江蘇省2019高考英語 第二部分 語法核心突破 第三課時 介詞和介詞短語練習(xí)（含解析）.doc

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第三課時　介詞和介詞短語 [感 悟 高 考] 1.When you drive through the Redwood Forests in California, you will be ________ trees that are over 1，000 years old.(2017天津卷) A.among B.against C.behind D.below 答案　A　[句意：當(dāng)你開車穿過加利福尼亞的紅木森林時，你將會穿梭于超過千年歷史的樹木之間。be among 位于……之間；be against 反對；be behind 在……后面；be below在……之下。根據(jù)句意，故選A。] 2.Many people who live along the coast make a living ________ fishing industry.(2017北京卷) A.at B.in C.on D.by 答案　B　[句意：許多住在海邊上的人都是靠漁業(yè)來謀生的。此處用介詞in，不用by，因?yàn)閎y后面通常接做什么事情來謀生，此處是指在捕魚這個行業(yè)里謀生，用in，故選B。] 3.That young man is honest，cooperative，always there when you need his help.________，he’s reliable.(2016浙江卷) A.Or else B.In short C.By the way D.For one thing 答案　B　[句意：那個年輕人是誠實(shí)的，合作的，總是當(dāng)你需要他的時候就幫助你?？傊?，他是可靠的。or else 否則。in short 總之；by the way 順便說；for one thing 一方面。 根據(jù)句意，答案為B。] 4.Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around ________ Thomas Edison.(2015江蘇卷) A.thanks to B.regardless of C.aside from D.but for 答案　D　[句意：如果沒有托馬斯愛迪生的話，我們現(xiàn)在所受益的許多東西是不會出現(xiàn)的。thanks to幸虧，由于；regardless of不管，不顧；aside from除了，除……以外；but for要不是，如果沒有的話。] [要 點(diǎn) 精 析] 1.表示方位的at, in, on, to, beside/by和near 介詞 用法 示例 at 一般指在較小的地方 I met him at the shop. in 一般指在較大的地方，或在某一范圍內(nèi) They arrived in Beijing yesterday. Shandong Province lies in the east of China. on 一般指在物體的表面，或相鄰并接壤的兩個地域 The picture is hanging on the wall. Vietnam is on the south of China. to 表示某范圍外不接壤的兩位置 Jiangsu Province is to the southeast of Hebei Province. beside /by “在……的旁邊” She was standing beside her mother. There is a small house by the river. near “接近；靠近” There is a supermarket near my home. 2.表示方位的between和among 介詞 用法 示例 between 在兩者或每兩者之間 I sat down between Sue and Jane. among 在三者或三者以上之間 The teacher was standing among the students. 3.表示方位的across, through, over和past 介詞 用法 示例 across 從……的表面穿過 He walked across the square to meet us. through 從……的內(nèi)部穿過 The guide led us through the forest. over 從……的上面跨過 The thief jumped over the fence and fled away. past 從……的旁邊經(jīng)過 She walked past the shop. 4.表示時間點(diǎn)的at, in和on 介詞 用法 示例 at 表示在某個時間點(diǎn)、時刻或重大節(jié)日 at 9：00/at noon/at daybreak/at Christmas in 表示在某個較長的時間內(nèi)，如世紀(jì)、朝代或年月；泛指的上午、下午、傍晚 in the 21st century/in September/in the morning on 表示在具體某一天或具體某一天的上午、下午、晚上 on 2nd, September/on the morning of 1st, May 5.表示時間段的for和since 介詞 用法 示例 for “for＋時間段”意為“多長時間”，表示動作持續(xù)的時間長短，一般作完成時、過去時或?qū)頃r的時間狀語 He has lived in the small village for five years. I studied in Peking University for 4 years. since “since＋時間點(diǎn)”意為“自從(過去某時)以來”，作完成時的時間狀語 He has worked in this pany since graduation. Tom has been doing his homework since 7 o’clock. 6.表示交通方式的by, in和on 介詞 用法 示例 by “by＋名詞”表示交通方式時，名詞前不加冠詞 My brother usually goes to school by bike. in/on in/on后的名詞必須有冠詞或代詞等修飾 My father often goes to work in his car/on his bicycle. 7.表示“用……”的by, in和with 介詞 用法 示例 by 指“靠……手段，用……方法，憑借……”，后可接名詞、代詞或動名詞 He made a living by selling newspapers when he was young. in 多用于表示語言、材料的名詞前 All the applicants are required to fill in the form in ink. with 多用于表示有形的工具或身體器官的名詞前 They are busy digging with spades. 8.表示“除……外”的except, except for和besides 介詞 用法 示例 except 表示“除……之外(其他的都)”，其后的賓語是被排除在外的，側(cè)重同類事物的排除 All my friends took part in the party except John. except for 其后被排除的內(nèi)容與主語往往不是同一類的 His position is good except for a few spelling mistakes. besides 表示“除……之外(其他的也)”，其后的賓語是被包括在內(nèi)的 He has learned German and French besides English. 9.其他?？冀樵~的用法 (1)against的用法 含義 示例 (表示態(tài)度)反對 An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the mittee members are against it. (表示對比)以……為背景 The skier’s red clothes stood out clearly against the snow. (表示方位)倚靠著…… The girl was leaning against the wall with her arms folded. (2)beyond的用法 含義 示例 (表示位置)在……另一邊，在……更遠(yuǎn)處 The small village is 20 miles beyond the town. (表示時間)晚于…… He delayed the matter beyond the fixed time. (表示程度)超出，非……所能及 To be acknowledged as the first to receive this honor is beyond expression in words for me. (3)over的用法 含義 示例 (表示方位)越過 The airplane flew over the mountains and disappeared in the distance. (表示等級或數(shù)目)高于，在……之上，超過 He has got the job because he has the advantage over others of knowing many languages. (表示時間或過程)在……期間 I’m sorry I didn’t phone you, but I’ve been very busy over the past couple of weeks. (4)to的用法 含義 示例 (表示方向、距離)到，向，去 I was on the way to the railway station. (表示時間)直到……為止，到 He wakes at a quarter to six every morning. (表示比較、比例、參照)與……相比，相對于……而言 I prefer oranges to apples. (表示對象關(guān)系)屬于，對，給 The hospital is attached to the university. 達(dá)到(某一點(diǎn)或某個限度) Temperatures dropped to 25 degrees below zero. (5)under的用法 含義 示例 在……下面，在……之下 She placed the ladder under the window. 在……過程中 The possibility of employing more staff is still under discussion. (數(shù)字、數(shù)量、年齡或價格)低于，少于，在……以下 These toys are not suitable for children under five. 受……影響 She’s been under a lot of pressure at work. (6)with的用法 含義 示例 和……一起，和，同，跟 Would you like to go shopping with me？ (表示同時或同一方向)隨著 With time going by, the little tree has grown up. 具有，帶有 The dictionary is what I want, but I don’t have enough money with me. 由于，因?yàn)? He trembled with fear. (表示方式)用 He cut it with a knife. 1.介詞與名詞的常用搭配 (1)at＋n.表示狀態(tài) at a loss 不知所措 at peace 處于和平中 at war 在戰(zhàn)爭中 at work 在工作 (2)其他以at開頭的介詞短語 at the beginning of 在……的開始 at the cost of 以……的代價 at the risk of 冒……的危險 at the mercy of 在……支配下 (3)on＋n.表示狀態(tài) on exhibition/show 在展出 on fire 著火 on sale 出售，打折 on the way 在途中 on the decrease/increase 在減少/在增加 on holiday/vacation 在度假 on duty/guard 在值班/站崗 (4)其他以on開頭的介詞短語 on account of 因?yàn)? on no account/condition 決不 on behalf of 代表 (5)by＋n.表示方式 by accident 偶然 by air/plane 乘飛機(jī) by chance 偶然 by coincidence 碰巧 by hand 用手工 by mistake 錯誤地 by the day 按天算 by nature 天生地 (6)in＋n.表示方式 in cash 用現(xiàn)金付款 in width 在寬度上 in depth 在深度上 in detail 詳細(xì)地 in size 在大小上 in height 在高度上 in length 在長度上 in English 用英語 (7)其他以in開頭的介詞短語 in need of 需要 in no case 決不 in no time 立刻 in no way 決不 in place of 代替 in possession of 擁有，占有 in addition to 另外 in response to 作為回應(yīng) in spite of 盡管 in favor of 支持，贊成 in case of 萬一；如果；假如 in celebration of 為慶祝…… in control of 管理；控制；操縱 in honour of 為向……表示敬意 in memory of 為了紀(jì)念…… in support of 為支持…… in the charge of 在……的管理下 in the direction of 在……方向 in the face of 面對…… in charge of 掌管…… in return 作為回報 in exchange for 作為交換 (8)of＋n.表示特征(等于相應(yīng)的形容詞) of benefit 有益處的 of help 有幫助的 of use 有用的 of value 有價值的 of importance 重要的 of significance 有意義的 (9)out of＋n.表示狀態(tài) out of balance 失去平衡 out of breath 上氣不接下氣 out of control 不受控制 out of date 過期 out of debt 不欠債 out of order 出故障 out of shape 走樣，不成形 out of sight 看不到 out of the question 不可能 out of work 失業(yè) (10)under＋n.表示被動 under attack 遭到襲擊 under pressure 在壓力下 under control 處于控制之中 under construction 在建造中 under discussion 在討論中 under treatment 在治療中 (11)with＋n.表示方式 with delight/joy 高興地 with ease 輕而易舉地 with pleasure 樂意地 with difficulty 困難地 with fear 害怕地 (12)beyond＋n.表示“超出……，難以……” beyond pare 無與倫比 beyond reach 夠不到 beyond description 難以描述 beyond doubt 不用懷疑，確實(shí)地 beyond expression/words 難以表達(dá) 2.介詞與形容詞的常用搭配 (1)be＋adj.＋about be anxious about 憂慮…… be curious about 對……好奇 be particular about 對……講究/挑剔 be worried/concerned about 對……擔(dān)心 (2)be＋adj.＋at be angry at 因……生氣 be astonished at 對……吃驚 be present at 出席 be disappointed at 對……失望 be good at 擅長 (3)be＋adj.＋in be absorbed in 專注于…… be active in 積極于…… be dressed in 穿著…… be rich in 富含…… be interested in 對……感興趣 be involved in 包括在……中，被卷入 be engaged in 忙于…… be occupied in 忙于…… (4)be＋adj.＋for be eager for 渴望…… be fit for 適合，勝任…… be ready for 準(zhǔn)備好…… be thankful for 因……而感激 be anxious for 急切盼望，渴望…… be prepared for 為……做好準(zhǔn)備 be famous for 以……著名 be hungry for 渴望…… be sorry for 對……感到抱歉 (5)be＋adj.＋from be absent from 缺席 be different from 不同于 be far from 遠(yuǎn)離 be free from 不受……影響 (6)be＋adj.＋to be close to 接近…… be contrary to 與……相反 be devoted to 致力于…… be equal to 等于…… be familiar to 對……來說熟悉 be friendly to 對……友好 be good to 對……有好處 be grateful to 對……心存感激 be harmful to 對……有危害 be kind to 對……友好 be opposed to 反對…… be similar to 與……相似 be/get used to (變得)習(xí)慣于…… (7)be＋adj.＋of be aware of 意識到…… be full of 充滿…… be short of 缺乏…… be ashamed of 為……感到羞恥 be fond of 喜歡…… be proud of 因……而自豪 be tired of 厭煩…… (8)be＋adj.＋with be filled with 充滿 be busy with 忙于…… be bined with 與……結(jié)合 be content with 對……滿意 be covered with 被……覆蓋 be familiar with 對……熟悉 be patient with 對……有耐心 be popular with 受……的歡迎 be satisfied with 對……滿意 be pleased with 對……感到滿意 by angry with (sb) 對(某人)發(fā)怒 be concerned with 與……有關(guān)；涉及，關(guān)心，關(guān)注 [解 題 策 略] 利用置入法解決介詞短語的相關(guān)題目 關(guān)于介詞短語的相關(guān)題目，一般采用將介詞短語置入句子，進(jìn)行逐一翻譯的方法。解決此類題目的關(guān)鍵就是平時多積累相關(guān)知識，然后讀懂題干的含義。 1.Starting your own business could be a way to achieving financial independence.________，it could just put you in debt.(江西卷) A.In other words B.All in all C.As a result D.On the other hand 答案　D　[句意：開辦自己的公司可能是一種獲得經(jīng)濟(jì)獨(dú)立的方法，另一方面，它也可能讓你負(fù)債累累。on the other hand另一方面，符合題意，故選D項。in other words換句話說， all in all總之，as a result結(jié)果。] 2.Tom always goes jogging in the morning and he usually does push-ups too to stay ________.(江蘇卷) A.in place B.in order C.in shape D.in fashion 答案　C　[句意：Tom堅持早上跑步并且還常常做俯臥撐來維持體形。in place就位，到位；in order井然有序；in shape保持體形；in fashion 流行。] [針 對 訓(xùn) 練] 1.The dictionary is ________：many words have been added to the language since it was published.(2016天津卷) A.out of control B.out of date C.out of sight D.out of reach 答案　B　[根據(jù)后半部分“many words have been added to the language since it was published”可知，這本字典過時(out of date)了。out of control失控；out of sight在視野之外；out of reach夠不著。] 2.Most people work because it’s unavoidable.________，there are some people who actually enjoy work.(2015浙江卷) A.As a result B.In addition C.By contrast D.In conclusion 答案　C　[句意：大多數(shù)人工作是因?yàn)闊o法避免，________也有一些人確實(shí)喜歡工作。根據(jù)語境可知，此處表示前后對比。by contrast相比之下，符合語境。as a result結(jié)果；in addition另外，此外；in conclusion總之。] 3.An artist who was recently traveling on a ferry to the southern island discovered a long lost antique Greek vase ________. A.at random B.by chance C.in turn D.on occasion 答案　B　[句意：最近乘渡船去南部島嶼旅行的一位藝術(shù)家偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個久已失傳的希臘特有花瓶。A項意為“任意地，隨便地”；B項意為“偶然地；意外地”；C項意為“依次；輪流地”；D項意為“有時；間或”。由句意可知B項正確。] 4.________ his being late again，he lost his job and had to stay at home. A.Owe to B.As result of C.In case of D.Because of 答案　D　[根據(jù)句意可知，逗號前應(yīng)為原因狀語，故C項不對；A項應(yīng)為owing to；B項應(yīng)為as a result of。故只有D項正確。] 5.The doctor advised her to eat more bean products ________ meat which might be harmful to her heart. A.for lack of B.by means of C.in place of D.in favour of 答案　C　[句意：醫(yī)生建議她多吃豆類食品來代替可能對她的心臟有害的肉類。in place of “代替，頂替”，符合句意。for lack of 缺乏，短缺；by means of 借助……手段，依靠……方法；in favour of 支持，贊同。 ] 6.The popularity of the example in his lecture was beyond his expectation, but actually he just came up with it ________ during the course. A.in case B.in return C.by nature D.by chance 答案　D　[句意：他講座中那個例子所受歡迎的程度超出了他的預(yù)期，可事實(shí)上他只是在講座中偶然想到的。根據(jù)句意可知，應(yīng)選擇by chance 偶然，意外地。in case 以防萬一；in return 作為(對……的)回報；by nature 天生地，天性。] 7.The businessman you referred to just now is selfless, who does everything for others ________ nothing. A.in preference to B.in place of C.in agreement with D.in exchange for 答案　D　[句意：你剛才提到的那個商人很無私，他為他人做任何事情都不求回報。in exchange for 作為……的交換；in preference to優(yōu)先于；in place of代替；in agreement with 同意，與……一致。根據(jù)句意可知，選D項。] 8.Air quality in Beijing was rated as poor ________ more than 5 million cars in the capital. A.except for B.regardless of C.due to D.in spite of 答案　C　[句意：北京的空氣質(zhì)量之所以列入差的行列是因?yàn)槭锥加形灏偃f輛汽車。except for 除了；regardless of 不管，不顧；due to 因?yàn)?，由于；in spite of 雖然，盡管。根據(jù)句意選C項。] 9.I went along thinking nothing ________，just looking at things around me. A.in brief B.in doubt C.in particular D.in harmony 答案　C　[句意：我一直走著，沒特別想些什么，只是看看周圍的東西。in brief簡單扼要地；in doubt 懷疑地；in harmony 和諧地；in particular特別，尤其。根據(jù)句意可知選C。] 10.Many plants could move northward and toward the Pacific coast ________ rising temperatures and changes in rainfall. A.with regard to B.in defense of C.by means of D.in reaction to 答案　D　[句意：許多植物可能北移到太平洋沿岸以應(yīng)對溫度的上升和降水量的變化。in reaction to “對……的反應(yīng)”，符合句意。A項意為“關(guān)于，就……而論”；B項意為“防御”；C項意為“借助某事物，以……方法”。] 11.________ electronic mail, today you can send a letter halfway around the world in seconds simply by pressing a button. A.Thanks to B.Apart from C.Regardless of D.According to 答案　A　[句意：幸虧有了電子郵件，現(xiàn)在你只要按一下按鈕就能在幾秒內(nèi)把一封信寄出半個世界了。根據(jù)句意可知應(yīng)選A項。apart from 除……以外；regardless of 不管，不論；according to 依據(jù)，根據(jù)。] 12.Mrs.Smith finds it hard to clear up the mess，as her children are always ________ whenever she tries to. A.in the way B.on watch C.in sight D.on the line 答案　A　[句意：Mrs.Smith發(fā)現(xiàn)很難清理混亂局面，因?yàn)楫?dāng)她盡力清理時她的孩子總是妨礙她。in the way妨礙；on watch值班，監(jiān)視；in sight在視力范圍內(nèi)，在即；on the line處于危險中，(對方)在接電話。]