自考英語詞匯學(xué) 部分章節(jié) 重點(diǎn)歸納English Lexicology

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1、【精品文檔】如有侵權(quán)，請聯(lián)系網(wǎng)站刪除，僅供學(xué)習(xí)與交流 自考英語詞匯學(xué) 部分章節(jié) 重點(diǎn)歸納English Lexicology .....精品文檔...... 《英語詞匯學(xué)》（課程代碼：00832）試卷結(jié)構(gòu) Chapter 5 Word Meaning(詞的意義) Reference(所指關(guān)系) is the relationship between language and the world. Concept(概念)，which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition n. 認(rèn)識；知識；認(rèn)識

2、能力, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. Sense(語義)denotes the relationship inside the language. Every word that has meaning has sense (not every word has reference) Motivation(詞義理據(jù))account for the connection between the linguistic(word) symbol and its meaning. Onomatopoeic motivation

3、(擬聲理據(jù)) words were created by imitating the nature sounds or noises. Morphological motivation(形態(tài)理據(jù))compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined.很多合成詞和派生詞都是這類， Semantic motivation(語義理據(jù))refers to the mental associations sug

4、gested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.(由字面義派生出來的引申義) Etymological motivation(詞源理據(jù)) the meaning of many words often relate directly to their origins. In other words the history of the word explain the meaning

5、 of the word. Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships. Conceptual meaning also known as denotative meaning(外延意義), is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning. Associative meaning is the s

6、econdary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally know as connotations. Stylistic meaning refers to stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts. Affecti

7、ve meaning indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.(appreciative or pejorative). Collocative meaning is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion. Stylistic meaning and affective meaning are revealed by means of col

8、locations. Chapter 6 Sense Relations and Semantic Field(語義關(guān)系和語義場) 6.1 Polysemy（多義關(guān)系） 1．多義關(guān)系的形成：Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all nature language that a word has more than one sense. An overwhelming majority of words are polysemous. When a word is first coined, it is always monosemic.

9、 But in the course of development, the same symbol must be used to express more meanings. The result is polysemy. 2.Two approaches to polysemy(多義關(guān)系的兩種研究方法): diachronic approach(歷時角度)and synchronic approach(共時角度). 3.Two process of development(詞義發(fā)展的兩種模式) 1）Radiation (輻射型) is a semantic process i

10、n which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rays. The meanings are independent of one another. But can all be traced back to the centre meaning . 2)Concatenation(連鎖型), meaning ‘linking together’, is the semantic process in wh

11、ich the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive adj. 連續(xù)的；繼承的；依次的；接替的 shifts. 6.2 Homonymy（同形spelling同音sound異義meaning關(guān)系） 6.2.1Types of homonyms 1.Perfect homonyms(完全同形同音異義詞)are words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning. 2.Homographs(同形詞

12、) are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning . 3.Homophones(同音詞)are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning. Homophones constitute the largest number and are most common. 6.2.2 Origins of Homonyms 1. Change in sound and spelling. 2. Borrow

13、ing. 3. Shortening. 6.2.3 Differentiation of homonyms and polysemants(同形同異義詞與多義詞的區(qū)別) They are fully identical with regard to spelling and pronunciation. polysemants homonyms 1)Form 形式 One and same word different words （share form） The fundamental difference 最根本的區(qū)別 2)Etymology 詞源 sa

14、me source Different sources 3)Semantic relatedness 語義相關(guān)性 Correlated 相關(guān)的 unrelated 4) In dictionaries 字典上 All meanings listed under one headword(詞條) Separate entries 6.2.4 Rhetoric features of homonyms(同形同音異義詞的修辭特色) 6.3 Synonymy(同義關(guān)系)—2類型+4來源+3區(qū)分 1.Definition of synonyms(同義詞的定義):wor

15、ds different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning. 2.同義詞的2個分類 1)absolute synonyms(完全同義詞) also known as complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects. 2)relative synonyms（相對同義詞）also called near-synonyms are similar or nearly th

16、e same in denotation, embrace different shades of meanings or different degree of a given quality. 3.同義詞的4個來源 1) Borrowing. (外來詞) 2) Dialects and regional English.（方言和區(qū)域性的英語） 3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words. (詞的引申義和委婉語用法) 4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions. (與習(xí)慣表達(dá)巧合一致) 4.同

17、義詞的辨析（3個區(qū)分） 1)difference in denotation.(外延意義) 2)difference in connotation.(the stylistic and emotive colouring of words) (內(nèi)涵意義) 3)difference in application.應(yīng)用上（difference in usage. different collocations） 6.4 Antonymy反義關(guān)系—semantic opposition（語義相反關(guān)系） 1.反義詞的分類：矛盾反義詞、對立反義詞和關(guān)系反義詞 1) Contradictor

18、y terms (exclusive and non-gradable)--oppositeness 2) Contrary terms. (a scale between two poles or extremes, gradable and one exists in comparison with the other.)—semantic relativity 3) Relative terms.(interdependent相互依存)—relational opposites 2.三類反義詞的特點(diǎn)和區(qū)別 Some of the characteristics of antony

19、ms 1) Antonyms are classified on the basic of semantic opposition.(adj. v. n.)there are more synonyms than antonyms. 2) A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym. 3) Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. Pairs of antonyms are seen as marked and unmarked terms respecti

20、vely. 4) Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite. Some words can have two different types of antonyms at the same time, one being the negative and the other opposite. 3.使用：解釋詞義。構(gòu)成習(xí)慣表達(dá)。被作家喜歡。 6.5 Hyponymy上下義關(guān)系 semantic incl

21、usion(語義包含關(guān)系) The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. (specific words—subordinate/hyponyms; general words—superordinate /hypernym ) Subordinates下義詞,are concrete and precise, presenting a vivid verbal picture; hyponyms上義詞 only convey a general and vagu

22、e idea.的概念和相互關(guān)系. 評論，那個句子更好。 6.6 Semantic filed語義場:語義上相關(guān)的詞構(gòu)成的群體。 語義場的概念:the words of language can be classified into semantically related sets or fileds. 語義場的作用 Chapter 7 Changes In Word Meaning (詞義的演變) 7.1 Types of changes Word-meaning changes by modes of extension, narrowing, elevation, d

23、egradation, transfer. 7.1.1 Extension Extension of meaning, also known as generalization, is a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized. 7.1.2 Narrowing Narrowing of meaning, also called specialization, is the opposite of widening meaning. I

24、t is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense. 7.1.3 Elevation Elevation or amelioration refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance. 7.1.4 Degradation Degradation or pejoration of meaning is the opposite o

25、f semantic elevation. It is the process by which words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense. Transfer/Semantic transfer Transfer is a process by which words used to designate one thing but later changed to mean something else. (a) As

26、sociated transfer, (b) Transfer between abstract and concrete meaning. (c) Transfer between subjective and objective meaning. (d) Transfer of sensations. 7.2 Cause of changes變化的原因 There are generally two major factors that cause changes in meaning extra-linguistic factors and linguistic fact

27、ors. Extra-linguistic factors: 1) Historical reason: referent changed. 2) Class reason: elevation or degradation 3) Psychological reason: the associated transfer, euphemistic use of words; Psychological motives; R

28、eligious influence. Linguistic factors: 1) Shortening. 2) The influx of borrowings. 3)Analogy 類比 Chapter 8 Meaning and Context（詞義與語境） 8.1 Types of Context Context is used in different senses. People, culture, time, place, background Words, clause, sentences, para

29、graphs …book. The structure that a word occurs Words that occur together with the word in question In a broad sense, it includes the physical situation which embraces the people, time, place, and even the whole culture background. This is called extra-linguistic or non-linguistic context.(非語言語境

30、) In a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentences, a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book in which a word appears, this is known as linguistic context.（語言語境） Linguistic context (verbal context) can be subdivided into lexical context and grammatical context. Lexical co

31、ntext refers to the words that occur together with the word in question. Grammatical context : the structure in which a word occurs. 8.2 The role of context 語境的作用 Context has three major functions. 消除歧義，明確所指，推斷詞義。 8.2.1 Elimination of Ambiguity Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy, homonym

32、y and grammatical structure. 8.2.2 Indication of Referents 8.2.3Provision of clues for inferring word-meaning（3+3+2） 1) Definition.(定義) 2) Explanation.(解釋) 3) Example.(舉例) 4) Synonymy.(同義詞) 5) Antonymy.(反義詞) 6)Hyponymy.(上下義) 7)Relevant details.(相關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)) 8)Word structure.(the morphemic struct

33、ure of words, especially compounds and derived words offers clues for…) Chapter 9 English Idioms Idioms are set phrases and short sentences loaded with the native cultures and ideas, whose meaning are not readily understandable from their literal meanings of individual elements. 9.1 characteristics of idioms 習(xí)語的特征 9.2 classification of idioms 習(xí)語的分類 大題序號 題型 題量 每小題分值 大題總分值 一　 單項(xiàng)選擇題　 30　 1　 30　 二　 填空題　 10　 1.5　 15　 三　 名詞解釋　 5　 3　 15　 四　 簡答題　 4　 5　 20　 五　 論述題　 2　 10　 20　 合計(jì)　 　　 51　 　　 100