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1、Get Started Text Study Supplementary Resources Get StartedGet Started1. A General Introduction2. Focus In Get Started Get Started Greek culture dates back to the Neolithic Age (about 4000 BC). By its Bronze Age (about 2800 BC), Greek culture had come to a stage of substantial development in view of

2、its ability to produce useful tools and articles and weapons in bronze, as were evidenced by the unearthed artifacts in the neighborhood of the Aegean Sea. The Aegean Civilization or the Stone and Bronze Age Civilization was thus shaped and included Cretan Civilization and Mycenaean Civilization, wh

3、ich appeared subsequently, with a high level of cultural development, as was demonstrated in its architecture, art and crafts as well as the pictographic script which had been used widely. Get Started After the Dorian invasion, Greece was further divided into a number of tribes before they were orga

4、nized into the city-states. The ancient Greek economy heavily depended on slave labor, the most popular resource for production at that time, and laid the foundation for the success of Greek culture. In the 5th-4th centuries BC, the slave-based democracy politics in Athens reached its peak during Pe

5、ricles reign, providing a comparatively free environment for the development of Greek culture. However, split occurred between the two strongest city-states and wars among most poleis caused the decline of Greek Civilization, and it was conquered by Roman Empire before 146 BC. Get Started Historical

6、ly, Greek culture is of a rich variety, lasting value and wide influence around the world. Under the administration of the city government and its stimulation on cultural exchange, cultural prosperity rose up in architecture, philosophy, literature, arts and sports. Such an intellectual climate henc

7、e led to the emergence of a number of famous philosophers, artists and historians who produced their remarkable contributions to Greek Civilization. Get Startedl To get a brief view of the history and development of Greek Civilizationl To be familiar with Greek culture in mythology, religion, philos

8、ophy, history, literature and artsl To know some representative philosophers and their contributions Text StudyText StudyI. The Early Period of Greek CivilizationII. The Development and the End of Greek Civilization III. Greek Culture Text StudyMain IdeasMain IdeasAges Stages Characters Minos a unif

9、ied country from smaller city-states. l During 1600 BC1125 BC, Minoan Dynasty was weakened and toppled. Text StudyMain Ideas Main IdeasPre-historical Age Stage 2:Mycenaean Civilization(ended in the 12th century BC) Mycenae was a country where slaves were commonly used in agricultural and handicraft

10、production. Mycenaean culture benefited much from Cretan culture on its social and economic development.Heroic Age The period is between the coming of the Greeks to Thessaly and the Greeks returning from Troy and culminates in the Trojan War. The Trojan War had helped to produce two famous epics, Od

11、yssey and Iliad. Text StudyMain Ideas Main IdeasDark Age 1200 BC800 BC It was peopled with many legendary names like Hercules, Ajax, Achilles and Agamemnon.Golden Age the 8th the 4th century BC It can be divided into three periods: the archaic period, the central period and the period of dependence.

12、 Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural Terms Interpretation of Cultural TermsThe Neolithic 新石器時代: It is a period in the development of human technology, beginning in about 9500 BC in the Middle East that is traditionally considered the last part of the Stone Age. The Neolithic is a measured progressi

13、on of behavioral and cultural characteristics and changes, including the use of wild and domestic crops and the use of domesticated animals. Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural Terms Interpretation of Cultural TermsMinos 米諾斯: In Greek mythology, Minos was a king of Crete, son of Zeus and Europa. Af

14、ter his death, Minos became a judge of the dead in Hades. The Minoan Civilization of pre-Hellene Crete has been named after him by the archaeologist Arthur Evans. Text StudyComprehension ExercisesMultiple choice.(1) _ is the major foundation in the Western culture and makes a powerful impact on the

15、development of human civilization. A. Ancient European cultureB. Ancient Greek cultureC. Ancient Chinese cultureD. Ancient Egyptian culture Comprehension Ex ercises A. the Neolithic AgeB. the Bronze AgeC. the Stone and Bronze AgeD. the Old Stone Age Text StudyComprehension Exercises(2) Greek culture

16、 can date back to_. Comprehension Ex ercisesMultiple choice. A. farmingB. handicraft and tradeC. religionD. philosophy Text StudyComprehension Exercises(3) Mycenaean culture was influenced the most by Cretan culture on _. Comprehension Ex ercisesMultiple choice. A. the Heroic Age B. the Golden Age C

17、. the Cretan Civilization D. the Mycenaean Civilization Text StudyComprehension Exercises(4) The Trojan War broke out at the end of _. Comprehension Ex ercisesMultiple choice. A. archaic B. central C. dependentD. dark Text StudyComprehension Exercises(5) The first Olympiad began in the _ period of t

18、he Golden Age. Comprehension Ex ercisesMultiple choice. Text StudyThink and DiscussGive a brief introduction to the Trojan War and check references to know more about the war. The Trojan War broke out at the end of the Mycenaean Civilization. All the city-states in Mycenae sent troops to help form a

19、 coalition army for the battles. Not long after the war, the Dorians from the northwest of Greece invaded and destroyed Mycenae in about the12th11th centuries BC.Think and Discuss Text StudyThink and DiscussIntroduction from Wikipedia: In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of

20、 Troy by the Achaeans (Greeks) after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus, the king of Sparta. The war was among the most important events in Greek mythology and was narrated in many works of Greek literature, including the Iliad and the Odyssey by Homer. The Iliad relates a part of th

21、e last year of the siege of Troy, while the Odyssey describes the journey home of Odysseus, one of the Achaean leaders. Other parts of the war were toldThink and Discuss Text StudyThink and Discuss Think and Discussin a cycle of epic poems, which has only survived in fragments. Episodes from the war

22、 provided material for Greek tragedies and other works of Greek literature, and for Roman poets like Virgil and Ovid. The war originated from a quarrel between the goddesses Athena, Hera, and Aphrodite, after Eris, the goddess of strife and discord, gave them a golden apple, sometimes known as the A

23、pple of Discord, marked “for the fairest”. Zeus sent the goddesses to Paris, who judged that Aphrodite, as “the fairest”, should receive the apple. In exchange, Aphrodite made Helen, the most beautiful of all Text StudyThink and Discuss Think and Discusswomen and wife of Menelaus, fall in love with

24、Paris, who took her to Troy. Agamemnon, the king of Mycenae and the brother of Helens husband Menelaus, led an expedition of Achaean troops to Troy and besieged the city for ten years because of Paris insult. After the deaths of many heroes, including the Achaeans Achilles and Ajax, and the Trojans

25、Hector and Paris, the city fell to the ruse of the Trojan Horse. The Achaeans slaughtered the Trojans (except for some of the women and children whom they kept or sold as slaves) and desecrated the temples, thus earning the gods wrath. Few of the Achaeans returned safely to their homes and Text Stud

26、yThink and Discuss Think and Discussmany founded colonies in distant shores. The Romans later traced their origin to Aeneas, one of the Trojans, who was said to have led the surviving Trojans to modern-day Italy. The ancient Greeks thought the Trojan War was a historical event that had taken place i

27、n the 13th or 12th century BC, and believed that Troy was located in modern- day Turkey near the Dardanelles. By modern times both the war and the city were widely believed to be non-historical. In 1870, however, the German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann excavated a site in this area which he ide

28、ntified as Troy; this claim is now accepted by most scholars. Text StudyThink and Discuss Think and DiscussWhether there is any historical reality behind the Trojan War is an open question. Many scholars believe that there is a historical core to the tale, though this may simply mean that the Homeri

29、c stories are a fusion of various tales of sieges and expeditions by Mycenaean Greeks during the Bronze Age. Those who believe that the stories of the Trojan War derive from a specific historical conflict usually date it to the 12th or 11th century BC, often preferring the dates given by Eratosthene

30、s, 1194 BC1184 BC, which roughly corresponds with archaeological evidence of a catastrophic burning of Troy VIIa. Text StudyMain Ideas Main Ideas Text StudyMain Ideas Main Ideas Text StudyMain Ideas Main Ideas Text StudyMain Ideas Main Ideas Text StudyMain Ideas Main Ideas Text StudyMain Ideas Main

31、Ideas Text StudyMain Ideas Main Ideas Text StudyMain Ideas Main Ideas Text StudyMain Ideas Main Ideas Text StudyMain Ideas Main Ideas Since the 8th Century BC, Greece stepped into an important period when iron tools were universally used as a substitute for bronze. With further coastal economic deve

32、lopment, the city-states were founded one after another, numbering more than a hundred altogether in either Dorian or Ionian dominance. Among them, Athens and Sparta were the most developed and powerful. Later Miletus became an even larger and more important city than Athens after the Persian conque

33、st of Asia Minor in the 6th century BC. In politics, the newly founded city-states were usually ruled by the slave-owning aristocrats or kings who were formerly Text StudyMain Ideas Main Ideas Text StudyMain Ideas Main Ideasformerly military leaders. But some states could be ruled by the archons suc

34、h as Draco and Solon, Peisistratus and Cleisthenes, etc., who would proceed with their reforms. Thus it led to a period of business and patriarchal aristocratic democracy. There were two legislatures during that period: one was the general assembly, known as the Ecclesia which passed policies, and t

35、he boule led by ten archons enforced them; the other was the supreme council which supervised and checked the behavior of the local officials and teachers. The strength of the system was the highly democratic features which controlled the power of aristocrats. Greek Civilization came to its peak dur

36、ing Pericles reign and then began to decline, during which two wars broke out with profound meanings. One is the war between Greek city-states and Persian invaders (499 BC449 BC). The victory laid the foundation for the development and prosperity of Greece. However, peace and stability did not last

37、long after the victory because a split occurred between the two strongest city-states (459 BC404 BC) , thus leading to the decline of Athens and most poleis involved in the war. Till 146 BC, the regions of Greek Peninsula and Aegean Sea islands were all seized and conquered by Roman troops and merge

38、d into the map of Roman Empire. Text StudyMain Ideas Main Ideas Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural Termsostracism 陶片放逐制: In ancient Greece, when a citizen was considered dangerous to the state, he would be banished for a certain number of years as a punishment, decided by popular votes. Now it rel

39、ates to any social exclusion. Interpretation of Cultural Terms Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsThebes 底比斯: A Mycenaean city, located in east-central Greece, northwest of Athens. It was at the height of power and splendour in the 4th century BC. In 336 BC it was ruined by Alexander the Grea

40、t. Interpretation of Cultural Terms Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsSparta 斯巴達: an ancient Greek city-state of Dorian Greeks in the southeast Peloponnesus，which was widely known for its military power, and reached its peak in the 6th century BC when Sparta defeated Athens in the Peloponnes

41、ian Wars (460404) and then became the leader of the union of Greek city-states before it was toppled by the Thebans in 371 BCInterpretation of Cultural Terms Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural Terms Interpretation of Cultural Terms Text StudyInterpretation of Cultural TermsJustinian I (Justinian t

42、he Great) 查士丁尼一世: The emperor of Byzantium who resisted the Persian aggression at the eastern frontier of his empire and then re-occupied the former Roman territories in Africa, Italy and Spain. Eastern Orthodox Christians respects him as a saint. Interpretation of Cultural Terms Text StudyInterpret

43、ation of Cultural TermsCleon克里昂（?422 BC): One of the Athenian political and military leaders during the Peloponnesian War. He was the first prominent example of the commercial class who was considered as a warmonger and demagogue by his contemporaries. Interpretation of Cultural Terms Text StudyInte

44、rpretation of Cultural TermsPericles 伯利克里 (c.495 BC 429 BC): A famous and influential Athenian leader. He was called “the first citizen of Athens” by Thucydides, a historian. His reign (461 BC429 BC) was known as the “Age of Pericles”. He promoted the literature and arts and built many buildings. Fo

45、r this reason, Athens became the educational and cultural centre of ancient Greece. Furthermore, Pericles made contribution to the Athenian democracy. Interpretation of Cultural Terms Text StudyComprehension ExercisesPlease match the following names of political leaders to their reformist ideas.(1)

46、Draco (2) Cleisthenes(3) Peisistratus(4) Solon(5) Pericles a. supreme council check the behavior of leadersb. punish trivial crimes with the death sentencec. abolish slave labor d. carry out legislative reforme. advocate peasants welfare and popular entertainmentsComprehension Ex ercises Text StudyT

47、hink and DiscussHow did the ancient Greek Civilization develop in its long history?Firstly, early period of Greek Civilization: the development of Cretan and Mycenaean Civilization. Secondly, with the development of economy, many city-states were founded. Aristocratic rulers were trying to proceed t

48、heir reforms in politics and legislations, which led to the prosperity of Greek Civilization. Last, after two wars, Greek Civilization came to its end. Think and Discuss Text StudyMain Ideas Main Ideas Text StudyMain Ideas Main Ideas Text StudyMain Ideas Main Ideas Main Ideas Text Study(1) Greek Myt

49、hology and Religion Greek mythology is based on a religion which took shape during the Homeric Age and was developed from animism and fetishism into polytheism. The religious tales became fully developed myths in the Homeric epic and thus contributed greatly to the later development of all Greek art

50、s. In Greek myth, all the gods live on Mount Olympus. Theres a list of a group of 12 gods (The Olympians) who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans. Main Ideas Main Ideas Text StudyMain IdeasGod & Goddess CharacterZeus the heavenly king of the gods and ruler of mankindPoseidon the moody god of the

51、 seasHades the gloomy god of the underworldHestia the calm goddess of the hearthHera the mature goddess of the familyAres the fierce god of the warAthena the sophisticated goddess of wisdom and arts Main Ideas Text StudyMain IdeasApollo the youthful god of the sun and the musicAphrodite the sensual

52、goddess of love and beautyHermes the cunning god of the tradeArtemis the wild goddess of the huntHephaestus the ill-favored god of metallurgy Main Ideas Text StudyMain Ideas(2) Greek Philosophy Greek philosophy emerged from the bondage of religion and went through a process of fruitful theoretical r

53、esearch combined with practical experience before it achieved its high point in the history of human intellectual development. It has influenced much of Western thought with a wide variety of subjects, including political philosophy, ethics, metaphysics, ontology, logic, biology, rhetoric and aesthe

54、tics. Main Ideas Text StudyMain IdeasEarly Greek Philosophers and Their Noble IdeasSchool Name Main IdeaMaterialism Thales The world originated in water and predicted a total eclipse of the sun.Anaximander The origin of everything in the world is unlimited and all things split into two opposites.Her

55、aclitus Fire is the fundamental substance in the universe, and the universe is in a state of ongoing change, struggle or flux. Main Ideas Text StudyMain IdeasMaterialism Democritus Material world is composed of tiny, inseparable particles called atoms.Idealism Pythagoras Everything is numbers. And i

56、t is possible to acquire mystical knowledge.Protagoras Man is the measure of all things. Main Ideas Text StudyMain IdeasThe Most Influential Philosophers in GreeceName Life & Achievements Main Interests Notable Ideas WorksSocrates(470 BC 399 BC) a classical Greek Athenian philosopher,one of the foun

57、ders of Western philosophy epistemology, ethics Socratic method, Socratic irony Socratic dialogues written by his students Plato and Xenophon Main Ideas Text StudyMain IdeasPlato(427 BC 347 BC) a classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, student of Socrates, founder of the Academy in Athens, and o

58、ne of the founders of Western philosophy and science rhetoric, art, literature, epistemology, justice, virtue, politics, education, family, militarism Platonic realism writer of philosophi-cal dialogues, Apology, Protagoras, Gorgias, Phaedo, Symposium, Padres, The Republic, The Law Main Ideas Text S

59、tudyMain IdeasAristotle (384 BC 322 BC)a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato, one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy physics, metaphysics, poetry, theatre, music, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology, zoology golden mean, reason, logic, syllogism, passion The C

60、ategories, The Peri Hermeneias, The Prior Analytics, The Posterior Analytics, Topics and the Sophistical Refutations, Physics, The Politics, On the Parts of Animals, Zoology and History of Animals Main Ideas Text StudyMain Ideas(3) LiteratureGreek literature is considered to consist of epic, lyrical

61、 poetry and drama.Category Type Writers Name Character WorksPoetry Epic Homer narrative poems about the period of Trojan War Iliad,OdysseusLyric Callimachus elegiac poems Hymns Main Ideas Text StudyMain IdeasPoetry Lyric Theocritus hymns & epigrams The Syracusan Woman, The Graces, The SorceressesAra

62、tus hexameters PhenomenaNicander scientific poems TheriacaSappho love poemsPindar odes the 14 Olympian Odes Main Ideas Text StudyMain IdeasDrama Tragedy Aeschylus 7090 tragedies, only 7 survived Prometheus Bound, The Persians, Agamemnon, The Phrygians, The Seven against Thebes, The Suppliant Maidens

63、 and The OresteiaSophocles Oedipus the King, Electra and AntigoneEuripides about women Andromache, Medea and Trojan Women Main Ideas Text StudyMain IdeasDrama Comedy Aristophanes sense of comic Knights Main Ideas Text StudyMain Ideas(4) History and Dissident Ideas Greek history has contributed consi

64、derably to the constitution of Greek and Western civilization with its abundant documents of a variety of historical events and figures scattered in social, political, military and cultural fields. The most famous historians are Herodotus(485 BC425 BC) and Thucydides(about 460 BC404 BC). l Herodotus

65、 is generally acknowledged as the first reputed historian of Greece. His writing Histories objectively describes the war between Persians and Greece. Main Ideas Text StudyMain Ideasl Thucydides is generally acknowledged as one of the greatest of ancient Greece for his truthfulness, conciseness and i

66、magination. His History of the Peloponnesian War recounts the struggle between Athens and Sparta in the 5th century BC, as the first recorded political and moral analysis of a nations war policies. l Besides, Polybius produced Histories about Alexandria with 40 volumes in all, coving the growth of Rome in 120 years from the beginning of the First Punic War till the surrender of Greece. But unfortunately it hasnt survived intact and only some fragments were preserved. Main Ideas Text StudyMain Id