2020屆高考英語(yǔ) 專(zhuān)題總復(fù)習(xí)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)法精講

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1、2020;2020屆高考英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)題總復(fù)習(xí)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)法精講 動(dòng)詞除了在句子中充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)外，還具有名詞、形容詞及副詞的性質(zhì)動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式，可在句中作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)等，稱(chēng)作非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，包括動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞和動(dòng)名詞。 高考重點(diǎn)要求： 2、區(qū)分不定式、分詞作定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)的異同 3、掌握不定式、動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，不定式和分詞作賓補(bǔ)的慣用結(jié)構(gòu) 4、注意非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)間關(guān)系，以確定非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)形式 5、弄清非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系，以確定非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)形式 第一節(jié) 知識(shí)點(diǎn)概述 （二）動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和被動(dòng)形式 動(dòng)詞不定式是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一種，由不定式符號(hào)(t

2、o)加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。不定式的形式有五種： 一般式to do 例如：I like to read English. 進(jìn)行式to be doing 例如：He seemed to be reading something at that time. 完成式to have done 例如：He seemed to have cleaned the room. 被動(dòng)式to be done 例如：The work is to be done soon. 完成被動(dòng)式to have been d

3、one 例如：The boy is said to have been sent to hospital yesterday. 二、分詞 分詞是動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)形式的一種，包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞?，F(xiàn)在分詞表示：主動(dòng)，動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。過(guò)去分詞表示：被動(dòng)，動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成。 （一）分詞的作用 分詞在句中可以作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。例如： I heard him singing a song in the classroom. We found the ground covered with snow. 4．作狀語(yǔ) While lying in bed, he listened

4、 to some music. Seen from the hill, the village looks move beautiful. 分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，它的邏輯主語(yǔ)就是句子的主語(yǔ)，否則分詞前面必須有自己的主語(yǔ)。 （二）分詞的時(shí)態(tài) 現(xiàn)在分詞分一般式和完成式，而過(guò)去分詞則沒(méi)有時(shí)態(tài)形式的變化。 現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式表示動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生，或在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生。例如： Knowing his uncle would come, he began to make some preparations. 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成時(shí)，表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。常用作狀語(yǔ)。例如： Havi

5、ng finished his homework, he went to bed. （三）現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式 被動(dòng)一般式 being done 被動(dòng)完成式 having been done This is one of the new supermarkets being built in our city. Having been told many times, he was able to operate the machine. （四）分詞的否定形式 分詞的否定式，由not+分詞構(gòu)成，例如： Not having heard the news. I wrote to

6、him again. Not knowing how to work out the maths problem, I went to the teacher for help. （五）分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) 當(dāng)分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)不同時(shí)，帶邏輯主語(yǔ)的分詞短語(yǔ)成為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，在句法功能上起狀語(yǔ)作用。例如： Weather permitting, they will go and visit the science museum. The meeting being over, they all left the room. 一、復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)需注意的要點(diǎn) 動(dòng)詞不定式一般式表示的動(dòng)作可能

7、與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,也可能在其之后發(fā)生。 例如：I saw the young man enter the house.（同時(shí)發(fā)生） I hope to go there next time.（之后發(fā)生） 2．不定式完成式表示不定式的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生。 例如：I’m sorry to have broken your glasses. 3．不定式進(jìn)行式表示不定式的動(dòng)作，與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生。 例如：When he came in, I happened to be reading at the table. 4．不定式的被動(dòng)式有兩種形式：to be done表示將要被做，

8、to have been done表示已被做。 例如：The new cinema to be put up next year will be very large. The cinema is said to have been built last year. 5. 在表示情緒的動(dòng)詞，如like, love, hate, prefer等后，用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)表示一般傾向，用不定式表示特定某事。但在would/should like/love/prefer后要用不定式 例如：I hate eating the same food every day.

9、 Would you like to watch TV in the evening? 6. 在動(dòng)詞need, want, require后用動(dòng)名詞表示被動(dòng)含義，相當(dāng)于動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)式；而用動(dòng)詞不定式的主動(dòng)式表示主動(dòng)含義。 例如：The house needs cleaning. = The house needs to be cleaned. He needs to clean the house first. 7. 在介詞后一般用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，但在少數(shù)介詞，如but, except后用動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)，但要注意“to”的省略，如but前有“do”則省去“to”。

10、 例如：I have done nothing but help him with his luggage. I have no choice but to wait for him at the bus stop. 8. 分詞的完成式一般不用來(lái)作定語(yǔ)，因此，要表示完成主動(dòng)的意思常用定語(yǔ)從句。 例如：The accident which happened yesterday was very serious. 9. 如果分詞短語(yǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子不是相同的，則要用從句或分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示。 例如：Weather permitting, we will go to the Center Park. 10. 分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)， 分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)要與句子的主語(yǔ)相一致。若它們之間的關(guān)系是主謂關(guān)系，用現(xiàn)在分詞，而動(dòng)賓關(guān)系則用過(guò)去分詞。如果分詞的動(dòng)作先于謂語(yǔ)，分詞要用完成時(shí)。 例如：Having finished his composition, he went home. While looking through the paper, he found some errors.