高中英語 Unit16 Stories Section Ⅴ 單元語法突破課件 北師大版選修6

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1、語法指南一二三過去完成時(shí) 一、定義過去完成時(shí)(past perfect)表示發(fā)生在過去的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中在前的那一個(gè),它表示句子中描述的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“過去的過去”。語法指南一二三二、基本結(jié)構(gòu)主語+had+過去分詞肯定句:主語+had+過去分詞.否定句:主語+had+not+過去分詞.一般疑問句:Had+主語+過去分詞?肯定回答:Yes,主語+had.否定回答:No,主語+had not.特殊疑問句:特殊疑問詞或詞組+一般疑問句(had+主語+過去分詞)?被動(dòng)語態(tài):主語+had(hadnt)+been+過去分詞.語法指南一二三三、基本用法 1.判定方法1)由時(shí)間狀語來判定一般說來,各種時(shí)態(tài)都有特定的時(shí)間

2、狀語。表示在過去某一時(shí)刻或動(dòng)作以前完成了的動(dòng)作,常用的標(biāo)志性時(shí)間狀語有:(1)by+過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night.昨晚九點(diǎn)之前我讀完了那部小說。(2)by the end of+過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.上學(xué)期結(jié)束前我們已學(xué)了2,000多個(gè)英語單詞。語法指南一二三(3)before+過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)They had planted six hundred trees bef

3、ore last Wednesday.在上周三之前他們已經(jīng)種了600棵樹。2)由“過去的過去”來判定過去完成時(shí)表示“過去的過去”,是指過去某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作,即動(dòng)作有先后關(guān)系,動(dòng)作在前的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去完成時(shí),在后的用一般過去時(shí)。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在:(1)賓語從句中當(dāng)賓語從句的主句為一般過去時(shí),且從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作時(shí),從句要用過去完成時(shí)。如在told,said,knew,heard,thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句。She said that she had seen the film before.她說她之前看過那部電影。語法指南一二三(2)狀語從句中在時(shí)間、條件、原因、方式

4、等狀語從句中,主、從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系,動(dòng)作在前的,要用過去完成時(shí),動(dòng)作在后的要用一般過去時(shí)。After he had finished his homework,he went to bed.他完成作業(yè)后就去睡覺了。注意:before,after引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中,由于before和after本身已表達(dá)了動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系,若主、從句表示的動(dòng)作緊密相連,則主、從句都用一般過去時(shí)。如:After he closed the door,he left the classroom.他關(guān)上門后離開了教室。語法指南一二三(3)表示意向的動(dòng)詞,如hope,wish,expect,think,inten

5、d,mean,suppose等,用過去完成時(shí)表示“原本,未能”。We had hoped that you would come,but you didnt.我們希望你能來,但你沒來。3)過去完成時(shí)還可用在hardly.when.,no sooner.than.,It was the first(second,etc.)time(that).等固定句型中。Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.他剛開始演講,聽眾就打斷了他。No sooner had he arrived than he went away

6、again.他剛到就又走了。It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.這是他那一年第三次失業(yè)了。語法指南一二三(一)過去完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去,以現(xiàn)在的時(shí)間為基點(diǎn),但側(cè)重對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或造成的影響,與現(xiàn)在有關(guān),其結(jié)構(gòu)為“助動(dòng)詞have(has)+過去分詞”;過去完成時(shí)則是一個(gè)相對的時(shí)態(tài),以過去時(shí)間為基點(diǎn),它所表示的動(dòng)作不僅發(fā)生在過去,更強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”,只有和過去某時(shí)或某動(dòng)作相比較時(shí),才用到它。比較:I have learned 1,000 English words so fa

7、r.到目前為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了1,000個(gè)英語單詞。I had learned 1,000 English words till then.到那時(shí)為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了1,000個(gè)英語單詞。語法指南一二三Im sorry to keep you waiting.對不起,讓你久等了。Oh,not at all.I have been here only for a few minutes.沒什么,我只在這兒等了幾分鐘。(“等”的動(dòng)作從過去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在)語法指南一二三(二)過去完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別雖然這兩種時(shí)態(tài)都表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),但在使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):1.時(shí)間狀語不同:過去完成

8、時(shí)在時(shí)間上強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”;而一般過去時(shí)只強(qiáng)調(diào)過去某一特定的時(shí)間。比較:They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.他們昨天十點(diǎn)前到站。They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.他們昨天十點(diǎn)到站。語法指南一二三2.在沒有明確的過去時(shí)間狀語做標(biāo)志時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間先后須依據(jù)上下文來判斷:先發(fā)生的用過去完成時(shí),后發(fā)生的則用一般過去時(shí)。She was very happy.She had just won the first in the composition competition.她很高興,她剛剛獲得了作文比賽的第一名。3.當(dāng)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上接連發(fā)生的動(dòng)作用and或but連接時(shí),按時(shí)間順序,只需用一般過去時(shí)來代替過去完成時(shí);另外,在before,after,as soon as引導(dǎo)的從句中,由于這些連詞本身已經(jīng)表示出時(shí)間的先后,因此也可以用過去時(shí)來代替過去完成時(shí)。He entered the room,turned on the light and read an evening paper.他進(jìn)了門,開了燈,開始讀晚報(bào)。