變速器及操縱機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)-3
變速器及操縱機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)-3,變速器,操縱,機(jī)構(gòu),設(shè)計(jì)
車輛與動(dòng)力工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書第一章 前言人們從事生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)離不開汽車。在日常生活中,汽車特別是轎車是經(jīng)常使用的交通工具。汽車工業(yè)出現(xiàn)的高科技多數(shù)在轎車上首先得到了應(yīng)用。目前,轎車的產(chǎn)量、保有量占汽車總產(chǎn)量和保有量的絕對(duì)多數(shù)。微型客車的作用更貼近我們的生活,為我們的家庭生活和工作帶來(lái)了方便和舒適性?,F(xiàn)在人們對(duì)汽車提出越來(lái)越多的要求,尤其是對(duì)汽車安全性提出更高的要求,達(dá)到乘坐汽車有安全感、愉快感,汽車發(fā)生碰撞事故是能夠妥善地保護(hù)成員;對(duì)汽車提出居住性的要求,不僅坐在汽車?yán)锸孢m,而且能與外面的世界進(jìn)行信息交流。當(dāng)然,這些大都與汽車內(nèi)部的傳動(dòng)系中的變速器的工作性能有關(guān):變速箱的功用及要求1,功用:改變傳動(dòng)比,擴(kuò)大驅(qū)動(dòng)輪轉(zhuǎn)矩和車速的變化范圍,以適應(yīng)經(jīng)常變化的行駛條件,同時(shí)使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在有力的高效的工況下工作。(1) 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)旋轉(zhuǎn)方向不變的前提下,使汽車實(shí)現(xiàn)倒退行駛。(2) 利用空擋,中斷動(dòng)力傳遞以使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)能夠起動(dòng)、怠速便于變速器換檔或進(jìn)行動(dòng)力輸出。2,分類:按傳動(dòng)比變化方式、汽車變速器可分為有級(jí)變速器和無(wú)級(jí)變速器以及綜合式三種。變速器的基本要求:A.保證汽車的動(dòng)力性和經(jīng)濟(jì)性。B.設(shè)置空擋,用來(lái)切斷發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的動(dòng)力輸出即發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)向驅(qū)動(dòng)輪的傳遞。C.設(shè)置倒擋,使汽車可以倒退行駛。D.設(shè)置動(dòng)力輸出裝置,需要時(shí)能進(jìn)行功率輸出。E.換擋迅速、省力、方便快捷。F.工作可靠,汽車行駛過程中,變速器不得有跳擋、亂擋以及換擋沖擊等現(xiàn)象。G.變速器應(yīng)該有高的工作效率。H.變速器的工作噪聲低,工作平穩(wěn)。3,主要結(jié)構(gòu)形式變速箱的結(jié)構(gòu)類型是在適應(yīng)不同作業(yè)機(jī)械的設(shè)計(jì)要求過程中產(chǎn)生與形成的。例如不同類型的作業(yè)機(jī)械所從事的作業(yè)不同,因而對(duì)變速箱進(jìn)退的排擋數(shù)以及變速范圍的要求也不同,從而變速箱的結(jié)構(gòu)不同。又如各種作業(yè)機(jī)械的變速箱,在作業(yè)中換擋操縱的頻繁的程度也不一樣,對(duì)作業(yè)中換擋操縱頻率的變速箱,尤應(yīng)考慮操縱輕便的問題,從而伴隨著換擋操縱方式的不同,也就出現(xiàn)了不同結(jié)構(gòu)類型的變速箱。通常變速箱分為切斷動(dòng)力換擋的機(jī)械式變速箱和不切斷動(dòng)力換擋的動(dòng)力換擋變速箱兩大類沒,前者主要用于裝有主離合器的機(jī)械傳動(dòng)系中,后者主要用于裝有變矩器的液力機(jī)械傳動(dòng)系中。從結(jié)構(gòu)上變速器傳動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)有兩種分類方法。根據(jù)前進(jìn)擋數(shù)不同,有三、四、五和多擋變速器。根據(jù)軸的不同形式分為固定式和旋轉(zhuǎn)式兩種。固定式又分為兩軸式、中間軸式和雙中間軸式和多中間軸式變速器。固定軸式應(yīng)用廣泛,其中兩軸式變速器多用于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)后置后輪驅(qū)動(dòng)的汽車上,旋轉(zhuǎn)軸式主要用于液力機(jī)械變速器。與中間軸式變速器比較,兩軸式變速器有結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、輪廓尺寸小、布置方便、中間傳動(dòng)效率高和噪聲低等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。因?yàn)閮奢S式不能布置直接擋,所以在高檔工作時(shí)次論和軸承均載,不僅工作噪聲增大且容易損壞。此外,受結(jié)構(gòu)限制,兩軸式變速器的一擋速比不可能設(shè)計(jì)很大。在這次設(shè)計(jì)中所遇到的主要問題是:變速器的結(jié)構(gòu)選擇,各擋傳動(dòng)比的確定、齒輪參數(shù)的確定、所用軸和齒輪的強(qiáng)度及軸承的校核。第二章 變速器的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)2.1變速器由傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)與操縱機(jī)構(gòu)組成有級(jí)變速器與無(wú)級(jí)變速器相比,其結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、造價(jià)低廉,具有較高的傳動(dòng)效率(=0.960.98),因此在各種類型的汽車上均勻得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。通常,有級(jí)變速器具有3個(gè)、4個(gè)、5個(gè)前進(jìn)擋;重型汽車和重型越野車則采用多擋變速器,其前進(jìn)擋變速器,其前進(jìn)擋位數(shù)多達(dá)到616個(gè)甚至到20個(gè)。變速器擋位熟的增多可提高發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的功率、汽車的燃料經(jīng)濟(jì)性及平均車速,從而提高汽車的運(yùn)輸效率,降低運(yùn)輸成本。但擋位增加也會(huì)增加變速器的尺寸和質(zhì)量,使其結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,制造成本高,操縱也復(fù)雜。當(dāng)采用手動(dòng)的機(jī)械式操縱機(jī)構(gòu)時(shí),要實(shí)現(xiàn)迅速換擋。對(duì)于多于5擋的變速器來(lái)說(shuō)是困難的。因此,直接操縱變速器的擋位數(shù)上限是5擋。多于5個(gè)前進(jìn)擋的變速器將使得操縱機(jī)構(gòu)復(fù)雜化,或者需要加裝具有獨(dú)立操縱機(jī)構(gòu)的副變速器,后者僅用于一定的行駛工況。近年來(lái)為了降低油耗變速器的擋數(shù)有增加的趨勢(shì)。目前,轎車的擋數(shù)一般在45之間,級(jí)別高的轎車變速器多用5個(gè)擋,貨車變速器采用45個(gè)擋或者多擋。裝載質(zhì)量在22.5t的貨車采用5擋變速器,裝載質(zhì)量在48t的貨車采用6擋變速器。多擋變速器多用于重型貨車和越野汽車以及有特殊功用的專業(yè)用車等。副變速器用于空、滿載的質(zhì)量變化大、使用條件復(fù)雜、加之柴油機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)矩變化平穩(wěn)、適應(yīng)性差而需要擴(kuò)大傳動(dòng)比范圍、增多擋位數(shù)以適應(yīng)在各種使用條件下的動(dòng)力性和經(jīng)濟(jì)性要求的重型車。為不使變速器的結(jié)構(gòu)過于復(fù)雜和便于系列化,多以4擋或5擋的變速器與2或3、4擋的副變速器組合,后者可裝在變速器之前或后或前后。前置副變速器多由兩對(duì)齒輪或行星輪機(jī)構(gòu)組成,傳動(dòng)比較大,后置可減少變速器的尺寸及負(fù)荷其為常用型。前后均置的方案可以得到更多的擋位。主、副變速箱多聯(lián)成一個(gè)單獨(dú)的總成以便于拆裝。主、副變速器可以分段或者交替地?fù)Q擋,前者使兩種傳動(dòng)比分段銜接;后者交替插入;也有降分段式與插入式結(jié)合成綜合式得到傳動(dòng)比搭配。有級(jí)變速器的傳動(dòng)效率與所選取的變速器的傳動(dòng)方案有關(guān),包括傳動(dòng)動(dòng)力的齒輪副數(shù)目、轉(zhuǎn)速、傳遞的功率、潤(rùn)滑系統(tǒng)的有效性、齒輪及軸以及殼體等零件的制造精度、剛度等問題。兩軸式和三軸式的變速器得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用??紤]到輕形貨車的使用條件和要求,則此本次設(shè)計(jì)所選取的變速器結(jié)構(gòu)方案為:采用中間軸式,4+1擋,無(wú)超速擋的變速方案。第三章 變速器的主要參數(shù)的選擇3.1擋數(shù):由任務(wù)書規(guī)定,本次設(shè)計(jì)的變速器擋數(shù)為4+1,無(wú)超速擋。3.2傳動(dòng)比3.2.1傳動(dòng)比范圍變速器的傳動(dòng)比范圍是指變速器最低擋傳動(dòng)比與最高擋傳動(dòng)比的比值。傳動(dòng)比范圍的確定于選定的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)參數(shù)、汽車的,最高車速和使用條件(如要求的汽車爬坡能力)等因素有關(guān)。本次設(shè)計(jì)選用發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的參數(shù)如表3-1:表3-1 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)參數(shù)型號(hào)CY4D43T形式廢氣渦輪增壓汽缸數(shù)-缸數(shù)行程4-112110工作容積4.334額定功率/轉(zhuǎn)速88/3200最大轉(zhuǎn)矩/轉(zhuǎn)速340/1600-1800怠速穩(wěn)定轉(zhuǎn)速750工作順序1-3-4-2整車選用輪胎的參數(shù)如表3-2:表3-2 輪胎參數(shù)規(guī)格8.25-16標(biāo)準(zhǔn)輪輞6.50G允許使用輪輞6.00G斷面寬度200mm外直徑860mm內(nèi)胎雙層厚度3.5mm墊帶最小展平寬度180mm墊帶中部厚度4.0mm墊帶邊緣厚度1.5mm氣門嘴型號(hào)TZ-78在一般情況下=,靜力半徑可用下列公式估算 (3-1)d:輪輞直徑;b:輪胎斷面寬度;:輪胎變形系數(shù)。對(duì)于載貨汽車和客車而言=0.100.12,取=0.11d=1625.4mm=406.4mm,b=240mm,=0.025416/2+8.25(1-0.11)=38.97cm39cmr選擇最低擋傳動(dòng)比時(shí),應(yīng)根據(jù)汽車的最大爬坡度,驅(qū)動(dòng)車輪與路面的附著力、汽車的最低穩(wěn)定車速以及主減速比和驅(qū)動(dòng)車輪的滾動(dòng)半徑等綜合考慮。汽車爬坡時(shí)候,車速不高,空氣阻力可以忽略,則最大驅(qū)動(dòng)力用于克服輪胎 與路面的滾動(dòng)阻力和爬坡阻力。因此有 (3-2)由此可以求出最大爬坡度要求的變速器I擋最大傳動(dòng)比為 (3-3)式中,r驅(qū)動(dòng)車輪的滾動(dòng)半徑; Ttqmax發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)最大轉(zhuǎn)矩; 主減速比; 汽車的傳動(dòng)效率; f滾動(dòng)阻力系數(shù);G汽車的質(zhì)量;由公式=0.377rn/(i0ig)可知,= 因?yàn)楸敬卧O(shè)計(jì)的變速器沒有超速擋,所以第4擋為直接擋,當(dāng)出現(xiàn)最高車速時(shí),ig=1,則i0=0.377rn/umax=0.3770.38973200/95=4.9488有公式3-3得式中;G為滿載時(shí)質(zhì)量;T總傳動(dòng)效率;r滾動(dòng)半徑;f滾動(dòng)阻力系數(shù);取16.7;G為6t ;汽車傳動(dòng)系各部分效率:變速器效率95%,主減速器效率96%,傳動(dòng)軸和萬(wàn)向節(jié)效率98%,則計(jì)算出的總效率為91.2%;滾動(dòng)阻力系數(shù)f取0.011;帶入公式可得ig1=4.45178。根據(jù)驅(qū)動(dòng)車輪與地面的附著條件, (3-4)G2滿載時(shí)驅(qū)動(dòng)橋給地面的質(zhì)量為;路面附著系數(shù),此時(shí)取;由此可以得到ig14.52057,綜合取ig1=4.45178。初選變速器各擋參考傳動(dòng)比:4.45178;2.6187;1.587;1。3.3確定變速器中心距中心距A的大小直接影響到變速箱結(jié)構(gòu)的緊湊性。因此,在保證傳遞發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)最大轉(zhuǎn)矩、齒輪有足夠強(qiáng)度、結(jié)構(gòu)不布置有可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的情況下,應(yīng)盡可能采用較小的中心距。中心距A的值主要取決于兩個(gè)因素:1.保證齒輪有必要的疲勞強(qiáng)度;2.使軸、軸承在變速箱殼體上布置得開,即所定中心距的值,應(yīng)當(dāng)保證變速箱殼和軸承空之間有必要的壁厚。依據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式 (3-5)式中KA在8.69.6之間,取9; g取96%,則有A=101.938102mm3.4齒輪參數(shù)的選擇3.4.1模數(shù):齒輪的模數(shù)是決定齒輪大小和幾何參數(shù)的重要參數(shù),直接影響到齒輪的抗彎曲疲勞強(qiáng)度。設(shè)計(jì)變速箱時(shí)選取的齒輪模數(shù)大多與以下因素有關(guān):1) 齒輪上所受力的大小。作用力大,模數(shù)也就要大;2) 材料、加工質(zhì)量、熱處理的好壞。由于近年來(lái)我國(guó)齒輪制造技術(shù)的進(jìn)步和熱處理質(zhì)量的升高使得變速箱上采取小的模數(shù)成為可能。模數(shù)選擇時(shí)一般轎車和輕中型貨車的模數(shù)大多在2mm3.5mm之間選取,在本次設(shè)計(jì)中直齒輪模數(shù)取3,斜齒輪的法向模數(shù)大多在3.50以下,所以本次設(shè)計(jì)中,斜齒輪的法向模數(shù)取3.0,在本次設(shè)計(jì)中一擋和倒擋使用直齒輪,其余擋位使用斜齒輪。3.4.2壓力角的選擇壓力角較小時(shí),重合度較大,傳動(dòng)平穩(wěn),噪聲低;壓力角較大時(shí),可以提高輪齒的抗彎強(qiáng)度和表面接觸強(qiáng)度。對(duì)于轎車,為加大重合度以降低噪聲,應(yīng)采取14.5、15、16、16.5等小些的壓力角;對(duì)于貨車為提高齒輪的承載能力,應(yīng)選用22.5、25等大些的壓力角。因?yàn)椋瑖?guó)家規(guī)定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)壓力角為20,所以變速箱大多采用20為壓力角,預(yù)選直齒輪的壓力角為25,斜齒輪的壓力角為22.5。3.4.3螺旋角斜齒輪在變速箱里得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用,選取斜齒輪的螺旋角,應(yīng)該注意到它對(duì)齒輪工作噪聲、齒輪強(qiáng)度和軸向力的影響。斜齒輪選用大一點(diǎn)的螺旋角時(shí),使重合度增加,因而工作平穩(wěn)、噪聲降低。而且隨著螺旋角的增加,輪齒強(qiáng)度也相應(yīng)增高,但當(dāng)螺旋角大于30時(shí),其抗彎強(qiáng)度驟然下降,接觸強(qiáng)度繼續(xù)上升。因此,從提高高檔齒輪的接觸強(qiáng)度來(lái)說(shuō)應(yīng)當(dāng)選用較大的螺旋角。根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)輕型貨車的螺旋角一般在1826之間選取,故本次設(shè)計(jì)的齒輪螺旋角初選24。3.4.4齒輪寬度齒寬b的大小直接影響到齒輪的強(qiáng)度,在一定范圍內(nèi),b大強(qiáng)度就高,但變速箱的軸向尺寸和重量也增大。實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,齒寬過大時(shí)隨著齒寬的增大齒面上載荷不均勻性也增大,反而使齒輪的承載能力下降。所以在保證必要強(qiáng)度的情況下,齒寬b不宜過大。一般根據(jù)中心距或模數(shù)的比例系數(shù)來(lái)確定齒寬。對(duì)于直齒輪b=(4.58.0)mn故取6.0;對(duì)于斜齒輪b=(6.08.5)mn故取7.5;對(duì)于常嚙合齒輪則可以取大些,故取8;則各擋齒輪的齒寬如表3-3表3-3齒輪齒寬一擋齒輪齒寬b=63=18mm二擋齒輪齒寬b=7.53=22.5mm三擋齒輪齒寬b=7.53=22.5mm四擋齒輪齒寬b=7.53=22.5mm倒擋齒輪齒寬b=63=18mm常嚙合齒輪齒寬b=83=24mm3.4.5變位系數(shù)的選擇原則齒輪的變位是齒輪設(shè)計(jì)中一個(gè)非常重要的環(huán)節(jié)。采用變位齒輪,除了為了避免齒輪產(chǎn)生根切和配湊中心距外,還影響齒輪強(qiáng)度,使用平穩(wěn)性,耐磨損、抗膠合能力和齒輪的噪聲。齒輪變位一般用高度變位和角度變位。高度變位可以增加小齒輪的齒根強(qiáng)度,使它達(dá)到和大齒輪強(qiáng)度相近的程度,但不能同時(shí)增加一對(duì)齒輪副的強(qiáng)度,也很難降低噪聲。角度變位齒輪副的變位系數(shù)不為零。角度變位具有高度變位的優(yōu)點(diǎn),又避免了高度變位的缺點(diǎn)。為了降低噪聲,對(duì)于變速器中一、二擋和倒擋以外的其他各擋齒輪的總變位系數(shù)要選用較小寫的數(shù)值以降低噪聲傳動(dòng)。3.4.6齒頂高系數(shù)一般的齒頂高系數(shù)f0=1.0,為一般的汽車變速器所采用?,F(xiàn)代汽車變速器多用齒頂高系數(shù)大于一的“高齒齒輪”(或相對(duì)于短齒齒輪而言而稱為高齒輪)。因?yàn)?,他不僅可以使重合度增大,而且在強(qiáng)度、噪聲、動(dòng)載荷和振動(dòng)等方面均比正常齒高系數(shù)的齒輪有顯著改善。但存在相對(duì)滑動(dòng)速度大、易發(fā)生輪齒根切或齒頂變尖等問題。3.5變速器各擋齒數(shù)分配3.5.1確定一擋齒輪的齒數(shù)確定設(shè)計(jì)的一檔齒輪為直齒輪,則Zn=2A/m=204/3=68貨車一檔中間軸齒輪在1217之間選取,在本次設(shè)計(jì)中取Z8=16,則一檔大齒輪Z7=46。3.5.2對(duì)中心距A進(jìn)行修正由于Zh沒有發(fā)生變化,所以中心距不變。3.5.3確定常嚙合傳動(dòng)齒輪副的齒數(shù)由于常嚙合齒輪為斜齒輪則可得到Z1=25,Z2=37,核算傳動(dòng)比i=4.44精確螺旋角,則=24.253.5.4確定其他各檔齒輪的齒數(shù)二檔: 綜合得由 (3-6)得核算傳動(dòng)比同理可求三檔齒輪齒數(shù)核算傳動(dòng)比為四檔為直接檔,所以不用計(jì)算齒輪齒數(shù)。倒檔:初選齒輪齒數(shù)中間軸與倒當(dāng)軸的中心距mm初選倒檔傳動(dòng)比為4.3, ,mm第四章 變速器齒輪的強(qiáng)度計(jì)算及材料選擇4.1齒輪的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算:4.1.1直齒輪:齒形系數(shù)y可查表得到; 齒頂高系數(shù)ha*=1;頂隙系數(shù)c*=0.25; =25, 模數(shù)m=3;所得數(shù)據(jù)列于表4-1:表4-1 直齒輪參數(shù) 齒輪7齒輪8齒輪9齒輪9齒數(shù)z46162023分度圓直徑(mm)d=zm153516069基圓直徑(mm)db=dcos1386746.2254.3862.54齒頂高(mm)ha=ha*m3333齒根高(mm)hf=(ha*+c*)m3.753.753.753.75齒頂圓直徑(mm)da=(2ha*+z)m159576675齒根圓直徑(mm)df=(z-2ha*-2c*)m1455435525615分度圓半徑(mm)r=d/276525530345齒頂圓半徑(mm)ra=da/279528533375齒形系數(shù)y01550123012601324.1.2斜齒輪:分度圓直徑d=zmt=zmn/cos; 基圓直徑db=dcost;端面壓力角t=arctan(tann/cos); 齒頂高h(yuǎn)a=mn(han*+xn);齒根高h(yuǎn)f=mn(han*+cn*-xn); 齒頂圓直徑da=+2ha;齒根圓直徑df=d-2hf; 齒頂圓壓力角arccos(db/da);齒形系數(shù)y根據(jù)重合度查表得到; 齒頂高系數(shù)ha*=1; 頂隙系數(shù)c*=0.25; n=22.5 ; 模數(shù)m=3;所得數(shù)據(jù)列于表4-2表4-2 斜齒輪參數(shù)齒輪1齒輪2齒輪3齒輪4齒輪5齒輪6齒數(shù)z253732303923齒寬d2424225225225225螺旋角242524252006200615641564分度圓直徑d82.258121.742105.46098.540122.66881.445基圓直徑db74.892110.84095.72688.353113.50071.038齒頂高h(yuǎn)a333333齒根高h(yuǎn)f375375375375375375齒頂圓直徑da88.258127.742111.460104.540128.66887.445齒根圓直徑df7.7564114.24297.96091.040115.16873.945齒形系數(shù)y0.1350.1470.1420.1410.1480.1324.2齒輪彎曲強(qiáng)度計(jì)算:4.2.1一檔倒檔直齒輪:w=2TgKKf/(m3ZKcy)K為應(yīng)力集中系數(shù),K=1.65;主動(dòng)齒輪Kf=1.1,從動(dòng)齒輪Kf=0.9;Tg=340000N.mm;Kc=6.0; m=3;經(jīng)公式計(jì)算得結(jié)果列于表4-3表4-3 直齒輪彎曲強(qiáng)度Z7(主動(dòng))Z8(從動(dòng))Z9(主動(dòng))Z10(從動(dòng))Z51172023y0.1550.1230.1260.132w247.656553.145574.656412.7594.2.2常嚙合,二,三擋斜齒輪:w=2TgcosK/(mn3ZKcyK)K為應(yīng)力集中系數(shù),K=1.50;Tg=340000N.mm;Kc=6.0;mn=3; K=2.0;經(jīng)公式計(jì)算得結(jié)果列于表4-4表4-4 斜齒輪彎曲強(qiáng)度Z1Z2Z2Z4Z5Z6z253732303923y0.1350.1470.1420.1410.1480.13224.2524.2520.0620.0615.6415.64w175.704124.089203.743153.056124.966200.7464.3齒輪接觸應(yīng)力:Qj=0.418其中F=2Tg/d(cos.cos),Tg=Tmax/2=170000N.mm因?yàn)閍為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中心距,則節(jié)圓直徑d等于分度圓直徑;E為彈性模量,E=2.1105MPa;,b為齒寬;直齒輪z=rzsin,b=rbsin;斜齒輪z=rzsin/cos2, b=rbsin/ cos2由公式得到結(jié)果于表4-5表4-5 齒輪接觸應(yīng)力dbz (b)FQjZ182.2582420.46324.43224.254979.226789.531Z2121.7422430.28624.43224.253364.337648.990Z361.99622.514.17523.79620.066380.8701179.167Z484.54022.519.32923.79620.064679.3051009.167Z5112.66822.524.00423.27415.643411.339790.404Z666.44522.514.15623.79615.645784.4641029.243Z71531832.3302502451.951786.371Z8511810.7772507355.8521362.035Z9601812.6792506252.4751370.911Z10691814.5802505436.9351278.381在設(shè)計(jì)初始選用齒輪材料為滲碳合金鋼,其在一檔,倒檔的許用應(yīng)力為19002000,在常嚙合、高檔的許用應(yīng)力為13001400,所以所設(shè)計(jì)齒輪滿足接觸應(yīng)力要求。 結(jié)論這次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是在我們掌握了各種基礎(chǔ)課程,如理論力學(xué)、材料力學(xué)、機(jī)械原理、機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)、汽車構(gòu)造、汽車設(shè)計(jì)等課程的基礎(chǔ)上多作的一次綜合性設(shè)計(jì),是對(duì)我們大學(xué)四年所學(xué)知識(shí)的一種檢驗(yàn)。使我們對(duì)所學(xué)的一些基本技能得到了培養(yǎng),使我們了解了本專業(yè)的一些基本原理、設(shè)計(jì)方法和思路,為我們以后在自己專業(yè)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的發(fā)展奠定了基礎(chǔ)。在本次設(shè)計(jì)中,我是針對(duì)輕型貨車變速器的設(shè)計(jì)。對(duì)于本次設(shè)計(jì)的變速器來(lái)說(shuō),其特點(diǎn)是:傳動(dòng)效率高,噪聲低,齒輪和軸承的磨損減少。本著實(shí)用性和經(jīng)濟(jì)性的原則,在各部件的設(shè)計(jì)要求上都采用比較開放的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),因此,安全系數(shù)不高,這是本次設(shè)計(jì)的不理想之處,但是,價(jià)格低廉,使用范圍廣的輕型貨車在中國(guó)有著廣大的前景,而且要求有大量的結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,價(jià)格低廉的變速器與之相配,因此,結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單的可操控性好的變速器還是很有發(fā)展前景的。緊張的忙碌的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)已經(jīng)接近尾聲,這次設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)我們大學(xué)四年來(lái)的學(xué)習(xí)一次最綜合的檢驗(yàn),也更是一次綜合的學(xué)習(xí)過程。通過畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)使我不僅僅學(xué)習(xí)專業(yè)課知識(shí)而且也學(xué)習(xí)了不少相關(guān)的知識(shí),提高了個(gè)人的學(xué)習(xí)能力。同時(shí)也鍛煉了與人協(xié)作的精神為以后我們踏入社會(huì)工作打下了良好的基礎(chǔ)。參考文獻(xiàn)1、 劉唯信.汽車設(shè)計(jì).北京:清華大學(xué)出版社,20002、 周紀(jì)良.車輛變速器的評(píng)價(jià)方法拖拉機(jī)與農(nóng)用運(yùn)輸,19943、 王昆、何小柏、汪信遠(yuǎn).機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)課程設(shè)計(jì).北京:高等教育出版社,19954、 徐灝.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè).北京.機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,19915、 陳家瑞.汽車構(gòu)造.北京:人民交通出版社,19986、 曹泗秋、楊巍.機(jī)械原理.武昌:湖北科學(xué)科技出版社,19947、 濮良貴、紀(jì)名剛.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì).北京:高等教育出版社,20008、 劉鴻文.材料力學(xué).北京:高等教育出版社,19919、 哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)理論力學(xué)教研室.理論力學(xué).北京:高等教育出版社,199710、 張洪欣.汽車設(shè)計(jì)(第二版).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,199611、 周允.汽車百科全書.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,198912、 余志生.汽車?yán)碚?第三版).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,200013、 杜梅先、朱東梅、蔣繼賢.畫法集合及機(jī)械制圖.北京:高等教育出版社,199714、 周守仁.自動(dòng)變速箱.北京:中國(guó)鐵道出版社,199715、 臧新群.汽車滾動(dòng)軸承應(yīng)用手冊(cè).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1997:708016、 王望予.汽車設(shè)計(jì)(第三版).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,200017、 羊丞民.汽車傳動(dòng)裝置.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1989致謝 隨著畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的結(jié)束,我們的四年大學(xué)生活也已到了尾聲。在四年的大學(xué)生活中,有歡喜、有悲傷、也有過淚水,但回首走過的日子,最讓人割舍不下的就是辛勤培育過我的老師和親愛的同學(xué)們。在這里誠(chéng)懇的說(shuō)聲“謝謝”。謝謝你們對(duì)我的批評(píng)和幫助,使我日趨成熟起來(lái)了。在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)過程中,我要感謝車輛研究所的全體老師,尤其要感謝我的指導(dǎo)老師李水良、馬心坦。兩位老師平日里工作繁多,但在我做畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的每個(gè)階段,從查閱資料,設(shè)計(jì)草案的確定和修改,中期檢查,后期詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì),裝配草圖等整個(gè)過程中都給予了我悉心的指導(dǎo)。我的設(shè)計(jì)較為復(fù)雜煩瑣,但是曹老師仍然細(xì)心地糾正圖紙中的錯(cuò)誤。除了兩位老師的專業(yè)水平外,他們的治學(xué)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)和科學(xué)研究的精神也是我永遠(yuǎn)學(xué)習(xí)的榜樣,并將積極影響我今后的學(xué)習(xí)和工作。為此,請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我代表全組同學(xué)感謝您對(duì)我們各個(gè)方面的諄諄教誨。還要對(duì)我們組的全體同學(xué)表示感謝。感謝你們對(duì)我的幫助。謝謝!然后還要感謝大學(xué)四年來(lái)所有的老師,為我們打下機(jī)械專業(yè)知識(shí)的基礎(chǔ);同時(shí)還要感謝所有的同學(xué)們,正是因?yàn)橛辛四銈兊闹С趾凸膭?lì)。此次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)才會(huì)順利完成。最后感謝我的母校河南科技大學(xué)四年來(lái)對(duì)我的鼎力栽培。- 18 -目錄第一章 前言 1 第二章 變速器的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 32.1變速器由傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)與操縱機(jī)構(gòu)組成 3第三章 變速器的主要參數(shù)選擇 5 3.1擋數(shù) 53.2傳動(dòng)比 53.2.1傳動(dòng)比范圍 53.3確定變速器中心距 73.4齒輪參數(shù)的選擇 83.4.1 模數(shù) 8 3.4.2壓力角的選擇 8 3.4.3螺旋角 9 3.4.4齒輪寬度 9 3.4.5變位系數(shù)的選擇原則 9 3.4.6齒頂高系數(shù) 103.5變速器各擋齒數(shù)分配 103.5.1確定一擋齒輪的齒數(shù) 10 3.5.2對(duì)中心距A進(jìn)行修正 10 3.5.3確定常嚙合傳動(dòng)齒輪副的齒數(shù) 10 3.5.4確定其他各檔齒輪的齒數(shù) 10第四章 變速器齒輪的強(qiáng)度計(jì)算及材料選擇 124.1齒輪的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算 12 4.1.1直齒輪 12 4.1.2斜齒輪 124.2齒輪彎曲強(qiáng)度計(jì)算: 13 4.2.1一檔倒檔直齒輪 13 4.2.2常嚙合,二,三擋斜齒輪: 144.3齒輪接觸應(yīng)力: 14第五章 結(jié)論 16第六章 參考文獻(xiàn) 17第七章 致謝 18河南科技大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)開題報(bào)告(學(xué)生填表)院系:車動(dòng)學(xué)院 2008年 月 日課題名稱3噸柴油動(dòng)力貨車設(shè)計(jì)(變速器及操縱機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì))學(xué)生姓名周鵬宇專業(yè)班級(jí)車輛042課題類型工程設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)教師李水良/馬心坦職稱副教授課題來(lái)源生產(chǎn)1. 設(shè)計(jì)(或研究)的依據(jù)與意義變速箱由變速傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)和變速操縱機(jī)構(gòu)兩部分組成。變速傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的主要作用是改變轉(zhuǎn)矩和轉(zhuǎn)速的數(shù)值和方向;操縱機(jī)構(gòu)的主要作用是控制傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu),實(shí)現(xiàn)變速器傳動(dòng)比的變換,即實(shí)現(xiàn)換檔,以達(dá)到變速變矩。機(jī)械式變速箱主要應(yīng)用了齒輪傳動(dòng)的降速原理。簡(jiǎn)單的說(shuō),變速箱內(nèi)有多組傳動(dòng)比不同的齒輪副,而汽車行駛時(shí)的換檔行為,也就是通過操縱機(jī)構(gòu)使變速箱內(nèi)不同的齒輪副工作。如在低速時(shí),讓傳動(dòng)比大的齒輪副工作,而在高速時(shí),讓傳動(dòng)比小的齒輪副工作。由于汽車行駛條件不同,要求汽車行駛速度和驅(qū)動(dòng)扭矩能在很大范圍內(nèi)變化。例如在高速路上車速應(yīng)能達(dá)到100km/h,而在市區(qū)內(nèi),車速常在50km/h左右??哲囋谄街钡墓飞闲旭倳r(shí),行駛阻力很小,則當(dāng)滿載上坡時(shí),行駛阻力便很大。而汽車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的特性是轉(zhuǎn)速變化范圍較小,而轉(zhuǎn)矩變化范圍更不能滿足實(shí)際路況需要。2. 國(guó)內(nèi)外同類設(shè)計(jì)(或同類研究)的概況綜述19802001年,我國(guó)汽車消費(fèi)量年均增長(zhǎng)高達(dá)18,特別是進(jìn)入九十年代以后,國(guó)內(nèi)汽車產(chǎn)量以l2年遞增10萬(wàn)輛的速度高速增長(zhǎng),目前在汽車市場(chǎng)的比重己超過30,成為我國(guó)汽車需求增長(zhǎng)的重要拉動(dòng)力量。大力發(fā)展公共交通,“鼓勵(lì)汽車進(jìn)入家庭”己經(jīng)被黨中央寫入“十五計(jì)劃”。國(guó)家經(jīng)貿(mào)委提出,“十五”期末我國(guó)汽車產(chǎn)量要達(dá)320萬(wàn)輛左右,力爭(zhēng)到2010年使之成為國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)。規(guī)劃預(yù)計(jì)到2005年,轎車產(chǎn)量為 110萬(wàn)輛左右;汽車工業(yè)增加值為 1300億元,占國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值 1左右,汽車產(chǎn)品基本滿足國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)需求。 隨著我國(guó)加入世界貿(mào)易組織,通用、福特、日產(chǎn)、豐田一批世界一流汽車生產(chǎn)企業(yè)紛紛進(jìn)入中國(guó),市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)日趨激烈.入世后,技術(shù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)將是我國(guó)汽車工業(yè)面臨的最大挑戰(zhàn)。隨著國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的蓬勃發(fā)展,汽車己成為人們?nèi)粘I钪兄匾慕煌ㄟ\(yùn)輸工具。人民生活水平的不斷提高,則更對(duì)車輛的舒適性能提出高要求, 不僅如此,隨著世界石油的越來(lái)越緊張,全球資源的減少,汽車變速性能還直接影響汽車燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性和運(yùn)輸生產(chǎn)效率、變速過程的全面研究以提高汽車的動(dòng)力性,具有積極的社會(huì)效益和明顯的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。現(xiàn)代汽車上廣泛采用活塞式內(nèi)燃機(jī)作為動(dòng)力源,其轉(zhuǎn)矩和轉(zhuǎn)速變化范圍較小,而復(fù)雜的使用條件則要求汽車的牽引力和車速能在相當(dāng)大的范圍內(nèi)變化.所以,在汽車傳動(dòng)系中設(shè)置了變速器.手動(dòng)變速箱的許多最近的發(fā)展集中在為降低成本和體積的新制造方法上。傳統(tǒng)來(lái)說(shuō),變速箱制造包含大量的昂貴的機(jī)器,以及為機(jī)械加工和裝配操作所需留出的空間限制的設(shè)計(jì)。最新的技術(shù)包括,比如說(shuō)在最新的FordGetrag 6速變速箱中可以看到的激光焊接沖壓鋼滑動(dòng)齒輪選擇器軸套。為替代前一代變速箱的鑄鐵撥叉,這種精致而堅(jiān)固的設(shè)計(jì)方案可以導(dǎo)致更少的對(duì)內(nèi)部的傷害。齒輪盤片的激光和摩擦焊接同時(shí)保證了所需機(jī)器設(shè)計(jì)空間的降低,這是一種由雷諾公司在5速副軸原型變速箱設(shè)計(jì)中發(fā)明的技術(shù),命名為EMl,曾在2000年展出并因?yàn)樗暮?jiǎn)單和輕便僅22公斤卻能提供140N?m的轉(zhuǎn)矩而出名。另一個(gè)方面上,設(shè)計(jì)人員也在其齒輪提供高轉(zhuǎn)矩輸出的設(shè)計(jì)上認(rèn)真地研究過,提高了耐久性和低噪聲水平。3. 課題設(shè)計(jì)(或研究)的內(nèi)容貨車的基本參數(shù)位:選用柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī),最高車速位97km/h,最后轉(zhuǎn)彎半徑5.5米,乘員人數(shù)2人,檔位數(shù)4+1,載重量為3噸.參照相應(yīng)的車型的整體布局參數(shù)(網(wǎng)上可以查到,如慶鈴系列輕型貨車等)、東風(fēng)3噸輕型貨車實(shí)物(車輛與交通實(shí)驗(yàn)室整車陳列室內(nèi))和其他有關(guān)車型(到院資料室查閱),完成貨車的變速器及操縱機(jī)構(gòu)任務(wù)設(shè)計(jì).4. 設(shè)計(jì)(或研究)方法根據(jù)所給技術(shù)條件和要求,按照變速器設(shè)計(jì)的方法,將變速器設(shè)計(jì)為中間軸式4+1擋手動(dòng)變速器,無(wú)超速擋,換檔機(jī)構(gòu)用鎖環(huán)式同步器。分動(dòng)器有高低擋,不但支持常規(guī)的后輪驅(qū)動(dòng),且能進(jìn)行四輪高速驅(qū)動(dòng)和四輪低速驅(qū)動(dòng)。5. 實(shí)施計(jì)劃 第6周: 調(diào)研,收集、分析資料; 第7周: 全組集體討論,制定、確定總體方案; 第8-11周: 完成總圖設(shè)計(jì); 第12-14周: 完成零、部件圖紙?jiān)O(shè)計(jì)及機(jī)繪圖,按要求整理、編寫設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書; 第15周: 整理全部設(shè)計(jì)文件,最后交卷; 第16周: 審核、互審評(píng)閱設(shè)計(jì); 第17周: 答辯,評(píng)定成績(jī)。指導(dǎo)教師意見指導(dǎo)教師簽字: 2008 年 月 日研究所(教研室)意見研究所所長(zhǎng)(教研室主任)簽字: 2008年 月 日3車輛與動(dòng)力工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書三噸柴油動(dòng)力貨車設(shè)計(jì)(變速器及操縱機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì))摘要我設(shè)計(jì)的是題目是輕型貨車的變速器及其操縱機(jī)構(gòu),發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)選用CY4D43T,主要任務(wù)是協(xié)助總體設(shè)計(jì)人員完成外形和總體布置方案,獨(dú)立完成變速器及其操縱機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)。變速器用于改變發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的曲軸的轉(zhuǎn)矩及轉(zhuǎn)速,以適應(yīng)在起步、加速、行駛以及克服各種道路障礙等不同行駛條件下對(duì)驅(qū)動(dòng)車輪牽引力及車速的不同要求的需要。在設(shè)計(jì)開始時(shí),根據(jù)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)給定的轉(zhuǎn)速和設(shè)計(jì)所要求的車速來(lái)求出總傳動(dòng)比,然后初步確定主減速器的傳動(dòng)比,以及變速器的各檔傳動(dòng)比,通過轉(zhuǎn)矩來(lái)確定中心距,用初選的傳動(dòng)比來(lái)確定各齒輪的詳細(xì)參數(shù),之后確定實(shí)際傳動(dòng)比,并核算各齒輪是否滿足彎曲強(qiáng)度和疲勞強(qiáng)度的要求,在畫圖過程中確定軸的實(shí)際尺寸和軸承的布置位置,然后計(jì)算軸的強(qiáng)度是否滿足要求,之后通過轉(zhuǎn)矩等條件計(jì)算各軸承的壽命。最后是把收集的外文資料進(jìn)行翻譯。關(guān)鍵詞:變速器,轉(zhuǎn)速,傳動(dòng)比,強(qiáng)度。THREE TONS OF DIESEL-POWERED VEHICLE DESIGN(TRANSMISSION AND MANIPULATION OF DESIGN)AbstractI design is the subject of a light goods vehicle transmission and manipulation of institutions,engine choice CY4D43T,main task is to help shape and design to complete the overall layout scheme,Independent Transmission completed the design and manipulation.Transmission to change the engine torque and speed of the crankshaft,to meet at the starting to accelerate, on the road and obstacles to overcome all kinds of different driving conditions on the drive wheels, traction and speed the needs of the different requirements.At the beginning of the design,according to the top of the engine speed and the speed required by the design in order to obtain the transmission ratio,then tentatively determined the main transmission ratio reducer.And the transmission of the file transmission ratio,through the torque to determine the distance,with the primary transmission gear ratio to determine the details of the parameters.After the actual transmission ratio,and whether the accounting of the gear bending strength and fatigue strength to meet the requirements,paint in the process of determining the actual size and shaft bearings of the layout position.Then calculate the strength of the shaft to meet demand.After the torque through the bearings, and other conditions of life calculated。Finally, the data collected by the foreign-language translation。KEY WORDS:transmission,speed,transmission ratio,strength車輛與動(dòng)力工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書The NV4500 five-speed transmission in our high-mileage diesel-powered 95 Chevy 2500 pickup was exhibiting some bad behavior. Part of the problem was that the clutch wasnt releasing completely when the clutch pedal was depressed. This made selecting First Gear a grinding challenge. Eventually, the main driver of this rig quit using the clutch during standard gearshifts because it wasnt disengaging anyway. Another problem was that as the transmission began to age, it began to leak. In a pinch, someone ignored the requirement of Castrol Syntorq LT synthetic oil (or equivalent) and fed it petroleum-based oil. Things quickly went from bad to worse as the synchronizer rings objected to the wrong oil. It wasnt long before the trans was becoming very hard to live with.Since were not manual-transmission rebuild experts, we took the truck to someone who is. Larrys Automotive is located on the outskirts of Rock City, Illinois. The owner, Rick Jacobson, has been wrenching on trucks and cars since he was 12 years old, so he knows his stuff. His knowledge is vast and varied, and his resume includes a couple of years fabricating and wrenching for noted off-road racer Scott Taylor. Jacobson and his team of technicians not only have a working knowledge of vehicles (including heavy trucks) from end to end, they also know the intricate workings of both automatic and manual transmissions. Best of all, Jacobson is a wheeler, so hes intimately familiar with how we use our rigs.Jacobson and his crew removed our crusty trans and then they totally disassembled it and gave us the tally of what bad things were lurking inside. The list of parts we needed was lengthy. Normally, theyd just order the parts and complete the rebuild in a few days, but we wanted to utilize specific companies, so we hit the phone.The first place we called was Rockland Standard Gear. RSG, as theyre called, has been in business for more than 25 years, and theyre one of the largest suppliers of manual transmission and transfer-case parts in the country. Heres some mind-boggling facts: They are the only aftermarket company ever selected to rebuild transmissions for ZF; they are one of five Master distributors for Borg-Warner transfer-case parts; they are one of 10 Elite distributors for Tremec; and they are a major distributor for New Venture Gear. Needless to say, we knew they could handle our NV4500 needs.Since were not manual-transmission rebuild experts, we took the truck to someone who is. Larrys Automotive is located on the outskirts of Rock City, Illinois. The owner, Rick Jacobson, has been wrenching on trucks and cars since he was 12 years old, so he knows his stuff. His knowledge is vast and varied, and his resume includes a couple of years fabricating and wrenching for noted off-road racer Scott Taylor. Jacobson and his team of technicians not only have a working knowledge of vehicles (including heavy trucks) from end to end, they also know the intricate workings of both automatic and manual transmissions. Best of all, Jacobson is a wheeler, so hes intimately familiar with how we use our rigs.Jacobson and his crew removed our crusty trans and then they totally disassembled it and gave us the tally of what bad things were lurking inside. The list of parts we needed was lengthy. Normally, theyd just order the parts and complete the rebuild in a few days, but we wanted to utilize specific companies, so we hit the phone.The first place we called was Rockland Standard Gear. RSG, as theyre called, has been in business for more than 25 years, and theyre one of the largest suppliers of manual transmission and transfer-case parts in the country. Heres some mind-boggling facts: They are the only aftermarket company ever selected to rebuild transmissions for ZF; they are one of five Master distributors for Borg-Warner transfer-case parts; they are one of 10 Elite distributors for Tremec; and they are a major distributor for New Venture Gear. Needless to say, we knew they could handle our NV4500 needs.Since the clutch in our Chevy was original, our second call was to Center force. The company has been around since the early 80s and was started by Bill Hays, the founder of Hays Clutches in the 1950s. Bill Hays designed and patented the Center force Weighted Clutch System, which increases pressure-plate clamping force while maintaining easy pedal effort. Further, his new design solved the sticking-over-center problem of diaphragm clutches. Centerforce offers a full range of clutches and flywheels for a number of applications.What follows is a synopsis of the major items addressed by the team at Larrys Automotive. Itll give you a good idea of what you can expect if you plan on having your NV4500 rebuilt. Heres our Larrys Automotive-rebuilt trans ready to reinstall in our Chevy pickup. The folks at RSG note that one of the important things to remember about the NV4500 is that it requires Castrol Syntorq LT synthetic oil (or equivalent-RSG has an equivalent that they sell under their own brand name) due to the synchronizer material and design, as well as the large amount of gear teeth in mesh in this unit. Using standard gear oil will cause the NV4500 to shift poorly and eventually fail.Our input shaft (left) was showing significant wear at the point where the pilot bearing contacted the shaft, so we installed a new shaft from RSG. Jacobson always inspects the entire shaft for any signs of wear. Surprisingly, the gear on the other end (which is actually Fourth Gear) was in pretty good shapeOn the left you can see our old synchro ring for the Third to Fourth gearshift, pictured next to the new RSG synchro ring. All synchro rings are a common wear item on manual transmissions. When these wear, they basically lose friction and the result is grinding when shifting. All of our synchros were toast, so they were replaced with new units from RSG. The NV4500 uses two kinds of synchros: multi-piece and single-piece.This is our Second Gear (left) pictured next to our new RSG Second Gear. Jacobson found that the drive ring on the First to Second Gear single-piece synchro was worn into the teeth on Second Gear. Also, where the shift collar engages into the teeth of the gear, the teeth were chipped. This was most likely due to forcing the unit into gear before the synchro had caught up to the gear5 Here you can see Fifth Gear. Our old one is on the left and the new RSG unit is on the right. Ours clearly showed wear from pulling heavy loads. The hard surface was worn off the teeth and the inside splines also showed wear.On the left you can see an example of a tapered roller bearing that we removed from our trans. These are critical components that must be inspected, but they dont always need to be replaced. All of our bearings, with the exception of the caged needle bearings, showed gray areas indicating wear, as well as pitting. New tapered roller bearings were included in RSGs Bearing and Seal kit.RSG sent us a remanufactured shift tower (right). Our shift forks showed a lot of wear, which often results in them not engaging the shift collar far enough into the gear. This can cause the trans to pop out of gear. Jacobson normally inspects the shift tower for a variety of wear items that can make a trans operate poorly.This is the front bearing retainer, which holds the front main bearing in, and its what the throwout bearing rides on. After a thorough inspection, Jacobson gave ours a clean bill of health. After inspecting the bearing surfaces, splines, and Fifth Gear nut retaining threads, Jacobson also found that our mainshaft was in great shape. As we started reassembling our trans, Jacobson pointed out that all new items such as snap rings are included in the RSG small parts kit and they must be installed. Here you can see the shaft with First and Second Gear and other components installed. Jacobson is installing the pin that locks in a thrust washer. Part of its duties include keeping Second Gear from turning against Third Gear. There are three pins like this in the NV4500.Here you can see the mainshaft with everything mocked up but without the bearings pressed on in their finished position. During reassembly, Jacobson says its important to ensure that the synchros and slide collars arent installed backwards. All transmissions, especially the NV3500, will have all kinds of issues if these parts are reassembled incorrectly12 Surprisingly, our countershaft was in good shape. We just installed a new bearing and overdrive synchro ring. This shaft carries a load in all gears except Fourth Gear (Fourth Gear is the 1.00:1 gear, so it doesnt route power through the countershaft)Its important to correctly install the rear bearing retainer (shown), because it also holds the reverse idler gearshaft in place. If the reverse idler gearshaft is incorrectly installed, you can bend the bearing retainer and even possibly crack the transmission case.These shims go between the rear bearing retainer and the bearing to provide proper endplay for the mainshaft (the countershaft also uses shims to set endplay). After installing new bearings, the endplay may change, so endplay must be measured with a dial indicator. New shims are included in the RSG small parts kit.Here you can see our dual mass flywheel after it was resurfaced. Before it was sent out, Jacobson gave it a thorough inspection that included looking for heat cracks and inspecting the springs to make sure they were intact and in good shape. Overall, our flywheel was in good shape, especially considering the high mileage and abuse it has endured.With almost 100,000 miles on the odometer, it came as no surprise that out factory clutch was shot, so we installed a new Centerforce Dual Friction clutch assembly. This bad boy generates up to a 90 percent increase in holding capacity over the stock clutch. Even with this vastly increased holding capacity, it provides smooth engagement and light pedal pressure. Centerforce also sent a clutch pilot tool and a clutch release (throwout) bearing.The technicians at Larrys Automotive did battle with our pilot bearing in an effort to remove it from the engine block. Part of the problem was that the input shaft had severely worn the pilot bearing, so there was little for the puller to latch onto. This is a common issue with high-mileage manual-transmission vehiclesFluid leakage and a dragging clutch forced us to install a new clutch slave. The leakage problem was solved, but not the dragging. Jacobson and his crew ended up lengthening the stock clutch linkage by about 0.25 inch to effectively raise the clutch pedal from the floor when depressed. This allowed the clutch to totally disengageA busy shop and our tight deadlines meant we had to install the trans old-school without the truck on a hoist. First, the clutch and bellhousing were installed, then the trans, and then the transfer case and driveshafts. Our first drive revealed a perfect shifting transmission, and thanks to the creativity of the guys at Larrys Automotive, we no longer have a dragging clutchFifth Gear And The Dodge NV4500.Having problems with Fifth Gear in your Dodge NV4500? There is a fix. According to the folks at Rockland Standard Gear, the Dodge NV4500 had a design defect in the splines on the mainshaft Fifth Gear. The splines were not long enough and they were manufactured with an incorrect angle. This caused a slight creep of the Fifth Gear on the mainshaft due to throttle changes, which resulted in many of the units having the Fifth Gear loosen its retaining nut. This allowed the gear to move out of position on the mainshaft and cease to function. If you have a Dodge NV4500 with this problem, you have options. One is to purchase the kit that RSG offers. It includes a gear and mainshaft that utilize split-ring washers under a locknut to retain the gear under thrust loads. It also has redesigned full-length splines on the gear and corrected spline angles.NV公司5速傳輸在我們的高里程柴油動(dòng)力95雪佛蘭2500皮卡中顯露出一些不良性能。部分4500存在當(dāng)離合器踏板被壓抑時(shí)離合器不能完全釋放的問題。這就出現(xiàn)了要選擇第一齒輪磨床的挑戰(zhàn)。最終,這種鉆機(jī)退出的主要驅(qū)動(dòng)力是使用裝在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)齒輪之間的離合器,因?yàn)樗鼰o(wú)論如何都不會(huì)脫離。另一個(gè)問題是當(dāng)傳輸時(shí)間變長(zhǎng)就會(huì)開始泄漏。在一個(gè)夾送,有人無(wú)視Castrol Syntorq審裁處合成油和美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)它以石油為基礎(chǔ)的石油的規(guī)定。事情很快變得更糟糕,作為同步器戒指反對(duì)錯(cuò)了油。 因?yàn)槲覀冞€沒有手動(dòng)傳動(dòng)重建專家,我們選擇了適當(dāng)?shù)娜诉x去做。拉里汽車是坐落于郊區(qū)的巖城,伊利諾州。它的所有人是里克雅各布森,在他12歲的時(shí)候就一直沉浸在卡車和汽車?yán)?,所以他了解他所擁有的。他擁有豐富的和廣泛的知識(shí),他的重新開始包括兩年的改造和離道車手斯科特泰勒。雅各布森和他的團(tuán)隊(duì)的技術(shù)不僅對(duì)車輛(包括重型卡車)有頭至尾的操作知識(shí),他們也知道關(guān)于自動(dòng)和手動(dòng)變速器的錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的運(yùn)作。最重要的是,雅各布森是一個(gè)創(chuàng)始者,所以他很熟悉我們是如何使用我們的裝備。雅各布森和他的機(jī)組人員刪除我們的,然后他們把它完全拆解,并給我們所有潛伏在其中的不好的方面的總數(shù)。名單中的一部分方面我們需要漫長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間去解決。通常,他們只要求這部分可以在數(shù)天內(nèi)完成重建,但我們想要利用特定的公司,所以我們要找到解決的途徑。 放在首位的是我們所謂的羅克蘭標(biāo)準(zhǔn)齒輪。正如薪酬研究小組所稱的,它已在業(yè)務(wù)中存在了至少25年,他們是最大的手動(dòng)變速器的供應(yīng)商之一,并可以在國(guó)內(nèi)進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)移。這里有一些想法驚人的事實(shí):他們是唯一的售后公司始終都選定重建的變速器ZF ,他們是一對(duì)五的分銷商在博格-華納轉(zhuǎn)移的情況下,;他們是一對(duì)十的精英分銷商Tremec ;他們是一個(gè)主要的分銷商作為新企業(yè)的齒輪。不用說(shuō),我們知道他們可以處理我們對(duì)nv4500的需要。 由于離合器在我們的雪佛蘭是原生的,所以我們又稱它為第二個(gè)中心的力量。該公司從八十年代初期一致被關(guān)注,并由在20世紀(jì)50年代發(fā)現(xiàn)離合器的海斯創(chuàng)建。比爾海斯設(shè)計(jì)了加權(quán)離合器系統(tǒng)并獲得專利,該系統(tǒng)使壓力增加板的夾緊力增強(qiáng),同時(shí)保持踏板的牢固。此外,他的新設(shè)計(jì)解決了膜片離合器超過中心的問題。第一個(gè)中心力量提供全套的離合器和飛輪為一申請(qǐng)數(shù)目。 以下概要的主要項(xiàng)目所涉及的是在拉里汽車的團(tuán)隊(duì)。您可以預(yù)期如果您打算讓您的nv4500重建,它會(huì)給您一個(gè)好的建議。這里是我們的拉里的汽車重建跨準(zhǔn)備重新安裝在我們的雪佛蘭皮卡。鄉(xiāng)親在薪酬研究小組注意到,其中一個(gè)重要的事情要記住有關(guān)nv4500的是,它需要castrol syntorq審裁處合成油(或同等學(xué)歷-薪酬研究小組有一個(gè)相等于他們下出售自己的品牌名稱) ,由于同步器材料和設(shè)計(jì),以及大量的齒輪齒數(shù)在網(wǎng)格在這股。使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的齒輪油,會(huì)導(dǎo)致nv4500轉(zhuǎn)向不佳,并最終失敗。我們的輸入軸(左)表現(xiàn)出顯著的磨損點(diǎn),試驗(yàn)軸承接觸軸,所以我們安裝了一個(gè)新的軸從薪酬研究小組。雅各布森始終考察整個(gè)軸的任何跡象磨損。令人驚訝的是,對(duì)齒輪的另一端(其實(shí)是四檔)是非常好的表現(xiàn)在左邊你可以看到我們的老同步響第三至第四變速,照片旁邊的新的薪酬研究小組同步環(huán)。所有同步環(huán)是一種常見的磨損的項(xiàng)目手冊(cè)傳送的安全性。當(dāng)這些磨損,他們基本上失去了摩擦和結(jié)果是磨削時(shí)移。我們所有的synchros分別致祝酒辭,所以他們更換新單位從薪酬研究小組。該nv4500使用兩種synchros :多件;單件。這是我們的第二個(gè)齒輪(左)合照明年我們新的薪酬研究小組第二齒輪。雅各布森發(fā)現(xiàn)該驅(qū)動(dòng)器響就第一項(xiàng)至第二齒輪單件同步被磨損到牙齒上第二個(gè)齒輪。此外,那里轉(zhuǎn)移到衣領(lǐng)從事牙齒的齒輪,牙齒插話。這是最有可能是由于迫使結(jié)合本單位的齒輪前同步已趕上了以齒輪在這里您可以看到第五齒輪。我們的老,一個(gè)是在左邊和新的薪酬研究小組的單位是正確的。我們清楚地表明,從磨損拉重物。硬表面磨損小康牙齒和內(nèi)花鍵還表明,磨損。在左邊你可以看到一個(gè)例子,一個(gè)圓錐滾子軸承,我們從我們的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)。這些都是關(guān)鍵部件必須檢查,但他們并不總是需要更換。我們所有的軸承,除籠針軸承,顯示灰色地帶,顯示磨損,以及孔蝕。新的圓錐滾子軸承被列入在薪酬研究小組的軸承和密封包。薪酬研究小組向我們發(fā)出一再造轉(zhuǎn)移塔(右) 。我們的轉(zhuǎn)移叉表明了很多磨損,這往往結(jié)果在他們不要從事轉(zhuǎn)移的衣領(lǐng)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠成齒輪。這可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致跨到彈出的齒輪。雅各布森通??疾斓霓D(zhuǎn)變,塔各種磨損的項(xiàng)目可以使一個(gè)跨經(jīng)營(yíng)不善。這是前軸承聘,擔(dān)任前線主軸承在,它的是什么throwout軸承游戲機(jī)上。經(jīng)過徹底的檢查,雅各布森了我們一個(gè)清潔的條例草案的健康狀況。之后,檢查支座表面,樣條,第五齒輪螺母保留線程,雅各布森還發(fā)現(xiàn),我們的主軸是在偉大的形狀。正如我們重新開始我們的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),雅各布森指出,所有新項(xiàng)目,如管理單元戒指,都包括在薪酬研究小組小零件和工具包,他們必須安裝。在這里您可以看到軸與第一和第二齒輪和其他組件安裝。雅各布森是安裝引腳,鎖在一個(gè)推力墊圈。的一部分,其職責(zé)包括保持第二齒輪從轉(zhuǎn)折對(duì)第三方的齒輪。有三個(gè)引腳一樣,在這方面nv4500 。這里,您可以看到主軸與一切嘲笑,但沒有軸承的壓力就在其完成的立場(chǎng)。在組裝,雅各布森說(shuō),它的重要性,以確保該synchros及幻燈片衣領(lǐng)未安裝倒退。一切播送行為,特別是nv3500 ,將有各種問題,如果這些零件重新不當(dāng)奇怪的是,我們的countershaft是在良好的形狀。我們剛剛安裝了一個(gè)新的軸承和超載同步環(huán)。這軸進(jìn)行了負(fù)荷在所有齒輪除四檔(四檔是1.00:1齒輪,因此它不路線的權(quán)力,通過countershaft )它的重要性,正確安裝后軸承家臣(如圖所示) ,因?yàn)樗渤窒喾吹耐休乬earshaft在的地方。如果反向托輥gearshaft是正確安裝,您可以彎曲軸承保持,甚至可能打擊傳輸?shù)那闆r。這些shims轉(zhuǎn)到之間的后方軸承保持和軸承,提供適當(dāng)?shù)膃ndplay為主軸( countershaft還利用shims設(shè)置endplay ) 。之后,安裝新的軸承, endplay可能會(huì)改變,因此, endplay必須加以衡量與撥號(hào)的指標(biāo)。新shims都包括在薪酬研究小組小零件包。在這里您可以看到我們的雙質(zhì)量飛輪后,這是重鋪。之前,它被送往指出,雅各布森了一個(gè)徹底的檢查,其中包括尋找熱和裂縫,檢查彈簧,以確保他們完整,在良好的形狀。整體來(lái)說(shuō),我們的飛輪是在良好的形狀,特別是考慮到高里程和濫用,它已經(jīng)歷。幾乎十萬(wàn)英里里程表,它并不令人感到意外指出,離合器廠拍攝,因此,我們安裝了一個(gè)新的第一力量中心雙摩擦離合器大會(huì)。這個(gè)壞小子的產(chǎn)生多達(dá)90 的增長(zhǎng),容納超過股票離合器。即使這大大增加了控股能力,它提供了平穩(wěn)的接觸和輕踏板的壓力。 第一力量中心也發(fā)出了一個(gè)離合器試驗(yàn)工具和離合器釋放軸承。技術(shù)員在拉里的汽車沒有戰(zhàn)役與我們的飛行員,同時(shí)努力消除它從發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)缸體。部分問題是,該輸入軸已嚴(yán)重磨損試驗(yàn)的影響,所以很少為牽引,以抓住。這是一個(gè)常見的問題與高里程手動(dòng)傳動(dòng)車輛腦脊液漏和一拖離合器強(qiáng)迫我們安裝一個(gè)新的離合器的奴隸。泄漏問題得到解決,而不是拖延。雅各布森和他的機(jī)組人員結(jié)束了延長(zhǎng)股票離合器的聯(lián)系,約0.25英寸,有效地提高離合器踏板從地板時(shí),沮喪。這使離合器完全脫鉤一個(gè)繁忙的商店和我們的時(shí)間緊迫,意味著我們已安裝的跨國(guó)“老學(xué)?!睕]有車就一啟閉機(jī)。第一,離合器和bellhousing安裝,然后跨,然后轉(zhuǎn)移和driveshafts案件。我們的第一個(gè)驅(qū)動(dòng)器顯示,一個(gè)完美的換擋變速器,和感謝的創(chuàng)造力,球員在拉里汽車,我們不再有拖曳離合器第五齒輪和道奇nv4500在您的道奇nv4500存在第五齒輪的問題 ?這里有一個(gè)修補(bǔ)程序。依照民間的羅克蘭標(biāo)準(zhǔn)齒輪,道奇nv4500在主軸第五齒輪鍵槽的設(shè)計(jì)中存在缺陷。鍵槽沒有足夠的長(zhǎng)而且他們制造的角度不正確。由于油門的變化引起了在主軸上的第五齒輪的輕微變化,造成許多的單位有五分之一齒輪放寬其保留螺母。這使齒輪遷出了對(duì)主軸的位置并停止運(yùn)作。如果您的道奇nv4500存在這個(gè)問題,你有解決的方法。一種是購(gòu)買工具包,薪酬研究小組提供。它包括一個(gè)齒輪和主軸,利用分裂環(huán)墊圈下固定螺帽保留齒輪下推力的負(fù)荷。另一種是經(jīng)過重新設(shè)計(jì)的在齒輪上有完整長(zhǎng)度和正確角度的鍵槽。- 9 -
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