薄壁PE桶氣動脫模的注射模具設(shè)計【說明書+CAD+SOLIDWORKS+仿真】

薄壁PE桶氣動脫模的注射模具設(shè)計【說明書+CAD+SOLIDWORKS+仿真】,說明書+CAD+SOLIDWORKS+仿真,薄壁PE桶氣動脫模的注射模具設(shè)計【說明書+CAD+SOLIDWORKS+仿真】,薄壁,pe,氣動,脫模,注射,模具設(shè)計,說明書,仿單,cad,solidworks 模具與設(shè)計制造項目設(shè)計說明書 題目：薄壁PE桶氣動脫模的注射模具設(shè)計 班 級 姓 名 學(xué) 號 成 績 2006年 1月 25 日目錄封面1目錄2（一） 設(shè)計指導(dǎo).4（二）進(jìn)度表.5（三）說明書正文61、塑料零件工藝的分析.62、分型面的選擇.93、澆注位置的確定.94、抽芯機(jī)構(gòu)的確定.95、脫模機(jī)構(gòu)的確定.96、成型零件的工作尺寸的計算107、模具側(cè)壁厚與底板厚的確定108、模架的選擇.129、注射機(jī)參數(shù)的選擇.1210、體會1411、參考資料1412、附圖.14（一）設(shè)計指導(dǎo)1. 課程目的和意義：模具設(shè)計與制造項目課程是作為成型技術(shù)與模具理論課之外的一門重要補(bǔ)充課程，由于模具結(jié)構(gòu)的多樣性、復(fù)雜性及其巧妙性，走馬觀花式的結(jié)構(gòu)介紹顯然難以達(dá)到對該門課程真正的理解和掌握。如結(jié)構(gòu)也許可行，但是否合理；結(jié)構(gòu)雖然巧妙，但能否更佳？結(jié)構(gòu)即使科學(xué)，但是否經(jīng)濟(jì)等等，這些單憑書本知識是難以做出直觀判斷的。作為社會需求量極大的熱門技術(shù)，必須真正地全面領(lǐng)會其基本結(jié)構(gòu)原理，并對各類變形、延伸結(jié)構(gòu)的科學(xué)性、合理性融會貫通，才能真正做到舉一反三，完全掌握，滿足社會的需要。正是基于上述目的，開設(shè)了模具設(shè)計與制造項目課程，期望學(xué)生們能在創(chuàng)新設(shè)計中，將書本內(nèi)容與工程實踐有機(jī)結(jié)合，鞏固和加深對理論知識的理解，并充分發(fā)揮同學(xué)們的想象力、創(chuàng)造力，形成一種科學(xué)的發(fā)散性思維。舉一反三，靈活運用所學(xué)知識，進(jìn)行模具結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計。2. 實驗的內(nèi)容和方法：本課程的開設(shè)是一種新的嘗試，是適應(yīng)當(dāng)前本科教學(xué)改革而進(jìn)行的一項前沿性探索。課程學(xué)習(xí)過程中，同學(xué)們可以從網(wǎng)上、期刊上、工廠搜集一些實際模具的設(shè)計實例，對其結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行分析、研究并吸收消化。完全了解其結(jié)構(gòu)，掌握其工作原理，同時如有可能的話，給出更佳的替代機(jī)構(gòu)，完成模具設(shè)計。課程學(xué)習(xí)中學(xué)生一人一題 。學(xué)生在規(guī)定的學(xué)時內(nèi)完成對某一模具機(jī)構(gòu)的分析。首先分析塑料制品結(jié)構(gòu)特點，確定自己的模具方案，如二板?；蛉迥＃瑥?qiáng)脫或旋脫等等；其次對照實物或平面圖，研究他人模具結(jié)構(gòu)特點；最后對比分析二者差異，從中獲得感性的設(shè)計知識。3. 完成步驟：1) 搜集模具資料，現(xiàn)場觀看模具實物、搜集模具設(shè)計圖紙；2) 分析塑料制品結(jié)構(gòu)特點，擬定自己的模具方案；3) 分析研究他人模具設(shè)計結(jié)構(gòu)，與自己方案對比，從中細(xì)細(xì)體會他人模具設(shè)計的科學(xué)性合理性，或提出自己的不同見解；4) 進(jìn)行模具設(shè)計，包括模具三維結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計，演示模具工作過程；5) 老師定期為學(xué)生進(jìn)行輔導(dǎo)和答疑工作；6) 撰寫實驗報告；7) 打印報告書，提交電子文檔。若干個同學(xué)合一個光碟，以姓名為文件夾的名稱。應(yīng)交材料：報告書；塑料產(chǎn)品三維圖電子文檔；模具三維圖電子文檔；模具動作Flash動畫電子文檔。8) 進(jìn)行答辯和評定成績。4. 撰寫報告內(nèi)容包括驟：塑料制品結(jié)構(gòu)分析；模具結(jié)構(gòu)分析、模具各部件功能和用途；以圖文形式論述，附塑料制品、模具三維圖和工作原理動畫圖等。（二）進(jìn)度表 學(xué)年度 專業(yè) 班級： 學(xué)生人數(shù)：課程名稱：模具設(shè)計與制造項目 總學(xué)時：72 共 1 頁 第 1 頁周次講授主要內(nèi)容學(xué)時分配備注講課實驗上機(jī)19布置任務(wù)，提出設(shè)計要求，明確設(shè)計任務(wù)分發(fā)資料，閱參考書、查資料；2219制品工藝分析、模具的方案分析、模具結(jié)構(gòu)分析；模架選型、成型設(shè)備選定，基本尺寸參數(shù)確定、繪二維草圖。20設(shè)計指導(dǎo)20模具的方案確定、模具結(jié)構(gòu)確定；確定模架及模具結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸和參數(shù)、繪制模具三維圖。24設(shè)計指導(dǎo)21模具三維圖繪制。檢查設(shè)計質(zhì)量，撰寫報告16設(shè)計指導(dǎo)21模具動畫繪制整理材料。準(zhǔn)備答辯8說明：1、本表由主講教師編制，經(jīng)教研室主任審閱，系主任批準(zhǔn)執(zhí)行；2、本表須在該課程開課后第一周內(nèi)送交教務(wù)科一份，本院系(部)一份和發(fā)給學(xué)生班一份。教學(xué)主管： 教研室主任： 主講教師：（三）說明書正文一、 塑料零件工藝的分析目前,市場上采用薄壁塑料桶進(jìn)行食品包裝十分廣泛,如盛放0.5kg、1kg家庭裝冰淇淋的包裝桶。一般材料為較軟的高壓聚乙烯(LDPE) ,壁厚在0. 61 mm 之間,所選用的工藝為注射成型,雖然制品形狀簡單,但由于側(cè)面積大,壁薄,料軟,塑件和型芯之間易形成真空,脫模較困難,下面以某廠家生產(chǎn)的1 kg 裝冰淇淋包裝桶為例,來進(jìn)行模具設(shè)計。其結(jié)構(gòu)如下所示：（一）、材料的選擇:由于高壓聚乙烯具有如下這些特性所以非常適合用于制造薄壁塑料桶。因為聚乙烯英文名為Polythylene或Pdythene,簡稱PE，所以此塑料桶又稱為PE桶。A聚乙烯英文名為Polythylene或Pdythene,簡稱PE.PE為乳白色半透明至不透明的熱塑性樹脂. B以密度的大小分為:低密度聚乙烯LDPE,高密度聚乙烯HDPE,線性低密度聚乙烯LLDPE,中密度聚乙烯MDPE,超高分子量聚乙烯HMW-HDPE,甚低密度聚乙烯VLDPE等 LDPE密度為0.910-0.925,因其為高壓法(ICI)聚合所得的聚乙烯,也稱為高壓聚乙烯. LDPE是一種具有蠟感的白色樹脂,其結(jié)構(gòu)特點是非線型的,分子量一般為100000500000.因此,與中密度,高密度聚乙烯相比,它具有較低的結(jié)晶度和軟化點,有較好的柔軟性,伸長率,電絕緣性,透明性以及較高的耐沖擊強(qiáng)度.LDPE機(jī)械強(qiáng)度差,耐熱性低,此外一個明顯的弱點是耐環(huán)境應(yīng)力開烈性較差. 低密度聚乙烯可與其它聚合物共混以改進(jìn)性能,通過共混可以改善性能的聚合物有PC.PA,PP,HDPE和LLDPE. 特性 1. 物理、機(jī)械特性:PE拉伸強(qiáng)度隨結(jié)晶地的增大而提高,其值為7-40MPa.伸長率隨結(jié)晶度的增大而減小,其值為800%-50%.沖擊強(qiáng)度隨結(jié)晶地增加而增大,其值為0.02-1KJ/m.軟而柔韌的PE不易被破壞,沖擊時呈彎曲狀.PE的硬度隨結(jié)晶度增加而增高,其值為洛氏D41-65. 交聯(lián)PE拉伸強(qiáng)度與拉伸彈性模量均較中密度聚乙烯為大,伸長率下降. 2. 溫度特性、熱性能:PE結(jié)晶度不同,熱變形溫度也有差異.低密度聚乙烯在0.46MPa的負(fù)荷下為40-50,中密度與高密度可達(dá)88.交聯(lián)聚乙烯耐熱性較未交聯(lián)聚乙烯為好. PE耐熱性能良好,在-20時,其性能仍無顯著變化. PE遇火易燃,產(chǎn)生石蠟味并產(chǎn)生低級碳?xì)浠衔? 3. 電氣特性:PE因為不含極性基團(tuán),電氣特性極為良好,具有低介電系數(shù),在較寬的頻率下,介電損耗低,尤其是高頻電氣絕緣性優(yōu)注射成型異. 4. 化學(xué)特性:耐藥品性良好,在常溫下幾乎不受有機(jī)藥品的侵蝕 吸水性:吸濕率幾乎等于零,耐水性別極好.濕氣、空氣、碳酸氣幾乎不透過,較能透過氧氣. 在紫外光、太陽光線的影響下,漸漸老化,出現(xiàn)變色與產(chǎn)生裂紋 粘接性與印刷性很差,當(dāng)需要印刷時,需要進(jìn)行表面處理,使印刷油墨對PE的親和性提高. 應(yīng)用 低密度聚乙烯LDPE,主要的用途是用于薄膜產(chǎn)品. 1. 農(nóng)業(yè)用薄膜,地面覆蓋膜,農(nóng)膜,蔬菜大篷膜 2. 包裝用膜:如糖果,蔬菜冷凍食品等包裝 3. 液體包裝用:如吹塑薄膜,重包裝袋,收縮包裝袋等 4. 還可用于注塑制品,擠塑管材,電線電纜,吹塑中空容器. 中密度聚乙烯MDPE,用途不如低密度聚乙烯LDPE和高密度聚乙烯HDPE廣泛,適合擠塑管材,蒸煮袋的內(nèi)襯薄膜和包裝等制品. 成型 PE加熱后,形成粘度適中的熔融體,加工容易,能成型各種尺寸的制品.但超高分子量PE的熔融粘度太高,樹脂的流動性極差,當(dāng)MFR值在0.01以下時,采用注射成型很困難. PE注射成型的概要如下: 1.選用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)注射成型機(jī)為宜,不需特殊的成型機(jī). 2.收縮率大,在注射方向為3%-4%,垂直于注射方向為0.5%-2%,制品易產(chǎn)生形變,特別是薄壁制件. 3.由于吸濕性極小,幾乎不必干燥.當(dāng)表面附著水分時,可進(jìn)行熱風(fēng)干燥. 4.可采用干混著色或擠壓發(fā)法著色.（二）、塑料桶結(jié)構(gòu)的分析：如下圖所示塑件,桶壁為0.8mm ,材料為低壓聚乙烯,塑件要求圓度好,并且要有一定的剛度,為了桶的穩(wěn)定性,底部中心設(shè)計成內(nèi)凹。二、 分型面的選擇為了減少模具的加工難度很增加模具的精度，避免在桶口產(chǎn)生飛邊和側(cè)向分型抽芯。應(yīng)把分型面設(shè)在桶頂部的桶口面上，且與桶口面平行。三、 澆注位置的確定澆口位置選擇的一般原則是：澆口位置應(yīng)盡量選擇在分型面上，以便于模具加工及使用時澆口的清理；澆口位置距型腔各個部位的距離應(yīng)盡量一致，并使其流程為最短；澆口的位置應(yīng)保證塑料流入型腔時，對著型腔中寬敞、壁厚位置，以便于塑料的流入;避免塑料在流入型腔時直沖型腔壁,型芯或嵌件,使塑料能盡快的流入到型腔各部位,并避免型芯或嵌件變形;盡量避免使制件產(chǎn)生熔接痕,或使其熔接痕產(chǎn)生在之間不重要的位置;澆口位置及其塑料流入方向,應(yīng)使塑料在流入型腔時,能沿著型腔平行方向均勻的流入,并有利于型腔內(nèi)氣體的排出。而對于此注塑模具，由于制品是一個薄壁深腔的結(jié)構(gòu)，其為繞中心軸線旋轉(zhuǎn)的旋轉(zhuǎn)體，所以要把澆注口設(shè)在桶底的中心位置上。這樣設(shè)置的有點有：1、能使熔料均勻的流向桶的各個位置，不易產(chǎn)生注塑不完全。2、能沿著型腔平行方向均勻的流入,并有利于型腔內(nèi)氣體的排出。3、使其熔接痕產(chǎn)生在之間不重要的位置即桶底位置，不會影響精度和美觀。四、 抽芯機(jī)構(gòu)的確定由于分型面與桶的脫模方向垂直，所以此模具不用設(shè)置側(cè)向分型抽型機(jī)構(gòu)。五、 脫模機(jī)構(gòu)的確定 由于桶口的壁較薄,而且也不希望產(chǎn)品在桶口有飛邊,因此不適宜采用推件板脫模,本設(shè)計采用氣動脫模推出塑件,模具簡單,脫模力大,塑件受力平穩(wěn),變形小,氣動脫模機(jī)構(gòu)非常適用于深腔、薄壁、軟材塑件的脫模。 脫模力的計算將制品從包緊的型芯上脫出時所需克服的阻力稱為脫模力。如果塑件為不帶通孔的殼體,脫模力主要是由塑料成型收縮而產(chǎn)生的對型芯包緊力和克服大氣壓力兩部分組成。塑件脫模時,由塑料成型收縮而產(chǎn)生的對型芯包緊力,型芯的受力分析如圖3 所示。圖3 型芯受力分析根據(jù)平衡原理,可列出平衡方程為:Fx = 0Ft + Fbsin= Fcos式中:Ft 塑件由成型收縮對型芯的包緊力;F 脫模時型芯由于成型收縮所受的摩擦阻力;Fb 脫模力;型芯的脫模斜度。又F = Fb所以Ft = Fb (cos- sin)= Ap (cos- sin)式中:塑料對鋼的摩擦系數(shù),LDPE 為0. 23 ;A 塑件包容型芯的面積,A =d ;p 塑件對型芯的單位面積上的包緊力,一般模內(nèi)冷卻的塑件p 約取0. 81. 2 Mpa ?？偟拿撃Ａ?yīng)為:Ft = Ft + Fk式中:Ft 塑件對型芯的包緊力;Fk 脫模時型芯由于大氣壓所受的摩擦阻力,據(jù)經(jīng)驗,一般取0. 1A1 (A1為塑件的底面積) 。將塑件尺寸代入后,得:Ft = 3305Mpa閥桿的直徑閥桿的直徑可按下式計算:d=4Ftp(由Ft = p(/ 4) d2得出式中:p壓縮空氣的氣壓;d閥桿頭部的直徑。)按壓縮空氣的氣壓為0. 6 MPa ,并將塑件尺寸代入后,得:d= 83 mm。六、 成型零件的工作尺寸的計算七、 模具側(cè)壁厚與底板厚的確定（強(qiáng)度和剛度的校核）（1）、側(cè)壁厚度的計算 當(dāng)型腔側(cè)壁受高壓塑料熔體作用時，其內(nèi)徑增長量為，因此在側(cè)壁和底之間產(chǎn)生一縱向間隙，間隙過大將輝發(fā)生溢料，其最大值為：式中 P型腔內(nèi)壓力，MPa E彈性模量，炭鋼為2.1*105MPa r內(nèi)半徑，mm R外半徑，mm 泊松比，碳鋼取0.25所以或壁厚： （1）作強(qiáng)度計算時，按第三強(qiáng)度理論計算，其計算公式為： (2) 查得：高壓聚乙烯得注射壓力為6001500bar。取900bar，即90MPa。所以其塑料壓力p=90MPa/3=30MPa.取允許變形量為0.005mm.所以，作剛度計算時，將上述數(shù)據(jù)代入（1）式得側(cè)壁厚S=15.15mm. 作強(qiáng)度計算時，將上述數(shù)據(jù)代入（2）式得側(cè)壁厚S=17.75mm.取其中大者S=17.75mm.（2）、底板厚的計算底板固定在中空的園環(huán)形支座上，設(shè)計時取支座上的內(nèi)圓直徑近似等于型腔內(nèi)徑。這時該底板可視為周邊簡支的圓板最大撓度發(fā)生在圓板的中心，其值為：式中 S-底板厚度，mm R圓環(huán)形支座內(nèi)半徑，mm 設(shè)允許變形為，可得 （3）按最大應(yīng)力作強(qiáng)度計算，最大應(yīng)力也發(fā)生在圓板中心，其值為：故： （4） 所以，作剛度計算時，將數(shù)據(jù)代入（3）式得底板厚S=29.93mm. 作強(qiáng)度計算時，將數(shù)據(jù)代入（4）式得底板厚S=27.44mm.取其中大者S=29.93mm.八、 模架的選擇如下圖所示：選用單腔模具，定模由兩塊模板組成，其中無可移動模板，動模也可由兩塊模板組成。由制品的投影面積S=(134/2)2*3.14=14095mmXmm得：動定模座尺寸B1XL=250mmX200mm動定模板尺寸BXL=200mmX200mm九、 注射機(jī)參數(shù)的選擇1塑件的體積計算在solidworks軟件中繪制零件三維圖，在菜單欄點擊：工具質(zhì)量特性。跳出的對話框中顯示零件的體積=44021.94立方 毫米2計算塑件的質(zhì)量根據(jù)“塑料模具設(shè)計手冊”查得LDPE的密度為：=0.92g/cm3，根據(jù)塑件形狀及尺寸，采用一模一腔的模具結(jié)構(gòu),塑件和澆注系統(tǒng)的質(zhì)量:W總=（Vz件+Vj）=0.92(4.4022+1)=5.062gg3.注塑機(jī)的選擇查手冊,由塑料特性以及零件要求,取注塑壓力P=90MPa,（1） 塑件投影面積計算A=6.72=140.95cm2 （2） 澆注系統(tǒng)投影面積計算A=8.5 cm2 (3) 型腔壓力計算p腔=30Mpa（4）鎖模力計算F=0.1p腔A=0.130（140.958.5）=448.35KN查手冊,選擇SYS-30（立式）注塑機(jī)SYS-30（立式）型注射機(jī)的主要參數(shù)注射容量30g定位孔直徑55mm最大開模行程S80mm噴嘴球頭直徑12mm最大裝模高度Hmax200mm噴嘴孔直徑3mm最小裝模高度Hmin70mm頂出中心孔徑50注射壓力150 Mpa鎖模力500KN十、 體會模具課程設(shè)計是塑料成型模具課程以后第一次對模具知識的綜合運用，在設(shè)計的過程中涉及多方面的知識，是對以往學(xué)習(xí)成果的綜合檢驗，也是對知識的深化，使我對模具方面的知識有了進(jìn)一步的體會和掌握。本次設(shè)計因為初次設(shè)計較復(fù)雜的模具，在設(shè)計中有不少錯誤，但是我覺得更多的是收獲，聯(lián)系了計算機(jī)輔助繪圖，扎實了基本功.也練習(xí)了資料、圖冊等的查閱. 通過本次設(shè)計我覺得我們的設(shè)計功底有了更進(jìn)一步的提高，為即將進(jìn)入工作崗位的我們打下了堅實的基礎(chǔ)。十一、參考資料： 1、塑料成型模具 . 申開智主編 .第二版 . 北京：中國輕工業(yè)出版社 . 2006 2、SolidWorks2005 .胡仁喜編著 .北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 . 2003 3、塑料模具設(shè)計手冊 .塑料模具設(shè)計手冊編寫組編著.機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 。19824、模具設(shè)計與制造簡明手冊（第二版） （電子版）5、模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（電子版）十二、附圖：模具圖（1）模具圖（2）模具爆炸圖16Microsystem Technologies 10 (2004) 531535 _ Springer-Verlag 2004DOI 10.1007/s00542-004-0387-2Replication of microlens arrays by injection moldingB.-K. Lee, D. S. Kim, T. H. KwonB.-K. Lee, D. S. Kim, T. H. Kwon (&)Department of Mechanical Engineering,Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH),San 31, Hyoja-Dong, Nam-Gu, Pohang, 790-784, Koreae-mail: thkwonpostech.ac.krAbstract Injection molding could be used as a mass production technology for microlens arrays. It is of importance, and thus of our concern in the present study, to understand the injection molding processing condition effects on the replicability of microlens array profile. Extensive experiments were performed by varyingprocessing conditions such as flow rate, packing pressure and packing time for three different polymeric materials (PS, PMMA and PC). The nickel mold insert of microlens arrays was made by electroplating a microstructure master fabricated by a modified LIGA process. Effects of processing conditions on the replicability were investigated with the help of the surface profile measurements. Experimental results showed that a packing pressure and a flow rate significantly affects a final surface profile of the injection molded product. Atomic force microscope measurement indicated that the averaged surface roughness value of injection molded microlens arrays is smaller than that of mold insert and is comparable with that of fine optical components in practical use.1 Introduction Microoptical products such as microlenses or microlens arrays have been used widely in various fields of microoptics, optical data storages, bio-medical applications, display devices and so on. Microlenses and microlens arrays are essential elements not only for the practical applications but also for the fundamental studies in the microoptics. There have been several fabrication methods for microlenses or microlens arryas such as a modified LIGA process 1, photoresist reflow process 2, UV laser illumination 3, etc. And the replication techniques, such as injection molding, compression molding 4 and hot embossing 5, are getting more important for a mass production of microoptical products due to the cost-effectiveness. As long as the injection molding can replicate subtle microstructures well, it is surely the most cost-effective method in the mass production stage due to its excellent reproducibility and productivity. In this regard, it is of utmost importance to check the injection moldability and to determine the molding processing condition window for proper injection molding of microstructures. In this study, we investigated the effects of processing conditions on the replication of microlens arrays by the injection molding. The microlens arrays were fabricated by a modified LIGA process, which was previously reported in 6, 7. Injection molding experiments were performed with an electroplated nickel mold insert so as to investigate the effects of some processing conditions. The surface profiles of molded microlens arrays were measured, and were used to analyze effects of processing conditions. Finally, a surface roughness of microlens arrays was measured by an atomic force microscope (AFM).2 Mold insert fabricationMicrolens arrays having several different diameters were fabricated on a PMMA sheet by a modified LIGA process 6. This modified LIGA process is composed of an X-ray irradiation on the PMMA sheet and a subsequent thermal treatment. The X-ray irradiation causes the decrease of molecular weight of PMMA, which in turn decreases the glass transition temperature and consequently causes a net volume increase during the thermal cycle resulting in a swollen microlens 7. The shapes of microlenses fabricated by the modified LIGA process can be predicted by a method suggested in 7. The microlens arrays used in the experiments were composed of 500m -(a 2 2 array), 300m -(2 2) and 200m (5 5) diameter arrays, and their heights were 20.81, 17.21 and 8.06 m, respectively. Using the microlens arrays fabricated by the modified LIGA process as a master, a metallic mold insert was fabricated by a nickel electroplating for the injection molding. Typical materials used in a microfabrication process, such as silicon, photoresists or polymeric materials, cannot be directly used as the mold or the mold insert due to their weak strength or thermal properties. It is desirable to use metallic materials which have appropriate mechanical and thermal properties to endure both a high pressure and a large temperature variation during the replication process. Therefore, a metallic mold insert is being used rather than the PMMA master on silicon wafer for mass production with such replication techniques. Otherwise special techniques should be adopted as a replication method, e.g. a low pressure injection molding 8.The size of final electroplated mold insert was 30 30 3 mm. The electroplated nickel mold insert having microlens arrays is shown in Fig. 1.Fig.1.Moldinsert fabricated by a nickel electroplating (a) Real view of the mold insert (b) SEM image of 200 m diameter microlens array (c) SEM image of 300 mdiameter microlens array3 Injection molding experimentsA conventional injection molding machine (Allrounders 220 M, Arburg) was used in the experiments. A mold base for the injection molding was designed to fix the electroplated nickel mold insert firmly with the help of a frametype bolster plate (Fig. 2). Shape of aperture of the bolster plate (in this study, a rectangular one) defines the outer geometry of the molded part on which the profiles of microlens arrays are to be transcribed. The mold base itself has delivery systems such as sprue, runner and gate which lead the molten polymer to the cavity formed by the bolster plate, the mold insert and amoving mold surface. The mold base was designed such that mold insert replacement is simple and easy. Of course, one may introduce an appropriate bolster plate with a specific aperture shape. Fig. 2. Mold base and mold insert used in the injection molding experimentThe injection molding experiments were carried out with three general polymeric materials PS (615APR, Dow Chemical), PMMA (IF870, LG MMA) and PC (Lexan 141R, GE Plastics). These materials are quite commonly used for optical applications. They have different refractive indices (1.600, 1.490 and 1.586 for PS, PMMA and PC, respectively), giving rise to different optical properties in final products, e.g. different foci with the same geometry. The injectionmolding experiments were performed for seven processing conditions by changing flow rate, packing pressure and packing time for each polymeric material. Furthermore, same experiments were repeated three times for checking the reproducibility. It may be mentioned that the mold temperature effect was not considered in this study since the temperature effect is relatively less important for these microlens arrays due to their large radius of curvature than other microstructures of high aspect ratio. For high aspect ratio microstructures, we are currently investigating the temperature effect more closely and plan to report separately in the future. Therefore, flow rate, packing pressure and packing time were varied to investigate their effects more thoroughly with the mold temperature unchanged in this study. Table 1 shows the detailed processing conditions for three polymeric materials. Other processing conditions were kept unchanged during the experiment. The mold temperatures were set to 80, 70 and 60 _C for PC, PMMA and PS, respectively.It might be mentioned that we carried out the experiments without a vacuum condition in the mold cavity considering that the large radius of curvature of the microlens arrays in the present study will not entrap air in the microlens cavity during the filling stage.Table 1. Detailed processing conditions used in the injection molding experimentsCaseFlow rate (cc/sec)Packing time (sec)Packing pressure(MPa)112.05.010.0212.05.015.0312.05.020.0PS412.02.010.0512.010.010.0618.05.010.0724.05.010.0PMMA16.010.010.026.010.015.036.010.020.046.05.010.05676.09.012.015.010.010.010.010.010.0PC 16.05.05.026.05.010.0356.06.09.05.010.015.05.065.05.0712.05.05.04Results and discussionBefore detailed discussion of the experimental results, it might be helpful to summarize why flow rate, packingpressure and packing time (which were chosen as processing conditions to be varied in this study) affect thereplication quality. As far as the flow rate is concerned, there may exist an optimal flow rate in the sense that too small flow rate makes too much cooling before a complete filling and thus possibly results in so-called short shot phenomena whereas too high flow rate increases pressure fields which is undesirable.The packing stage is generally required to compensate for the volume shrinkage of hot molten polymer whencooled down, so that enough material should flow into a mold cavity during this stage to control the dimensionalaccuracy. The higher the packing pressure, the longer the packing time, more material tends to flow in. However, too much packing pressure sometimes may cause uneven distribution of density, thereby resulting in poor opticalquality. And too long packing time does not help at all since gate will be frozen and prevent material from flowing into the cavity. In this regard, one needs to investigate the effects of packing pressure and packing time.4.1Surface profilesFigure 3 shows typical scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the injection molded microlens arrays for different diameters for PMMA (a) and different materials (b). Cross-sectional surface profiles of the mold insert and all the injection molded microlens arrays were measured by a 3D profile measuring system (NH-3N, Mitaka).Fig. 3. SEM images of theinjection molded microlensarrays and microlenses (a)Injection molded microlensarrays (PMMA) (b) Injectionmolded microlenses of 300 mdiameter for different materialsAs a measure of replicability, we have defined a relative deviation of profile as the height difference between the molded one and the corresponding mold insert for each microlens divided by the mold insert one. The computed relative deviations for all the microlenses are listed in Table 2.Diameter ( m)Relative deviation (%)1234567PS200300500-7.625.862.38-7.592.03-0.382.082.860.51-5.611.47-8.6660161.47-11.444.291.47-5.731.95PMMA2003005007.205.77-0.661.315.60-1.62-3.886.453.98-5.805.952.80-0.975.95-0.72-8.536.68-0.904.86-2.62-0.72PC20030050023.026.20-0.9316.054.965.0916.872.66-1.8619.664.531.8833.974.786.9618.671.792.43-2.944.15-1.55It may be mentioned that the moldability of polymeric materials affects the replicability. Therefore, the overall relative deviation differs for three polymeric materials used in this study. It may be noted that PC is the most difficult material for injection molding amongst the three polymers. The largest relative deviation can be found in PC for the smallest diameter case, as expected. In that specific case, the largest value is corresponding to the low flow rate and low packing pressure. Packing time in this case does not significantly affect the deviation. The relative deviation for PS and PMMA with the smallest diameter is far better than PC case.Table 2 indicates that the larger the diameter, the smaller the relative deviation. The larger diameter microlens is, of course, easier to be filled than smaller diameter during the filling stage and packing stage. Microlenses of larger diameters were generally replicated well regardless of processing conditions and regardless of materials. The best replicability is found for the case of PS with 500 m diameter. Generally, PS has a good moldability in comparison with PMMA and PC.It may be mentioned that some negative values of relative deviation were observed mostly in the smallest diameter case for PS and PMMA according to Table 2. In these cases, however, the absolute deviation is an order of 0.1 m in height, which is within the measurement error of the system. Therefore, the negative values could be ignored in interpreting the experimental data of replicability. Surface profiles of microlens of 300 m diameter are shown in Figs. 4 and 5 for PC and PMMA, respectively. As shown in Fig. 4, the higher packing pressure or the higher flow rate results in the better replication of microlens for the case of PC, as mentioned above. Packing time has little effect on the replication for these cases. For the case of PMMA, the packing pressure and packing time have insignificant effect as shown in Fig. 5; however, flow rate has the similar effect to PC. It might be reminded that packing time does not affect the replicability if a gate is frozen since frozen gate prevents material from flowinginto the cavity. Therefore, the effect of packing time disappears after a certain time depending on the processing conditions.Fig.4ac(leftside).Surface profiles of microlens (PC with diameter (/) of 300 m). a effect of packing pressure, b effect of flow rate, c effectof packing timeFig.5ac.(rightside)Surface profiles of microlens (PMMA with diameter(/) of 300 m). a effect of packing pressure, b effect of flow rate,c effect of packing time4.2Surface roughnessAveraged surface roughness, Ra, values of 300 m diameter microlenses and the mold insert were measured by an atomic force microscope (Bioscope AFM, Digital Instruments). The measurements were performed around the top of each microlens and the measuring area was 5 m 5 m. Figure 6 shows AFM images and measured Ra values of microlenses. PMMA replicas of microlens have the lowest Ra value, 1.606 nm. It may be noted that AFM measurement indicated that Ra value of injection molded microlens arrays is smaller than the corresponding one of the mold insert. The reason for the improved surface roughness in the replicated microlens arrays is not clear at this moment, but might be attributed to the reflow caused by surface tension during a cooling process. It may be further noted that the Ra value of injection molded microlens arrays is comparable with that of fine optical components in practical use.Fig. 6. AFM images and averaged surface roughness, Ra, values of the mold insert and injection molded 300 m diameter microlenses. a Nickel mold insert, b PS, c PMMA, d PC4.3Focal lengthThe focal length of lenses can be calculated by a wellknown equation as follows:where f, nl, R1 and R2 are focal length, refractive index of lens material, two principal radii of curvature, respectively.For instance, focal lengths of the molded microlenses were approximately calculated as 1.065 mm (with R1 0.624 mm and R2 11 ￥) for 200 m diameter microlens, 1.130 mm (with R1= 0.662 mm and R2=) for 300 m microlens and 2.580 mm (with R1=1.512 mm and R2=) for 500 m microlens according to Eq. (1). These calculations were based on an assumption that microlenses are replicated with PC (nl= 1.586) and have the identical shape of the mold insert. It might be mentioned that the geometry of the molded microlens might be inversely deduced from an experimental measurement of the focal length.5ConclusionThe replication of microlens arrays was carried out by the injection molding process with the nickel mold insert which was electroplated from the microlens arrays master fabricated via a modified LIGA process.The effects of processing conditions were investigated through extensive experiments conducted with various processing conditions. The results showed that the higher packing pressure or the higher flow rate is, the better replicability is achieved. In comparison, the packing time was found to have little effect on the replication of microlens arrays.The injection molded microlens arrays had a smaller averaged surface roughness values than the mold insert, which might be attributed to the reflow induced by surface tension during the cooling stage. And PMMA replicas of microlens arrays had the best surface quality (i.e. the lowest roughness value of Ra =1.606 nm). The surface roughness of injection molded microlens arrays is comparable with that of fine optical components in practical use. In this regard, injection molding might be a useful manufacturing tool for mass production of microlensarrays.References1. Ruther P; Gerlach B; Gottert J; Ilie M; Muller A; Omann C (1997) Fabrication and characterization of microlenses realized by a modified LIGA process. Pure Appl Opt 6: 6436532. Popovic ZD; Sprague RA; Neville Connell GA (1988) Technique for monolithic fabrication of microlens array. Appl Opt27: 128112843. Beinhorn F; Ihlemann J; Luther K; Troe J (1999) Micro-lens arrays generated by UV laser irradiation of doped PMMA. Appl Phys A68: 7097134. Moon S; Lee N; Kang S (2003) Fabrication of a microlens array using micro-compression molding with an electroformed mold insert. J Micromech Microeng 13: 981035. Ong NS; Koh YH; Fu YQ (2002) Microlens array produced using hot embossing process. Microelectron Eng 60: 3653796. Lee S-K; Lee K-C; Lee SS (2002) A simple method for microlens fabrication by the modified LIGA process. J MicromechMicroeng 12: 3343407. Kim DS; Yang SS; Lee S-K; Kwon TH; Lee SS (2003) Physical modeling and analysis of microlens formation fabricated by a modified LIGA process. J Micromech Microeng 13: 5235318. Bauer W; Knitter R; Emde A; Bartelt G; Gohring D; Hansjosten E (2002) Replication techniques for ceramic microcomponents with high aspect ratio. Microsyst Technol 7: 85 90 微透鏡陣列注塑成型的復(fù)制 B.-K. Lee, D. S. Kim, T. H. Kwon樸航科技大學(xué)(POSTECH) 機(jī)械工程學(xué)院San 31, Hyoja-Dong, Nam-Gu, Pohang, 790-784, Korea電子郵箱l: thkwonpostech.ac.kr摘要 微透鏡陣列注塑成型，可作為一種非常重要的大量生產(chǎn)技術(shù)。因此我們在近來的研究中非常關(guān)注， 為了進(jìn)一步了解注塑成型在不同的加工條件下對可復(fù)制的微透鏡陣列剖面的影響，如流量、填料壓力和填料時間，對3種不同的高分子材料(PS，PMMA和PC)進(jìn)行了大量的試驗。 鎳金屬模具嵌件微陣列就是利用改良的LIGA技術(shù)電鍍主裝配的顯微結(jié)構(gòu)制造的。在表面輪廓得到測量的前提下，研究工藝條件對可復(fù)制的微透鏡陣列的影響。實驗結(jié)果表明， 填料壓力和流速對注射模塑的終產(chǎn)品的表面輪廓有重要的影響。 原子力顯微鏡測量表明， 微透鏡陣列注塑成型的平均表面粗糙度值小于模具嵌件成型， 并在實際運用中，能與精細(xì)的光學(xué)元件相媲美。1 說明 微型光學(xué)產(chǎn)品，如微透鏡或微透鏡陣列已廣泛應(yīng)用于光學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)存儲、生物醫(yī)學(xué)、顯示裝置等各個光學(xué)領(lǐng)域。微透鏡和微透鏡陣列不僅在實踐應(yīng)用上，而且在微型光學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)研究上都是非常重要的。有幾種微透鏡或微透鏡陣列的制作方法，如改良的LIGA技術(shù)1 ，光阻回流進(jìn)程2，紫外激光照射3等。還有復(fù)制技術(shù)，如注塑模壓成型4和熱壓5技術(shù) ，這種方法對于減少大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)的微型光學(xué)產(chǎn)品的成本尤為重要。由于其優(yōu)越的生產(chǎn)和再生產(chǎn)能力，只要注塑成型過程中能很好的復(fù)制微觀結(jié)構(gòu)，那么肯定是最適合于降低大量生產(chǎn)成本的方法?；谶@點，檢查注塑成型能力并確定成型加工條件是注塑成型微觀結(jié)構(gòu)過程中最重要的步驟。在本次研究中，我們考察了工藝條件對可復(fù)制的微透鏡陣列的注射成型的影響。微透鏡陣列是用之前介紹過6，7的改良的LIGA技術(shù)來編制的。注塑成型實驗采用的是一種鍍鎳金屬模具，來探討了幾種不同工藝條件對成型的影響。通過對微透鏡陣列的表面輪廓測量，用來分析工藝條件產(chǎn)生的影響。最后，利用原子力顯微鏡(AFM)測量微透鏡的表面粗糙度值的大小。2 模具嵌件的制造利用改良的LIGA技術(shù)6，在一個有機(jī)玻璃板上制造出具有幾種不同直徑微透鏡陣列。此種技術(shù)是先用X光照射有機(jī)玻璃板，然后再進(jìn)行熱處理兩部分構(gòu)成的。X-射線照射引起有機(jī)玻璃分子質(zhì)量的減少，同時降低了玻璃化轉(zhuǎn)變溫度，并因此導(dǎo)致凈含量的增加，在熱循環(huán)的作用下，微透鏡發(fā)生微膨脹7。利用7中提出的方法，結(jié)合改良的LIGA技術(shù)可以預(yù)測微透鏡形狀的變化過程。 在試驗中使用的微透鏡陣列，有500m (22陣列)，300m (22)和200m (55)的直徑陣列，高分別是20.81m，17.21m和8.06m。采用改良的LIGA技術(shù)制造微透鏡陣列作為一個主要的技術(shù)，用來制作鍍鎳的金屬模具的注塑成型。另一些特殊材料，因為它們的強(qiáng)度不夠或熱性能差而不能直接進(jìn)行微細(xì)加工，當(dāng)作模具或金屬模具使用，如硅、光阻劑或高分子材料。盡量使用具有良好機(jī)械性能和熱性能的金屬材料，因為它們能在可復(fù)型加工過程中經(jīng)受高壓力和不斷變化的溫度。因此，為了利用這種復(fù)制技術(shù)進(jìn)行大批量生產(chǎn)，我們選擇使用金屬模具材料而不是有機(jī)玻璃硅晶體。一些特殊技術(shù)，如低壓注塑成型8技術(shù)，應(yīng)該作為良好的復(fù)制加工方法被采納。電鍍模具的最終大小為30 mm30 mm3mm。鍍鎳金屬模具所具有的微透鏡陣列如圖1所示。圖1 鍍鎳模具嵌件的制造 （a）直接觀察；（b）直徑為200m的微透鏡陣列電子顯微鏡圖像；（c）直徑為300m的微透鏡陣列電子顯微鏡圖像3 注塑成型實驗 傳統(tǒng)注塑機(jī)(Allrounders 220 M，Arburg)多用做實驗機(jī)。注塑模具設(shè)計的模架就是利用一塊框形支撐板固定鍍鎳模具(如圖2所示)。