高考英語一輪復習 語法專題 第三部分 句法篇 專題4 特殊句式課件 外研版.ppt
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第三部分句法篇,專題4特殊句式,核心考點精析,特殊句式在高考中的應用,模擬強化練,,,核心考點精析,1.就近一致原則(1)由or,notonly...butalso...,neither...nor...,either...or...,whether...or...,not...but...等連接兩個或兩個以上的并列主語時,通常根據就近一致原則,謂語動詞要與離它最近的主語在數上保持一致。NeitherhisparentsnorIamabletopersuadehimtochangehismind.,◆主謂一致的核心考點,(2)here/there引導一個句子而主語又不止一個時,通常根據就近原則,謂語動詞要與離它最近的主語在數上保持一致。Hereisaruler,afewpencilsandtwocopybooks.,2.意義一致原則(1)謂語動詞必須用單數的情況①表示學科的名詞以及works(工廠),news(消息)等作主語時,雖然本身為復數形式,但表示單數意義時,謂語動詞仍用單數。Politicsishisfavoritesubject.②表示某些組織機構的名詞、書/報名、國名、地名等作主語時,雖然形式上是復數,但所表示的意義是單數,所以謂語動詞用單數。DoyouknowwhentheUnitedNationswassetup?,(2)謂語動詞必須用復數的情況表示總稱意義的名詞,如people,police,public,cattle等作主語時,謂語動詞用復數。Thepolicearesearchingforthemurderer.(3)謂語動詞的形式依據主語表示的意義而定①集體名詞,如family,class,group,team,club,company,government,population等作主語時,謂語動詞的形式根據其在語境中表示的意義而定。當其表示集體意義,強調整體概念時,謂語動詞用單數;當其表示集體中各個組成部分,強調個體概念時,謂語動詞用復數。,AsfarasIknow,hisfamilyisnotverylargebutthefamilyareallmusiclovers.②“the+形容詞/分詞”表示“一類人”時,謂語動詞用復數。Thepoorwerelookeddownuponintheolddays.,3.語法一致原則(1)由and連接的兩個名詞作主語①“a/the+名詞單數+and+名詞單數”表示一個人(雙重身份),謂語動詞用單數。Theteacherandpoetoftengiveslecturesaroundthecity.②“a/the+名詞單數+and+a/the+名詞單數”表示兩個人,謂語動詞用復數。Theteacherandthepoethavejustarrived.,③“every+名詞單數+and+every+名詞單數”表示每一個人,謂語動詞用單數。Everyboyandeverygirlhastherighttoreceiveeducationinourcountry.④通常由兩個部件組成的物品如:aknifeandfork(一副刀叉)等作主語時,謂語動詞用單數。Breadandbutterisnottohistaste.,(2)表示時間、數量、長度及價格的名詞,盡管有時是復數形式但常被看作是一個整體,謂語動詞用單數形式。Isfiftypoundsenough?(3)“分數/百分數+of+名詞”作主語時,謂語動詞的形式根據of后的名詞的形式來定,如果名詞是可數名詞復數,謂語動詞用復數形式;如果名詞是單數可數名詞或不可數名詞,謂語動詞用單數形式。Two-thirdsofthebooksareaboutscience.Only30%oftheworkwasdoneyesterday.,1.全部倒裝(1)在Therebe/seem/appear/live/stand/lie/fly/exist/remain等存在句中。Look,there’sthatbookshopIwastellingyouabout.(2)表示時間、地點和動作轉移的副詞如here,there,now,then,up,down,in,away,out等置于句首,主語是名詞而不是代詞時,用完全倒裝。此時,句子多用一般現在時或一般過去時。Theregoesthephone.I’llanswerit.,◆倒裝句的核心考點,(3)such作表語置于句首時。SuchwasAlbertEinstein,asimplemanbutthe20thcentury’sgreatestscientist.(4)直接引語的全部或部分位于句首時?!癐fyoudie,whowillgetyourmoney?”askedHolmes.(5)表示地點的介詞短語位于句首時。Inthecenterofthesquarestandsamonument.(6)為平衡句子結構,或使上下文銜接緊密,而將作表語的介詞短語、形容詞、副詞或分詞提到句首,引起倒裝。GoneforeverarethedayswhentheChinesepeoplehadtouseforeignoil.,2.部分倒裝在下列幾種情況下,只把助動詞、系動詞或情態(tài)動詞放在主語之前,構成部分倒裝。(1)little,never,not,seldom,neither,nor,hardly,rarely,bynomeans,atnotime,undernocircumstances,innocase等表示否定意義的單詞或短語位于句首時。Littledoeshecareaboutwhatothersthink.(2)在not...until...,nosooner...than...,scarcely/hardly...when...,notonly...butalso...,neither...nor...等句式中。Neitherdoeshedrinknorsmoke.,(3)當only修飾副詞、介詞短語或狀語從句位于句首時。OnlythendidIfindIhadmadeamistake.(4)在so/such...that...從句中,當so+形容詞/副詞或such+名詞位于句首時。Soexhaustedwasshethatshewantedtohavearest.(5)當表示前面所說的情況也適用于另一個人或事物時,常用“so/as+be動詞/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞+主語”,表示“……也是……”。TimeshavechangedandsohaveI.,(6)當neither,nor位于句首,表示前面否定的內容也適用于另一個人或事物時,常用“neither/nor+be動詞/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞+主語”,表示“……也不……”。Theycouldn’tunderstanditatthattime,andnorcouldwe.(7)省略if的虛擬條件句,把助動詞were,had,should提到主語前面。Haditnotbeenforyourhelp,weshouldn’thaveachievedsomuch.(8)as和though引導的讓步狀語從句。Tryasshemight,Suecouldn’tgetthedooropen.(9)“may+動詞原形”表示祝愿,通常把may置于句首,構成倒裝語序。Mayyousucceed!,1.使用助動詞do,does和did對謂語動詞進行強調。Firstimpressionsreallydocount.2.運用強調句型來強調除謂語動詞以外的其他句子成分。強調句型的基本句型結構為:Itis/was+被強調部分+that/who+其他成分。可用來強調句子的主語、賓語、狀語、表語、同位語等成分。在復習強調句型時,要注意以下幾個方面:,◆強調句的核心考點,(1)強調句型中的主謂一致在強調句型中,當對陳述句中的主語進行強調時,無論被強調的主語是單數還是復數,主句中的謂語動詞都要用單數形式Itis/was...,同時,that從句中的謂語動詞要與被強調的主語在人稱和數方面保持一致。Itismyparentsthat/whooftenhelpmegetoutoftrouble.(2)當對地點狀語、時間狀語或其他狀語從句進行強調時,只能用連接詞that,而不能用where,when,why或how等。ItwasonAugust8,2008thatthe29thSummerOlympicGameswereopenedinBeijing.,(3)強調句型的疑問句在強調句中,無論被強調部分是什么句子成分,變?yōu)橐话阋蓡柧鋾r,都須將主句改為疑問語序,即將“Itis/was+被強調部分+that+其他成分”改為“Is/Wasit+被強調部分+that+其他成分?”或“疑問詞+is/wasitthat+其他成分?”結構。Wasitherfailingherexamthatmadeherparentsunhappy?Whenwasitthatshechangedhermind?,(4)在對not...until...結構中的until時間狀語或時間狀語從句進行強調時,要將句中的not移至until之前,構成:Itis/wasnotuntil...that...。注意that從句中的謂語動詞要變成肯定形式,而且不再采用倒裝語序。Ididn’trealizeshewasafamousfilmstaruntilshetookoffherdarkglasses.=ItwasnotuntilshetookoffherdarkglassesthatIrealizedshewasafamousfilmstar.,注意事項:1.如果由特殊疑問詞引導的強調結構在句中作賓語從句時,從句必須使用陳述語序,不可用疑問語序。Heaskedmewhoitwasthattookhisumbrellabymistake.2.強調句型結構中的反意疑問句式。在強調句型結構中,其反意疑問句的主語及助動詞必須與主句Itis/was...保持一致。ItisMarynotyouwhowantstoaskmeaboutthatmatter,isn’tit?,3.強調句型結構與定語從句的混合使用。在高考試題中,為了增加試題的難度,命題人常將強調句型與定語從句混合起來,使句子結構更加復雜。我們要注意從語法角度來分析句子,理清結構。ItwasonthefarmwhereweworkedthatIgottoknowher.4.強調句型與時間狀語從句的辨析。當用強調句型強調時間狀語時,去掉“itis/was”和連詞“that”,原句仍然完整;而在時間狀語從句中,若去掉“itis/was”和連詞“when/before”,原句不完整。Itwasat14:28thattheterribleearthquakebrokeout.(強調句型)Itwas14:28whentheterribleearthquakebrokeout.(狀語從句),1.狀語從句中的省略由when,while,if,asif,although/though,as,until,once,whether,unless,where等引導的狀語從句中,如果其謂語動詞為be,而主語與主句的主語相同時,則從句的主語和be可省略;或從句的主語為it,謂語動詞為be時,也可省略從句中的it和be。When(Iam)introuble,Ialwaysturntomyclassmatesforhelp.If(itis)possible,thismachinecanbefixedatonce.,◆省略句的核心考點,2.不定式的省略單獨使用不定式符號to代替不定式后被省略的動詞,常用在beafraid,expect,forget,hope,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,refuse,try,want,wish等詞后;或放在表情緒的詞后,代替被省略的動詞,常見詞有:glad,happy,pleased等;但是,如果不定式中含有be,have,havebeen,則要保留be,have,havebeen?!猈illyoupleaselookaftermyhousewhenI’maway?—I’mgladto.—Areyouasailor?—No.ButIusedtobe.Yourworkhasn’tbeenhandedin,butitoughttohavebeen.,3.??嫉膸讉€省略形式ifever,ifany,ifnotbetter/worse/taller...than等。4.并列句中的省略并列句中的兩個對等句里的動詞相同時,后者的動詞可以省略。HeisgoingtoHongKong,buthisbrother(isgoing)toAmerica.Myroomisonthethirdfloorandhis,onthefifth.,,返回,,特殊句式在高考中的應用,◆特殊句式與語法填空,特殊句式常考的語法項目包含主謂一致、倒裝句、強調句、省略句、感嘆句、祈使句等??疾樾问接兄^語動詞的數、狀語從句的省略中的非謂語動詞、以及助動詞、替代詞或標志性的詞等。,典題試做1,在空白處填入適當的內容(1個單詞)或括號內所給詞的正確形式1.Yangshuo(be)reallybeautiful.(2015全國Ⅰ)解析考查主謂一致和動詞時態(tài)。本段介紹陽朔的自然條件,屬客觀事實,要用一般現在時,由于主語是單數第三人稱形式,故填is。,is,,解析答案,2.Bachdiedin1750,butitwasnotuntiltheearly19thcenturyhismusicalgiftwasfullyrecognized.(2015重慶)解析考查強調句。本句是一個強調句型,其基本結構是:Itis/was+被強調部分+that/who+其他,本句被強調部分是notuntiltheearly19thcentury,故填that。3.aftertalkingtotwostudentsdidIdiscoverthathavingstrongmotivationisoneofthebiggestfactorsinreachinggoals.(2015湖南)解析考查倒裝句。only放在句首,后面跟狀語時,使用部分倒裝結構。,that,Only,,解析答案,4.—DoyouthinkGeorgehaspassedthedrivingtest?—No.If,hewouldhavedrivenhiscartoourcollegeyesterday.(2013福建)解析考查替代?!叭绻ㄟ^的話”,用so替代前面Georgehaspassedthedrivingtest。5.CallmetomorrowI’llletyouknowthelabresult.(2014大綱全國)解析由語境可知,此處是“祈使句+and+簡單句”這一固定句式結構,故填and。,so,and,,解析答案,6.astrangeplant!I’veneverseenitbefore.(2011遼寧)解析因為空后的中心詞plant是名詞,所以用what引導該感嘆句。Whatastrangeplant!也可表達成Howstrangeaplant,即how后的中心詞為形容詞或副詞。故填what。,What,,解析答案,應對策略1,注意分析句式結構,確定為何種特殊句式,再根據特殊句式的結構特點填入適當的詞。,◆特殊句式與短文改錯,短文改錯中對于特殊句式的考查主要涉及主謂不一致、以及含有助動詞的謂語結構錯誤、替代詞的錯用等。,典題試做2,單句改錯(每小題1處錯誤)1.Hardworkhavemadehimveryill.(2013遼寧)解析考查主謂一致。work為不可數名詞,謂語動詞用單數。答案have→has2.Finally,therewereasuddenpullatthepoleandafishwascaught.(2013陜西)解析考查主謂一致。Therebe應該與其后主語asuddenpull在數上保持一致。答案were→was,,解析答案,3.InearlyJanuarythisyear,therateofUFOreportsweresteady,aroundthreeperweek.(2011遼寧)解析考查主謂一致。主語為therate,為第三人稱單數形式,故were改為was。答案were→was4.Icouldn’tbelievemyluck—notonlydidIhadmyphototakenwithhim,buthesignedhisnameonmyshirt!(2011陜西)解析考查倒裝句的謂語結構,“did+主語+動詞原形”,故had應改為have。答案had→have,,解析答案,5.LuckilyIhadallmymoneyinmypocket,buttheonlyclothesIhadwasthoseIhadon.(2011新課標全國)解析考查主謂一致。該句謂語應該與主語theclothes一致,故was應改為were。答案was→were6.Afterweleft,Isaid,“Thatwasveryniceofyou,Mother.ButIdidn’tthinkshelookedlikeGrandma.”“Neitherdidme,”saidMothercheerfully.(2010浙江)解析考查倒裝句?!皀either+助動詞+主語”結構中,主語應該用主格形式,故me應改為I。答案me→I,,解析答案,應對策略2,遇到特殊句式,要注意主謂一致、強調句、倒裝句、省略句、祈使句、感嘆句、反意疑問句等的構成特點。,◆書面表達中特殊句式易錯點聚焦,在書面表達中適當引入特殊句式,可提高表達的層次,增強交際效果。但是學生在實際運用中主要存在以下問題:1.主謂不一致(誤)Yourfriendandadviserhaveagreedtolendmesomemoney.(正)Yourfriendandadviserhasagreedtolendmesomemoney.(誤)Manyascientisthavesacrificedtheirlivesforscience.(正)Manyascientisthassacrificedhislifeforscience.,(誤)Mr.Wang,togetherwithhiswife,havegonetoAustralia.(正)Mr.Wang,togetherwithhiswife,hasgonetoAustralia.(誤)Eachoftheboyshavetheirownbooks.(正)Eachoftheboyshashisownbooks.(誤)Theblindisnotabletowalkwithoutsticks.(正)Theblindarenotabletowalkwithoutsticks.(誤)Fiveyearshavepassedsincethen.(正)Fiveyearshaspassedsincethen.,2.缺乏運用意識語言輸出時,多用正常語序的簡單句、并列句等。而缺乏運用特殊句式的意識。(簡單句堆積)IamLiHua.IamchairmanoftheStudentUnion.IamfromChenguangHighSchool.(同位語)IamLiHua,chairmanoftheStudentUnion,fromChenguangHighSchool.(一般表達)Ididn’trealizeitsimportanceuntilIwaschosenmonitorofmyclassinmyseniormiddleschool.,(倒裝句)NotuntilIwaschosenmonitorofmyclassinmyseniormiddleschooldidIrealizeitsimportance.(強調句)ItwasnotuntilIwaschosenmonitorofmyclassinmyseniormiddleschoolthatIrealizeditsimportance.,3.運用中出現語法錯誤(誤)Onlyworkhardcanyouachieveyourgoal.(正)Onlybyworkinghardcanyouachieveyourgoal.(誤)Therehavesomeproblemsexistinourschool.(正)Thereexistsomeproblemsinourschool.(誤)Onlyafterthewarlearnedhethesadnews.(正)Onlyafterthewardidhelearnthesadnews.(誤)ItwasatmidnightwhenIgotbackhomeyesterday.(正)ItwasatmidnightthatIgotbackhomeyesterday.(正)ItwasmidnightwhenIgotbackhomeyesterday.,,返回,,模擬強化練,Ⅰ.單句語法填空1.Oneday,hecameupwithanideathathewouldpluckupallofhiscropafewinches.Hedidthenextday.解析句中didso替代的是上文同位語從句中的動詞短語pluckupallofhiscropafewinches。,so,,解析答案,2.Filmhasamuchshorterhistory,especiallywhen(compare)tosuchartformsasmusicandplanting.解析本句實際上是whenitiscomparedtosuchartformsasmusicandpainting的省略,省略掉主語及be動詞。3.Herparentswouldn’tallowhertogototheparty,butshestillhopes.解析句意為:她父母不讓她去參加聚會,但她仍然希望去參加。此句為省略句,補充完整應為:...,butshestillhopestogototheparty.。,compared,to,,解析答案,4.withhardworkcanyouexpecttogetapayrise.解析由canyouexpectto...可知,這是倒裝句,根據倒裝結構“only+狀語(withhardwork)”可知應填副詞only。5.NotIcaughtsightofmyteacherinthecrowddidIcalmdown.解析句意為:直到我在人群中看見我的老師我才平靜下來。notuntil位于句首,句子要部分倒裝。6.Eitheryouortheheadmaster(be)tohandouttheprizestothosegiftedstudentsatthemeeting.解析謂語與theheadmaster一致,故be用第三人稱單數is。,Only,until,is,,解析答案,7.Theteacher,with6girlsand8boysofherclass,(visit)amuseumwhentheearthquakestruck.解析謂語與theteacher一致,又根據慣用句型結構was/weredoing...when...可知,用過去進行時態(tài)。8.Twofifthsofthelandinthatdistrict(be)coveredwithtreesandgrass.解析謂語與theland一致,用單數。9.Withmoreforestsbeingdestroyed,hugequantitiesofgoodearth(wash)awayeachyear.解析因quantitiesof作主語,謂語用復數;earth與wash之間是被動關系,需用被動式,指近些年或近階段正在發(fā)生的事,用現在進行時。,wasvisiting,is,arebeingwashed,,解析答案,10.Heistheonlyoneofthestudentswho(be)awinnerofscholarshipforthreeyears.解析謂語應與theonlyone一致,又由forthreeyears可知用完成時。,hasbeen,,解析答案,Ⅱ.單句改錯(每小題1處錯誤)1.Thesingeranddanceraretoattendoureveningparty.答案dancer前加the或are→is2.Theyeachhasanapple.答案has→have3.Hejoinsthefootballteamwhoisallfamousfootballers.答案is→are4.Dr.Smith,togetherwithhiswifeanddaughters,aregoingtovisitBeijingthissummer.答案are→is,,答案,5.Asaresultoftheseriousflood,twothirdsofthebuildingsintheareaneedsrepairing.答案needs→need6.Thosewholikestosingcanjoinus.答案likes→like7.Soloudlyhespeakthatevenpeopleinthenextroomcouldhearhim.答案he前加did8.Ifyoudon’tgotheretomorrow,neitherdoesTom.答案does→will,,答案,9.Hardalthoughhetried,hewasunabletomakemuchprogress.答案although→as/though10.Ican’tswimandsocanKate.答案so→neither,,答案,Ⅲ.語法填空ADealingwithhomelessfamilies1.(be)onepartofmyjob.Itwasfromasinglemother2.theveryfirstcallIhadwas.Shewasweeping.NotuntilIpromisedtohelpher3.shestopweeping.Afterbeingtoldthatshehadgotintoaterriblecaraccident,Ilearnedthataccidentmadeherloseherjob.Fellbehindwithherrent4.shewasbeingforcedtoleaveherapartment.Shehadtopayfortherent.5.not,nowherecouldsheandhertwochildrengo.,is,that,did,and,If,,答案,Havingexplainedthesituation,shestopped,saying,“I’msosorry!Thankyouforlettingmetellmystory.I’vetriedeveryshelterandchurchorganizationintheareabutnoone6.listenorcare.”7.anunfortunatething!Atthattimetherebeingnoopeningsforfamilyhousing,ItookhernumberdownandtoldherI’dcallherrightback.Later,hardly8.IfoundanopeningforafamilyinashelterinherareawhenIcalledherback.Shewasshockedwhen9.(answer)mycall.Shesaid,“Never10.Ireallyexpectyoutocallmeback.”Igaveherthegoodnewsandshestartedweepingagain.Butthistimetheyweretearsofhappinessandhope.,does,What,had,answering,did,,答案,BWaitress:Yes,Sir.Youcalled?Customer:Yes,Iwonderifyoucouldbringmeone11.(many)bottleofbeer.Waitress:I12.(certain)can.MayIaskwhoyouarewaitingfor?Customer:Well,mygrandsonissupposed13.(meet)meinLondonattheairport.Doyouthinkhe’llbeabletofindme?Waitress:I’msurehewill.Youdon’thavetoworryaboutthat.Areyougoingtobevisitinghim?,more,certainly,tomeet,,答案,Customer:Yes.I’veneverseenmygrandson.IwishI14.(see)him!Inthatcase,Icanrecognizehimeasily.Waitress:Ithinkyou’llhaveawonderfultimeinLondon,15.isverybeautiful.Isthisyourfirsttimeabroad?Customer:No,IsawquiteabitofEuropebefore,Rome,Berlin,placeslikethat,butI’veneverbeentoParis.IfIhadthechancenextyear,I16.(visit)Paris.Waitress:Oh,thenyouhaveflownbeforetoo?Customer:No,that17.(be)duringtheSecondWorldWarandIwenttoEuropeonalargeshipcarryingsoldiers.,hadseen,which,wouldvisit,was,,答案,Waitress:Thingsarequite18.(difference)inEuropenowadays.Customer:I’msuretheyare.I’mreally19.(interest)togetthere.Waitress:By20.way,willyoubestayinglong?Customer:Itdepends,butIplantostayforatleastfiveweeks.Waitress:Ithinkyou’llhaveagoodtime.I’llgoandgetabeerforyou.,different,interested,the,,答案,返回,- 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