文化藝術(shù)中的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義和自然主義（英文）

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1、Realism and Naturalism in Art and Literature 文化藝術(shù)中的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義和自然主義 中文系 謝琳琳 000114156 Before comparing these two cultural schools, we had better ascertain their definitions. Realism,inartandliterature, is an attempt to describe human behavior and surroundings or to represent figures and objects exact

2、ly as they act or appear in life. Naturalism, the term usually used in literature, refers to the theory that literary composition should be based on an objective, empirical presentation of human beings. The two terms are often used interchangeably, as they share so many similarities: ⅠAnti-roma

3、nticism In art, realism is a recurrent theme that becomes a coherent movement after 1850; and even then it struggles against the overwhelming popularity of romanticism. Impressionism can be seen as a development that grew out of realism, but in its turn still had to battle the more popular romantic

4、ism. In the scope of literature, realism also marks a radical break with romanticism. Ingeneral,the main tenet of realism is that writers must not select facts in accord with preconceived aesthetic or ethical ideals but must set down their observations impartially and objectively. Naturalism, a lo

5、gical extension of realism, proceeds from an analysis of reality in terms of natural forces, e.g., heredity, environment, and physical drives. Its representative writer, mile Zola, undeniably infused French fiction with a refreshing vigor, giving it a tough, powerful edge far removed from the vapori

6、ngs of high romanticism. Without altogether banishing romanticism, have realism and naturalism had considerable success. ⅡMain scope Their most important influences have been on literature, especially lengthy novels. Novelist Honor de Balzac is generally hailed as the grandfather of literary re

7、alism in the long series of novels and stories he titled La Comdie humaine (The Human Comedy). Like such a television series, his works also incorporated a device for maintaining his audience: the continual reappearance of certain characters from one work to the next--now as protagonists, now as sec

8、ondary figures. The idea is an old one, going back classic bodies of work such as the Homeric epics and the Medieval Arthurian romances; but it had a different effect in Balzacs work: readers could recognize a slightly altered version of the world they themselves inhabited as they moved from story t

9、o story. Like Balzac, mile Zola created a series of novels with linked characters and settings ("Les Rougon-Macquart: Histoire naturelle et sociale dune famille sous le second Empire"--"The Rougon-Macquart: Natural and Social History of a Family During the Second Empire") which stretched to twenty

10、 novels. He tried to create a portrait of France in the 1880s to parallel the portrait Balzac had made of his own times in La Comdie humaine. Ⅲ Initial country It is perhaps unsurprising that their origins can be both traced to France. Since the 18th century the French have traditionally viewed t

11、hemselves as rationalists, and this prevailing attitude in intellectual circles meant that romanticism led an uneasy existence in France even when allied with the major revolutionary movements of 1789 and 1830. Inart,althoughaclearly defined realist school has never evolved, a realist approach has

12、been manifested in different ways at various times. Frequently used to describe scenes of humble life, the term “realist” implies a criticism of social conditions. Thus, some of the work of the French artists Gustave Courbet (for example, The Stonebreakers, 1850), Honor Daumier, and Jean Franois Mil

13、let has been described as social realism. Realistliteratureis defined particularly as the fiction produced in Europe and the United States from about 1840 until the 1890s. This form of realism began in France in the novels of Gustave Flaubert and the short stories of Guy de Maupassant. Naturalism w

14、as first prominently exhibited in the writings of 19th-century French authors, especially Edmond Louis Antoine de Goncourt, his brother Jules Alfred Huot de Goncourt, and mile Zola. Ⅳ Material Artists of the realist school would like to paint familiar scenes and events as they actually looked. Typ

15、ically it involved some sort of sociopolitical or moral message, in the depiction of ugly or commonplace subjects. Realistic and naturalistic writers often attempted systematically to render a portrait of aspects of his time from the lowest thief or prostitute to the highest aristocrat or political

16、 leader, avoiding larger, more dramatic issues. Naturalism, a new and harsher realism, can be distinguished by the following aspects: Ⅰ Extent of Anti-romanticism Although we can easily perceive the objective, matter-of fact portrait of all aspects of France in Balzac’s works, their plots are f

17、illed with sensational conspiracies and crimes and wildly improbable coincidences. To some extent, Balzacs works are still essentially romantic creations with a realistic veneer. But if we read Zola’s fiction—Germinal—we find that Zola was not a meticulous craftsman of beautiful prose. At times it s

18、eems as if he is writing with a meat ax. Zola also took frankness about sexual functions much further than the early Realists had dared; and it is this, combined with a pervasive pessimism about humanity, which chiefly characterizes the naturalist novel. Ⅱ Scopes Realism and naturalism are not rea

19、lly comparable in scope. The former is a cultural movement in art, music and literature, while the latter is just a literary school. Ⅲ Differences in the Scope of Literature 1 Reality in the Essence of Life Realism places emphasis on reveal the essence of life on the basis of their objective obse

20、rvations. The reality that naturalism shows, although examining dispassionately various phenomena in life and drawing indisputable conclusions, does not focus the essence of life. That is because naturalistic writers persued an analysis of reality in terms of natural forces, e.g., heredity, environ

21、ment, physical drives, which determines their inability to reveal the fundamental sense of life. 2 Typical Characters Realists tended to downplay plot in favor of character. In order to mold their typical character, they have to generalize and process the material they observed. "Scientific nove

22、l", on the contrary, would be created by placing characters with known inherited characteristics into a carefully defined environment and observing the resulting behavior. Naturalistic writers tend to create their principal characters as representative types rather than striking individuals. Individ

23、uals are selected to illustrate aspects of society. 3 Criteria to Drudge Life Although realism requires its writers to set down their observations impartially and objectively, this does not mean that writers should not select facts in accord with their aesthetic or ethical criticism. In contrast,

24、realists must use these criterions so as to reveal the essence of life. Naturalists, espousing a deterministic philosophy, place special stress on the importance of heredity and environment in determining character. This scientific criterion denies the critical function of society to shape a person’s character or thoughts; thus, it is far away from the fundamental sense of life. Ⅳ Influence Realistliteratureis long lasting. Even today, there are many writers working in accord with its tenet. While naturalism is quite transient, declining sharply in the 20th century. 3