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卷揚(yáng)機(jī)發(fā)展概況
摘要
卷揚(yáng)機(jī)又稱絞車，是起重垂直運(yùn)輸機(jī)械的重要組成部分，配合井（門）架、桅桿、滑輪組等輔助設(shè)備，用來提升物料、安裝設(shè)備等作業(yè)。由于它結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、操作方便、維護(hù)保養(yǎng)簡單、使用成本低、可靠性高等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，廣泛應(yīng)用于建筑、水利、冶金起重作業(yè)。
提升重物是卷揚(yáng)機(jī)的一種主要功能，所以各類卷揚(yáng)機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)都是根據(jù)這一要求為依據(jù)的。雖然目前塔吊、汽車吊等取代了卷揚(yáng)機(jī)的部分工作，但由于塔吊成本高，一股在大型工程中使用，而且靈活性較差，故一般中小型工程仍然廣泛應(yīng)用卷揚(yáng)機(jī)，汽車吊雖然靈活方便，但也因?yàn)槌杀咎?，而不能在工程中廣泛應(yīng)用，故大多設(shè)備的安裝仍然是由卷揚(yáng)機(jī)承擔(dān)的。卷揚(yáng)機(jī)除在工程、設(shè)備安裝等方面被廣泛應(yīng)用外，在冶金、礦山、建筑、化工、水電、農(nóng)業(yè)、軍事及交通運(yùn)輸?shù)刃袠I(yè)亦被廣泛應(yīng)用。
關(guān)鍵詞：卷揚(yáng)機(jī)；卷筒；卷筒軸；滑輪組
一、 卷揚(yáng)機(jī)的發(fā)展概況
在很久以前的古代，就知道來用轆轤等來提升重物，以減輕體力勞動(dòng)的強(qiáng)度和提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率。在我國，解放前卷揚(yáng)機(jī)只有在一些大型企業(yè)中才被使用，應(yīng)用很少，而且所使用的卷揚(yáng)機(jī)也均為國外生產(chǎn)，國內(nèi)基本上沒有生產(chǎn)卷揚(yáng)機(jī)的廠家。
我國卷揚(yáng)機(jī)的生產(chǎn)是解放后才開始的。50年代為滿足恢復(fù)經(jīng)濟(jì)的需要和第一個(gè)五年計(jì)劃的得要，卷揚(yáng)機(jī)的生產(chǎn)被提到了日程上。原沈陽國泰機(jī)器廠(阜新礦山機(jī)械廠前身)等成批仿制了兩種卷揚(yáng)機(jī)，一種為日本的JIS8001型動(dòng)力卷揚(yáng)機(jī)，它是一種原動(dòng)機(jī)為電動(dòng)機(jī)動(dòng)型式是開式圓柱齒輪傳動(dòng)，雙錐體摩擦離合器，操作為手扳腳踩的快速卷揚(yáng)機(jī)，另一種是按蘇聯(lián)圖紙制造的1011型和1012型普通蝸桿傳動(dòng)、電控慢速卷揚(yáng)機(jī)。由于當(dāng)時(shí)生產(chǎn)力不高，卷揚(yáng)機(jī)的需求量亦不多，故這段時(shí)間國內(nèi)卷揚(yáng)機(jī)的生產(chǎn)主要是仿制。
隨著生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展，到了60年代，卷揚(yáng)機(jī)的生產(chǎn)和使用越來越多。為了協(xié)調(diào)生產(chǎn)，卷揚(yáng)機(jī)主要生產(chǎn)廠家(阜新礦山機(jī)械廠、天津卷揚(yáng)機(jī)廠、山西機(jī)器廣、寶雞起重運(yùn)輸機(jī)廠等)組成了卷揚(yáng)機(jī)行業(yè)組織，隸屬于第一機(jī)械工業(yè)部礦山機(jī)械行業(yè)。為了發(fā)展卷揚(yáng)機(jī)的生產(chǎn)，行業(yè)組織了有關(guān)廠家的人員對全國卷揚(yáng)機(jī)的生產(chǎn)相應(yīng)用情況進(jìn)行了調(diào)查。在調(diào)查的基礎(chǔ)上，開始自行設(shè)計(jì)和制造新的卷揚(yáng)機(jī)，先后試制了0.5t、lt、3t電動(dòng)卷揚(yáng)機(jī)，但由于對當(dāng)時(shí)各廠家的生產(chǎn)能力估計(jì)不足，無法推廣。
從70年代起，我國卷揚(yáng)機(jī)的生產(chǎn)進(jìn)入了技術(shù)提高、品種增多的新階段。在各廠自行設(shè)計(jì)和生產(chǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上，1973年，由卷揚(yáng)機(jī)行業(yè)組織了有關(guān)廠家和院校聯(lián)合進(jìn)行了卷揚(yáng)機(jī)基型設(shè)計(jì)，并充分考慮到了當(dāng)時(shí)中小廠家的生產(chǎn)能力。快速卷揚(yáng)機(jī)的基型采用半開半閉式齒輪傳動(dòng)，離合器采用單錐面石棉橡膠摩擦帶結(jié)構(gòu)，操縱用手板剎車帶制動(dòng)(如圖1-1)。慢速卷揚(yáng)機(jī)的基型式為閉式傳動(dòng)(圓柱齒輪傳動(dòng)或蝸桿傳動(dòng)減速器)、電磁鐵制動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。這兩種基型一直到現(xiàn)今還在生產(chǎn)。為適應(yīng)生產(chǎn)發(fā)展的需要，當(dāng)時(shí)第一機(jī)械工業(yè)部發(fā)布了JB926—74《卷揚(yáng)機(jī)型式與基本參數(shù)》和JBl803—76《卷揚(yáng)機(jī)技術(shù)條件》兩個(gè)部標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并把卷揚(yáng)機(jī)行業(yè)劃歸常德機(jī)械研究所(長沙機(jī)械研究院前身)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。隨著部標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的頒布，使卷揚(yáng)機(jī)有了大發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)。在此期間，由于石化工業(yè)的發(fā)展，大型設(shè)備很多，都需要吊裝，如一些大型反應(yīng)塔，塔的高度達(dá)七八十米，質(zhì)量達(dá)五六百噸，就需要有大型吊裝用的卷揚(yáng)機(jī)，因而各廠家相繼生產(chǎn)了20t和32t卷揚(yáng)機(jī)(圖1—2)，滿足了經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的需要。
二、國外卷揚(yáng)機(jī)概況
在國外，卷揚(yáng)機(jī)的品種繁多，應(yīng)用也很廣泛。在西方技術(shù)先進(jìn)的國家中，工業(yè)水平先進(jìn)，機(jī)械化程度不斷提高，起重設(shè)備也在不斷更新，下面介紹一下幾個(gè)外國主要生產(chǎn)的卷揚(yáng)機(jī)的狀況。
（一） 美國
美國生產(chǎn)卷揚(yáng)機(jī)的廠家有近百家，主要有貝波(BEEBE)國際有限公司、哲恩(THERN)有限公司等。
貝波國際有限公司成立于1919年，有七十多年的設(shè)計(jì)和生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)。主要產(chǎn)品有，氣動(dòng)鏈?zhǔn)骄頁P(yáng)機(jī)[0.25—40t)，防爆拖式氣動(dòng)卷揚(yáng)機(jī)(0.5—30t)，駁船卷揚(yáng)機(jī)(手動(dòng)、氣動(dòng)、電動(dòng)、液壓，25—75t)，電動(dòng)鏈?zhǔn)骄頁P(yáng)機(jī)(0.25—20t)，電動(dòng)葫蘆(0.25—15t)．電動(dòng)卷揚(yáng)機(jī)(0.25—12.5t)，手動(dòng)卷揚(yáng)機(jī)0.25—75t)，液壓卷揚(yáng)機(jī)(1—10t )，水平卷揚(yáng)機(jī)(1—9t)，手動(dòng)鏈?zhǔn)骄頁P(yáng)機(jī)（0.5—100t），棘輪牽引器(1—1. 75t)，空中用運(yùn)車(0.5—20t)等。
哲恩有限公司是美國較大的生產(chǎn)起重設(shè)備的公司，主要產(chǎn)品有各種手動(dòng)卷揚(yáng)機(jī)、電動(dòng)卷揚(yáng)機(jī)、提升機(jī)械及起重機(jī)。手動(dòng)卷揚(yáng)機(jī)的主要品種有：直齒傳動(dòng)卷揚(yáng)機(jī)、蝸桿傳動(dòng)卷揚(yáng)機(jī)；電動(dòng)卷揚(yáng)機(jī)的主要品種有：蝸桿傳動(dòng)系列、直齒齒輪傳動(dòng)系列、齒輪蝸桿傳動(dòng)組合系列、直接驅(qū)動(dòng)系列、鏈傳動(dòng)系列。
美國除上述兩家公司外，比較重要的生產(chǎn)廠家還有布勞斯公司、賽林公司、斯塔斯派克公司、阿姆降公司、英格索·藝德公司等。 （二）日本
日本從明治30年開始制造和使用卷揚(yáng)機(jī)。據(jù)日本荷役機(jī)械研究所核計(jì)，1970~1975年間卷揚(yáng)機(jī)的產(chǎn)量增加62.5％。據(jù)日本通產(chǎn)省機(jī)械核計(jì)月報(bào)載，僅1977年單純土建卷揚(yáng)機(jī)的產(chǎn)量就達(dá)12萬臺(tái)，產(chǎn)值約100億日元。
日本卷揚(yáng)機(jī)行業(yè)由機(jī)械技術(shù)部會(huì)、荷役機(jī)械技術(shù)委員會(huì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。主要生產(chǎn)廠家有北川鐵工所、遠(yuǎn)藤鋼機(jī)、南星、越野總業(yè)、藝浦、松崗產(chǎn)業(yè)等80多個(gè)廠家。
北川鐵工所是一家大型生產(chǎn)廠。其生產(chǎn)的卷揚(yáng)機(jī)品種系列比較齊全，主要有：
1．動(dòng)力卷揚(yáng)機(jī) 分BF、MF、DF三種型式。功率為3.7—44kw，鋼絲繩拉力從5880—44l 00N。有18個(gè)規(guī)格。F型是V型帶傳動(dòng)，MF型是單筒開式齒輪傳動(dòng)，DF型是雙筒開式齒輪傳動(dòng)。其結(jié)構(gòu)持點(diǎn)是全部為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)型，采用改進(jìn)了的螺旋頂絲式離合器操縱，因而操作簡便，易調(diào)整；鼓形離合器采用單錐體式，摩擦材料采用帶型樹脂。
2．電動(dòng)卷揚(yáng)機(jī) 該廠生產(chǎn)的電動(dòng)卷揚(yáng)帆為KW型，功率3.7—11kw，拉力6000—142100N，四種規(guī)格。其結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)是：全封閉內(nèi)齒輪傳動(dòng)；電動(dòng)機(jī)在一端，減速器、制動(dòng)器和操作部分在另一端，中間是卷筒，一字型布置，按鈕操作，可遠(yuǎn)距離遙控；最大特點(diǎn)是卷簡可纏繞8—9層．容繩量大，適于高層卷揚(yáng)使用。
遠(yuǎn)滕鋼機(jī)公司有60多年歷史，它是日本唯一生產(chǎn)特殊電動(dòng)卷揚(yáng)機(jī)的公司。ENDO型卷揚(yáng)機(jī)采用起重電動(dòng)機(jī)，卷揚(yáng)機(jī)可兩檔變速，排繩器裝在上部，是單螺旋軸雙導(dǎo)向桿式結(jié)構(gòu)，機(jī)座全部是焊接結(jié)構(gòu)，所有機(jī)械與電器部分都裝在機(jī)座里。
(三)法國
法國生產(chǎn)卷揚(yáng)機(jī)的廠家很多，其中包藤(POTAIN)公司就是生產(chǎn)卷揚(yáng)機(jī)的主要廣家之一，主要生產(chǎn)KUSW系列、LMD系列、PC系列和RCS系列卷揚(yáng)機(jī)。
KUSW型卷揚(yáng)機(jī)輕巧緊湊，效率高，安全可靠，可遙控操作。這種卷揚(yáng)機(jī)能夠比較理想地與各種機(jī)械配套。
LMD型卷揚(yáng)機(jī)可兩檔變速，采用液壓控制。液壓系統(tǒng)可同時(shí)控制兩個(gè)機(jī)械制動(dòng)器。LMD型卷揚(yáng)機(jī)綜合了電氣技術(shù)(包括電子技術(shù)系統(tǒng))和液壓技術(shù)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，性能比較好。
PC型卷揚(yáng)機(jī)是三速電動(dòng)卷揚(yáng)機(jī)，遠(yuǎn)距離遙控操作，空載高速下降，提高了生產(chǎn)率。電控齒輪換檔(采用延時(shí)繼電器)．起吊位置精確，運(yùn)動(dòng)緩和，傳動(dòng)件在油池里工作，停車緩慢，避免磨損電磁剎車。
RCS型卷揚(yáng)機(jī)可五檔變速，三個(gè)低速檔和兩個(gè)高速檔。由兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的裝有電磁剎車系統(tǒng)的提升電動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)卷揚(yáng)機(jī)。電動(dòng)機(jī)帶動(dòng)直齒減速器，用錐齒輪帶動(dòng)卷筒。
Hoist Development Situation
Summary
Hoist and says winch, lifting vertical transportation is an important part of the machinery, cooperate well (the door) frame, mast, belts and pulleys and auxiliary equipment, used to improve material, the installation of the equipment operation. Because of its simple structure, convenient operation and maintenance is simple, use cost low and high reliability etc, are widely used in construction, water conservancy, metallurgical lifting operation.
Ascension is a heavy hoisting main function, so all kinds of hoist design according to the requirement is based on. Although at present the crane, auto cranes, etc replaced the hoist part of the job, but due to the high cost of tower, a stream of large project in use, and flexibility is bad, so small and medium-sized project is still widely used hoists, mobile crane although agile and convenient, but also because the cost is too high, and not in the engineering application, so most of the equipment installation is still the hoist bear. Hoist except in engineering, equipment installation, etc are widely used outside, in metallurgy, mining, construction, chemical industry, water and electricity, agricultural, military and transportation industries also widely used.
Key words: Windlass; Reel; Reel axis; Block and tackle
First,hoist the development situation
Long ago, in ancient times, know to use engineer-in-chief to increase weight, in order to reduce physical labor intensity and improve labor productivity. In China, only in a few large hoist before liberation in the enterprise to be used, rarely used, and the use of hoist also are foreign production, domestic production of the hoist is basically no manufacturers.
Our country is the production of hoist the liberation began. 50 s to meet the need of the economic recovery and the first five-year plan have to, hoist production was mentioned the schedule. The original shenyang factory, cathay Pacific airways (fuxin mining machinery factory predecessor) to generic two hoists, a JIS8001 type for Japan's power hoists, it is a prime mover for electric motor type is open type cylindrical gears, double cone friction clutch, operation for the rapid hoist stamped on the block, and the other is to press the Soviet model 1011 manufacturing drawings and type 1012 ordinary worm transmission, electric control slow hoist. It was not high productivity, hoists demand also not much, so this time the domestic production of major is modelled operation.
With the development of productive forces, and by the s, the production and use of hoist more and more. In order to coordinate the production, hoist the main production manufacturer (fuxin mining machinery factory, tianjin hoist factory, shanxi machine widely, baoji lifting transportation depots, etc) formed hoist industry organization, belongs to the first the ministry of machinery industry mining machinery industry. In order to develop the hoist, the production of industry organization about the manufacturer of the personnel of the production of the hoist with corresponding investigation. Based on the investigation, began to design and manufacture new hoist, has developed a 0.5 t, lt, 3 t electric hoist, but because at that time to the production capacity of each manufacturer estimate shortage, unable to promotion.
Since the 70 s, our country hoist production into the technology improving, variety of the new stage. In GeChang to design and production, and on the basis of 1973, by the hoist industry group about the manufacturer and colleges jointly conducted hoist base type design, and full consideration to small and medium-sized factory production capacity at the time. The type and the rapid hoist half-open semi-enclosed gear transmission, clutch the single cone asbestos rubber friction with structure, with the hand brake control with brake (as shown in figure 1-1). Slow hoist the base type shall be closed transmission (cylindrical gear transmission or worm transmission speed reducer), brake electromagnet structure. The two kinds of type, until now still in production. In order to adapt to the needs of the development of production, when first the ministry of machinery industry released JB926-74 "hoist types and basic parameters" and JBl803-76 "hoist technology conditions of two department standards, and the hoist industry to changde mechanical institute (changsha machinery research institute predecessor) leadership. As part of the standard issued, make the hoist a big development foundation. In the meantime, since petrochemical industry development, the large equipment many, need the hoisting, as some of the large mto plant, the height of the tower of over meters, the quality of WuLiuBaiDun, needs to have large hoisting use hoists, thus each manufacturer have produced 20 t and 32 t hoist (figure 1-2), and meet the needs of the development of the economy.
Two, foreign hoist situation
In a foreign country, hoist various products, is also widely used. In the western technology advanced countries, industrial level is advanced, mechanization continuously improve, lifting equipment are constantly updated, introduce several foreign below the main production of the status of the hoist.
(a) the United States
The production of hoist manufacturers have nearly hundred, basically have BeiBo (BEEBE) international Co., LTD, zhe grace (THERN) Co., LTD.
BeiBo international Co., LTD. Was established in 1919, there were seventy years of design and production practice experience. The main products are, pneumatic chain hoist [0.25-40 t), explosion-proof drag type pneumatic hoist (0.5-30 t), barges hoist (manual, pneumatic, electric, hydraulic, 25-75 t), electric chain hoist (0.25-20 t), electric hoist (0.25-15 t). Electric hoist (0.25-12.5 t), manual windlasses 0.25-75 t), hydraulic hoist (1-10 t), level hoist (1-9 t), manual chain hoist (0.5-100 t), ratchet wheel tractor (1-1. 75 t), with the air transport car (0.5-20 t), etc.
Zhe grace Co., LTD. Is the production of large lifting equipment company, main products are various manual windlasses, electric hoist, improve machinery and crane. The manual windlasses main varieties: spur gear transmission windlasses, worm transmission hoist; Electric hoist the main varieties: worm transmission series, straight teeth gear transmission series, gear worm transmission combination series, direct drive series, chain series.
The United States in addition to the two companies outside, the more important of manufacturers, the company, the block and Lin company, matchup spike company, eminem drop company, eng cable YiDe company, etc.
(2) Japan
The Meiji Japan from 30 years started to make and use hoist. According to the Japanese game by reporting mechanical institute, 1970 ~ 1975 years of hoist yield increase by 62.5%. According to the Japanese TongChanSheng mechanical trade journal. In 1977 alone, the output of pure civil hoist reached 120000 units, the value of about 10 billion yen.
Japan by mechanical department will hoist industry, by mechanical technology service committee leader. The main production manufacturers have, far cane beichuan blacksmith steel machine, south star, cross-country total industry, art pu, songgang industry and so on, more than 80 manufacturers.
Beichuan blacksmith, is a large-scale manufacturer which. The production of hoist series relatively complete varieties, mainly has:
1. Power hoist points BF, MF, DF three type. The power of 3.7-44 kw, wire rope tension from 5880-44 l 00 N. There are 18 specifications. F type is the V belt transmission, MF type is list tube type gear transmission, DF type is double barrel type gear transmission. The structure is the point of all standard, using the improved spiral top wire type clutch manipulation, and simple operation, easy to adjust; Drum clutch the single cone type, friction materials using belt type resin.
2. Electric hoist the factory production electric roll for KW sail type, power 3.7-11 KW, the rally 6000-142100 N, four specifications. The structure features are: fully enclosed in the gears transmission; Motor on one end, reducer, brake and operating part at the other end, and the middle is drum, one word decorate, button operation, can be controlled at; The biggest characteristic is to roll around 8-9 can Jane layer. RongSheng amount is large, suitable for high volume Yang use.
Far TengGang machine company has 60 years of history, it is the only special electric hoist Japanese production of the company. ENDO type hoists the lifting motor, hoist but two shifting speed, row is installed in the rope, is single screw axis dual pilot stem type structure, the base is all welding structure, all mechanical and electrical parts are loaded in the base.
(3) France
The French production the manufacturer of hoist a lot of, among them the bag (POTAIN) company is the production of one of the main house wide operation, the main production KUSW series, LMD series, PC series and RCS series hoist.
KUSW type hoists light and compact, high efficiency, safety and reliability and remote operation. The hoist can be compared with all kinds of machinery supporting ideal.
LMD type hoists but two shifting speed, the hydraulic control. Hydraulic system can also control two machinery brakes. LMD type hoists integrated electrical technology (including electronic technology system) and hydraulic pressure technology advantages, performance is better.
PC type hoist is 3 speed electric hoist, long-distance remote operation load, high speed down, higher productivity. Electronic gear shift (with delay relay.) the hoisting position accurate, sports easing, the transmission parts in oil pool, parking slow, avoid electromagnetic brake wear.
RCS type hoists can five shifting speed, three lower gear and two top gear. The two independent electromagnetic braking system with the ascension of the motor drive hoist. Motor driving spur gear reducer, with bevel gear driving drum.