全新版大學(xué)英語第二冊(cè)UNIT7課件.ppt
Unit7,LearningaboutEnglish.,PartIPre-ReadingTaskListentotherecordingtwoorthreetimesandthenthinkoverthefollowingquestions:1.Whatisthepassageabout?2.WhatsyourimpressionoftheEnglishlanguage?3.Canyougiveoneortwoexamplestoillustrate(說明)themessinessoftheEnglishlanguage?4.Canyouguesswhatthetextsinthisunitaregoingtobeabout?,Thefollowingwordsintherecordingmaybenewtoyou:eggplantn.茄子pineapplen.菠蘿hamburgern.漢堡牛肉餅,漢堡包,PartIITextASomelanguagesresisttheintroductionofnewwords.Others,likeEnglish,seemtowelcomethem.RobertMacNeillooksatthehistoryofEnglishandcomestotheconclusionthatitstoleranceforchangerepresentsdeeplyrootedideasoffreedom.THEGLORIOUSMESSINESSOFENGLISHRobertMacNeilThestoryofourEnglishlanguageistypicallyoneofmassivestealingfromotherlanguages.ThatiswhyEnglishtodayhasanestimatedvocabularyofoveronemillionwords,whileothermajorlanguageshavefarfewer,French,forexample,hasonlyabout75,000words,andthatincludesEnglishexpressionslikesnackbarandhitparade.TheFrench,however,donotlikeborrowingforeignwordsbecausetheythinkitcorruptstheirlanguage.ThegovernmenttriestobanwordsfromEnglishanddeclaresthatwalkmanisnotdesirable;sotheyinventaword,balladeur,whichFrenchkidsaresupposedtosayinsteadbuttheydont.,WalkmanisfascinatingbecauseitisntevenEnglish.Strictlyspeaking,itwasinventedbytheJapanesemanufacturerswhoputtwosimpleEnglishwordstogethertonametheirproduct.Thatdoesntbotherus,butitdoesbothertheFrench.SuchisthegloriousmessinessofEnglish.Thathappytolerance,thatwillingnesstoacceptwordsfromanywhere,explainstherichnessofEnglishandwhyithasbecome,toaveryrealextent,thefirsttrulygloballanguage.,HowdidthelanguageofasmallislandoffthecoastofEuropebecomethelanguageoftheplanetmorewidelyspokenandwrittenthananyotherhaseverbeen?ThehistoryofEnglishispresentinthefirstwordsachildlearnsaboutidentity(I,me,you);possession(mine,yours);thebody(eye,nose,mouth);size(tall,short);andnecessities(food,water).ThesewordsallcomefromOldEnglishorAnglo-SaxonEnglish,thecoreofourlanguage.Usuallyshortanddirect,thesearewordswestillusetodayforthethingsthatreallymattertous.GreatspeakersoftenuseOldEnglishtoarouseouremotions.Forexample,duringWorldWarII,WinstonChurchillmadethisspeech,stirringthecourageofhispeopleagainstHitlersarmiespositionedtocrosstheEnglishChannel:"Weshallfightonthebeaches,weshallfightonthelandinggrounds,weshallfightinthefieldsandinthestreets,weshallfightinthehills.Weshallneversurrender."VirtuallyeveryoneofthosewordscamefromOldEnglish,exceptthelastsurrender,whichcamefromNormanFrench.Churchillcouldhavesaid,"Weshallnevergivein,"butitisoneofthelovelyandpowerfulopportunitiesofEnglishthatawritercanmix,foreffect,differentwordsfromdifferentbackgrounds.Yetthereissomethingdirecttotheheartthatspeakstousfromtheearliestwordsinourlanguage.,WhenJuliusCaesarinvadedBritainin55B.C.,Englishdidnotexist.TheCelts,whoinhabitedtheland,spokelanguagesthatsurvivetodaymainlyasWelsh.Wherethoselanguagescamefromisstillamystery,butthereisatheory.TwocenturiesagoanEnglishjudgeinIndianoticedthatseveralwordsinSanskritcloselyresembledsomewordsinGreekandLatin.Asystematicstudyrevealedthatmanymodernlanguagesdescendedfromacommonparentlanguage,losttousbecausenothingwaswrittendown.Identifyingsimilarwords,linguistshavecomeupwithwhattheycallanIndo-Europeanparentlanguage,spokenuntil3500to2000B.C.Thesepeoplehadcommonwordsforsnow,beeandwolfbutnowordforsea.Sosomescholarsassumetheylivedsomewhereinnorth-centralEurope,whereitwascold.Travelingeast,someestablishedthelanguagesofIndiaandPakistan,andothersdriftedwesttowardthegentlerclimatesofEurope,SomewhomadetheearliestmovewestwardbecameknownastheCelts,whomCaesarsarmiesfoundin,NewwordscamewiththeGermanictribestheAngles,theSaxons,etc.thatslippedacrosstheNorthSeatosettleinBritaininthe5thcentury.TogethertheyformedwhatwecallAnglo-Saxonsociety.TheAnglo-Saxonspassedontoustheirfarmingvocabulary,includingsheep,ox,earth,wood,fieldandwork.Theymusthavealsoenjoyedthemselvesbecausetheygaveusthewordlaughter.ThenextbiginfluenceonEnglishwasChristianity.ItenrichedtheAnglo-Saxonvocabularywithsome400to500wordsfromGreekandLatin,includingangel,discipleandmartyr.ThenintothisrelativelypeacefullandcametheVikingsfromScandinavia.TheyalsobroughttoEnglishmanywordsthatbeginwithsk,likeskyandskirt.ButOldNorseandEnglishbothsurvived,andsoyoucanrearachild(English)orraiseachild(Norse).Othersuchpairssurvive:wishandwant,craftandskill,hideandskin.EachsuchadditiongaveEnglishmorerichness,morevariety.Anotherfloodofnewvocabularyoccurredin1066,whentheNormansconqueredEngland.Thecountrynowhadthreelanguages:Frenchforthenobles,LatinforthechurchesandEnglishforthecommonpeople.Withthreelanguagescompeting,thereweresometimesdifferenttermsforthesamething.Forexample,Anglo-Saxonshadthewordkingly,butaftertheNormans,royalandsovereignenteredthelanguageasalternatives.,TheextraordinarythingwasthatFrenchdidnotreplaceEnglish.OverthreecenturiesEnglishgraduallyswallowedFrench,andbytheendofthe15thcenturywhathaddevelopedwasamodified,greatlyenrichedlanguageMiddleEnglishwithabout10,000"borrowed"Frenchwords.Around1476WilliamCaxtonsetupaprintingpressinEnglandandstartedacommunicationsrevolution.PrintingbroughtintoEnglishthewealthofnewthinkingthatsprangfromtheEuropeanRenaissance.TranslationsofGreekandRomanclassicswerepouredontotheprintedpage,andwiththemthousandsofLatinwordslikecapsuleandhabitual,andGreekwordslikecatastropheandthermometer.TodaywestillborrowfromLatinandGreektonamenewinventions,likevideo,televisionandcyberspace.AssettlerslandedinNorthAmericaandestablishedtheUnitedStates,EnglishfounditselfwithtwosourcesAmericanandBritish.ScholarsinBritainworriedthatthelanguagewasoutofcontrol,andsomewantedtosetupanacademytodecidewhichwordswereproperandwhichwerenot.Fortunatelytheirideahasneverbeenputintopractice.Thattoleranceforchangealsorepresentsdeeplyrootedideasoffreedom.DanishscholarOttoJespersenwrotein1905,"TheEnglishlanguagewouldnothavebeenwhatitisiftheEnglishhadnotbeenforcenturiesgreatrespectersofthelibertiesofeachindividualandifeverybodyhadnotbeenfreetostrikeoutnewpathsforhimself.",Ilikethatidea.ConsiderthatthesameculturalsoilproducingtheEnglishlanguagealsonourishedthegreatprinciplesoffreedomandrightsofmaninthemodernworld.ThefirstshootssprangupinEngland,andtheygrewstrongerinAmerica.TheEnglish-speakingpeopleshavedefeatedalleffortstobuildfencesaroundtheirlanguage.Indeed,theEnglishlanguageisnotthespecialpreserveofgrammarians,languagepolice,teachers,writersortheintellectualelite.Englishis,andalwayshasbeen,thetongueofthecommonman.(1155words)NewWordsandExpressionsmessinessn.雜亂狀況messya.massivea.largeinscale,amount,ordegree大量的,大規(guī)模的,vocabularyn.詞匯(量)snackn.asmallmeal快餐,點(diǎn)心,Britain.snackbar快餐柜,小吃店paraden.游行;閱兵隊(duì)列hitparadeaweeklylistingofthecurrentbest-sellingpoprecords流行唱片目錄corruptvt.causeerrorstoappearin;causetoactdishonestlyinreturnforpersonalgains訛用,使(語言)變得不標(biāo)準(zhǔn);腐蝕,賄賂banvt.forbid(sth.)officially禁止,取締walkmann.asmallcassetteplayer隨身聽strictlyspeaking嚴(yán)格地講,inventvt.發(fā)明inventionn.fascinatinga.ofgreatinterestorattraction迷人的,有極大吸引力的manufacturern.制造商productn.產(chǎn)品tolerancen.容忍,寬容;忍耐toa(veryreal,certain,etc.)extenttothedegreespecified在(極大,某種)程度上necessityn.必需品;必要(性),Anglo-Saxonn.盎格魯薩克遜人arousevt.provoke(aparticularfeelingorattitude)喚起,激起channeln.海峽;渠道;頻道surrenderv.givein投降virtuallyad.forthemostpart,almost差不多,幾乎invadevt.enterwitharmedforces侵入,侵略Celtn.凱爾特人,inhabitvt.livein(aplace)居住于Welsha.,n.威爾士語(的),威爾士人的,mysteryn.神秘的事物Sanskritn.梵語resemblevt.belikeorsimilarto與相似Greekn.希臘語Latinn.拉丁語systematica.doneaccordingtoasystem有系統(tǒng)的,descendedown(fromasource);godown起源于;下來linguistn.apersonwhostudieslanguages語言學(xué)家,Indo-Europeana.印歐語系的wolfn.狼scholarn.學(xué)者establishvt.causetobe,setup建立,確立driftvi.moveorgosomewhereinaslowcasualway漂泊,climaten.(anareaoraregionwith)aregularpatternofweatherconditions氣候(區(qū))Germanica.日耳曼(人)的,日耳曼語的,德國(guó)(人)的,triben.部落pass(sth.)onto(sb.)handorgive(sth.)to(sb.)將傳給influencen.影響Christianityn.基督教Christiana.基督教的n.基督教徒,disciple,n.信徒,門徒martyrn.殉難者,烈士Norsen.(古)斯堪的納維亞語additionn.apersonorthingadded增加的人(或物)Normann.,a.諾曼人(的),諾曼語(的),諾曼文化的conquerv.takepossessionandcontrolbyforce;defeat征服kinglya.國(guó)王(般)的royala.國(guó)王或女王的;皇家的,sovereigna.(ofpower)withoutlimit,highest;(ofanation)fullyindependent擁有最高統(tǒng)治權(quán)的,至高無上的;擁有主權(quán)的alternativen.oneoftwoormorepossibilities供選擇的東西modifyvt.changeslightly修改,更改enrichvt.makerichorricher;improve使富裕,使豐富Renaissancen.(歐洲14-16世紀(jì)的)文藝復(fù)興translationn.譯本,譯文;翻譯Romana.古羅馬的,拉丁語的,classicn.aworkofartrecognizedashavinglastingvalue經(jīng)典作品capsulen.密封小容器;膠囊;航天艙habituala.doneasahabit,regular,usual慣常的catastrophen.asuddengreatdisaster大災(zāi)難thermometern.溫度計(jì)videon.,a.錄像(的),cyberspacen.thenotionalenvironmentinwhichcommunicationovercomputernetworksoccurs網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間,虛擬空間independenta.notcontrolledbyotherpeopleorthings獨(dú)立的,自主的sourcen.源,來源outofcontrol失去控制,不受約束academyn.學(xué)會(huì),學(xué)院,研究院fortunatelyad.bygoodluck幸運(yùn)地,幸虧putintopractice將付諸實(shí)施,Danisha.丹麥(人)的,丹麥語的libertyn.freedom自由strikeoutcreate,produce創(chuàng)造,開創(chuàng)culturala.oforinvolvingculture文化的nourishvt.滋養(yǎng),培育preserven.獨(dú)占的地區(qū)或范圍;禁獵地vt.keepfromharm,damage,etc.,protect;save保護(hù),保存grammariann.語法學(xué)家,intellectualn.,a.知識(shí)分子(的)eliten.thegroupregardedasthebest(總稱)出類拔萃的人,精英ProperNamesRobertMacNeil羅伯特麥克尼爾WinstonChurchill溫斯頓丘吉爾(18741965,英國(guó)政治家、首相)Hitler希特勒(18891945,納粹德國(guó)元首)JuliusCaesar尤利烏斯凱撒(10044BC,古羅馬將軍、政治家)Britain英國(guó),India印度Pakistan巴基斯坦Viking(810世紀(jì)時(shí)劫掠歐洲西北海岸的)北歐海盜Scandinavia斯堪的納維亞England英格蘭WilliamCaxton威廉卡克斯頓(英國(guó)印刷商、翻譯家)OttoJespersen奧托葉斯柏森(18601943)LanguagesenseEnhancement1.Readaloudparagraphs17-19andlearnbyheart.2.Readaloudthefollowingpoem:,LanguagesCarlSandburyTherearenohandlesuponalanguageWherebymentakeholdofitAndmarkitwithsignsforitsremembrance.Itisariver,thislanguage,OnceinathousandyearsBreakinganewcourseChangingitswaytotheocean.ItisamountaineffluviaMovingtovalleysAndfromnationtonationCrossingbordersandmixing.,3.Readthefollowingquotations.Learnthembyheartifyoucan.Youmightneedtolookupnewwordsinadictionary.TheEnglishlanguageistheseawhichreceivestributariesfromeveryregionunderheaven.RalphWaldoEmersonLanguageoughttobethejointcreationofpoetsandmanualworkers.GeorqeOrwellEnglandandAmericaaretwocountriesseparatedbythesamelanguage.GeorqeBernardShaw,4.Readthefollowingjokeandseeifyoucantellwhatcausedthemisunderstandingofthetechnicianswordsbythewoman.Youmightneedtolookupnewwordsinadictionary.Anofficetechniciangotacallfromauser.Theusertoldthetechnicianthathercomputerwasnotworking.Shedescribedtheproblemandthetechnicianconcludedthatthecomputerneededtobebroughtinandserviced.Hetoldherto"UnplugthepowercordandbringituphereandIwillfixit."Aboutfifteenminuteslatersheshowedupathisdoorwiththepowercordinherhand.,