchangealsorepresentsdeeplyrootedideasoffreedom.DanishscholarOttoJespersenwrotein1905,TheEnglishlanguagewouldnothavebeenwhatitisiftheEnglishhadnotbeenforcenturiesgreatrespectersofthelibertiesofeachindividualandifeverybodyhadnotbeenfreetostrikeoutnewpathsforhimself.,Ilikethatidea.ConsiderthatthesameculturalsoilproducingtheEnglishlanguagealsonourishedthegreatprinciplesoffreedomandrightsofmaninthemodernworld.ThefirstshootssprangupinEngland,andtheygrewstrongerinAmerica.TheEnglish-speakingpeopleshavedefeatedalleffortstobuildfencesaroundtheirlanguage.Indeed,theEnglishlanguageisnotthespecialpreserveofgrammarians,languagepolice,teachers,writersortheintellectualelite.Englishis,andalwayshasbeen,thetongueofthecommonman.(1155words)NewWordsandExpressionsmessinessn.雜亂狀況messya.massivea.largeinscale,amount,ordegree大量的，大規(guī)模的,vocabularyn.詞匯（量）snackn.asmallmeal快餐，點心,Britain.snackbar快餐柜，小吃店paraden.游行；閱兵隊列hitparadeaweeklylistingofthecurrentbest-sellingpoprecords流行唱片目錄corruptvt.causeerrorstoappearin;causetoactdishonestlyinreturnforpersonalgains訛用，使（語言）變得不標準；腐蝕，賄賂banvt.forbid(sth.)officially禁止，取締walkmann.asmallcassetteplayer隨身聽strictlyspeaking嚴格地講,inventvt.發(fā)明inventionn.fascinatinga.ofgreatinterestorattraction迷人的，有極大吸引力的manufacturern.制造商productn.產品tolerancen.容忍，寬容；忍耐toa(veryreal,certain,etc.)extenttothedegreespecified在（極大，某種）程度上necessityn.必需品；必要（性）,Anglo-Saxonn.盎格魯薩克遜人arousevt.provoke(aparticularfeelingorattitude)喚起，激起channeln.海峽；渠道；頻道surrenderv.givein投降virtuallyad.forthemostpart,almost差不多，幾乎invadevt.enterwitharmedforces侵入，侵略Celtn.凱爾特人,inhabitvt.livein(aplace)居住于Welsha.,n.威爾士語（的），威爾士人的,mysteryn.神秘的事物Sanskritn.梵語resemblevt.belikeorsimilarto與相似Greekn.希臘語Latinn.拉丁語systematica.doneaccordingtoasystem有系統(tǒng)的,descendedown(fromasource);godown起源于；下來linguistn.apersonwhostudieslanguages語言學家,Indo-Europeana.印歐語系的wolfn.狼scholarn.學者establishvt.causetobe,setup建立，確立driftvi.moveorgosomewhereinaslowcasualway漂泊,climaten.(anareaoraregionwith)aregularpatternofweatherconditions氣候（區(qū)）Germanica.日耳曼（人）的，日耳曼語的，德國（人）的,triben.部落pass(sth.)onto(sb.)handorgive(sth.)to(sb.)將傳給influencen.影響Christianityn.基督教Christiana.基督教的n.基督教徒,disciple,n.信徒，門徒martyrn.殉難者，烈士Norsen.（古）斯堪的納維亞語additionn.apersonorthingadded增加的人（或物）Normann.,a.諾曼人（的），諾曼語（的），諾曼文化的conquerv.takepossessionandcontrolbyforce;defeat征服kinglya.國王（般）的royala.國王或女王的；皇家的,sovereigna.(ofpower)withoutlimit,highest;(ofanation)fullyindependent擁有最高統(tǒng)治權的，至高無上的；擁有主權的alternativen.oneoftwoormorepossibilities供選擇的東西modifyvt.changeslightly修改，更改enrichvt.makerichorricher;improve使富裕，使豐富Renaissancen.（歐洲14-16世紀的）文藝復興translationn.譯本，譯文；翻譯Romana.古羅馬的，拉丁語的,classicn.aworkofartrecognizedashavinglastingvalue經典作品capsulen.密封小容器；膠囊；航天艙habituala.doneasahabit,regular,usual慣常的catastrophen.asuddengreatdisaster大災難thermometern.溫度計videon.,a.錄像（的）,cyberspacen.thenotionalenvironmentinwhichcommunicationovercomputernetworksoccurs網絡空間，虛擬空間independenta.notcontrolledbyotherpeopleorthings獨立的，自主的sourcen.源，來源outofcontrol失去控制，不受約束academyn.學會，學院，研究院fortunatelyad.bygoodluck幸運地，幸虧putintopractice將付諸實施,Danisha.丹麥（人）的，丹麥語的libertyn.freedom自由strikeoutcreate,produce創(chuàng)造，開創(chuàng)culturala.oforinvolvingculture文化的nourishvt.滋養(yǎng)，培育preserven.獨占的地區(qū)或范圍；禁獵地vt.keepfromharm,damage,etc.,protect;save保護，保存grammariann.語法學家,intellectualn.,a.知識分子（的）eliten.thegroupregardedasthebest（總稱）出類拔萃的人，精英ProperNamesRobertMacNeil羅伯特麥克尼爾WinstonChurchill溫斯頓丘吉爾（18741965，英國政治家、首相）Hitler希特勒（18891945，納粹德國元首）JuliusCaesar尤利烏斯凱撒（10044BC，古羅馬將軍、政治家）Britain英國,India印度Pakistan巴基斯坦Viking（810世紀時劫掠歐洲西北海岸的）北歐海盜Scandinavia斯堪的納維亞England英格蘭WilliamCaxton威廉卡克斯頓（英國印刷商、翻譯家）OttoJespersen奧托葉斯柏森（18601943）LanguagesenseEnhancement1.Readaloudparagraphs17-19andlearnbyheart.2.Readaloudthefollowingpoem:,LanguagesCarlSandburyTherearenohandlesuponalanguageWherebymentakeholdofitAndmarkitwithsignsforitsremembrance.Itisariver,thislanguage,OnceinathousandyearsBreakinganewcourseChangingitswaytotheocean.ItisamountaineffluviaMovingtovalleysAndfromnationtonationCrossingbordersandmixing.,3.Readthefollowingquotations.Learnthembyheartifyoucan.Youmightneedtolookupnewwordsinadictionary.TheEnglishlanguageistheseawhichreceivestributariesfromeveryregionunderheaven.RalphWaldoEmersonLanguageoughttobethejointcreationofpoetsandmanualworkers.GeorqeOrwellEnglandandAmericaaretwocountriesseparatedbythesamelanguage.GeorqeBernardShaw,4.Readthefollowingjokeandseeifyoucantellwhatcausedthemisunderstandingofthetechnicianswordsbythewoman.Youmightneedtolookupnewwordsinadictionary.Anofficetechniciangotacallfromauser.Theusertoldthetechnicianthathercomputerwasnotworking.Shedescribedtheproblemandthetechnicianconcludedthatthecomputerneededtobebroughtinandserviced.HetoldhertoUnplugthepowercordandbringituphereandIwillfixit.Aboutfifteenminuteslatersheshowedupathisdoorwiththepowercordinherhand.,