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無(wú)錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書
Electromechanical Technology and Applied Research
Mechatronics Technology Development
Electromechanical integration of machinery is microelectronics, control, computer, information processing and other cross-disciplinary integration. Its development and progress depend on the progress and development of relevant technologies. The main development direction is digital, intelligent, modular network, humanized, miniaturization, integration, Sources and green belt
Digital
Microcontroller and its development laid the basis for a number of mechanical and electrical products , such as the continued development of CNC machine tools and robots ; And the rapid growth of computer networks, paving the way for digital design and manufacturing, such as virtual design, computer integrated manufacturing, etc. Digital asking integration software products with high reliability, easy operation and maintainability. Self-diagnostic capabilities, and friendly man-machine interface. Digital will facilitate the realization of long-distance operation, diagnosis and repair.
Intelligent
Mechanical and electronic products that require a certain degree of wisdom, it is similar to the logic and reasoning judgment, decision-making ability. For example, an increase in human-function CNC machine tool, and installed the smart / intelligent interface technology database will give use, operation and maintenance of great convenience. With fuzzy control, neural network, gray theory, wavelet theory, chaos and artificial intelligence technology, such as the progress and development of bifurcation, Electrical integration technology has opened up a vast world.
Modular
Because of the mechanical and electrical products and the integration of many manufacturers, research and develope the standard mechanical interface, dynamic interface, environment interface modules integrated product is a complex and promising work. For example research with the slowdown, and Frequency Control of the power motor drive unit;wiht vision, image processing, identification of the function and location of the integrated motor control modules and so on. Thus, in product development, design, modular units can use these standards to develop new products quickly.
Network
Due to the popularity of the network, the network-based remote control and monitoring technology is ascendant. And the remote control terminal equipment itself is the integration of mechanical and electrical products. Fieldbus network appliances and LAN technology as possible, use of the family into a computer network linking all kinds of household electrical appliances, computer integrated appliances for the system, so that people at home can fully enjoy all the benefits of high technology, it mechatronics products undoubtedly should develop in the direction of the network.
Humanity
Electromechanical integration of the end-use product is people, how to give people the wisdom to the Electrical and Mechanical Products. emotion and humanity are more important, in addition to improving the performance of mechanical and electrical integration products, but also in color requirements, Modeling should mark with the environment, the use of these products in order to give people pleasure. If the ultimate goal of the domestic robot is the integration of the crew.
Miniature
Precise micro-processing technology is a natural development, but also the need to improve efficiency. MEMS (Micro Electronic Mechanical Systems. MEMS) refers to mass production, including micro, micro sensors, micro actuators and signal processing and control circuit until the interface, communication and power equivalent to the micro devices or systems integration.
Since 1986 the United States has developed a Stanford University Medical microprobe. University of California, Berkeley, who in 1988 developed a micro-motor, at home and abroad in MEMS technology, materials and microscopic mechanism has made significant progress. developed a variety of MEMS devices and systems, including a variety of micro-sensors (pressure sensors, micro-accelerometer. Micro tactile sensor), micro components (micro-film, micro-beams microprobes, Micro-link, micro-gear, micro-bearing, micro-pump microcoil and micro-robots).
Integrated
Integration includes the mutual penetration of various technical, integration and optimization of various products with different structural composites. Also included in the production process also handle processing, assembly, inspection, management and other processes. To achieve more variety in the production of automation and high efficiency, the system has a more extensive flexible. First, the system can be divided into several levels, system functions, which enable the safe operation of the parts. then through the soft, organic link between the hardware at all levels, so that optimal performance, the strongest.
With the source of
Mechatronics refers to products with their own energy, such as solar cells, fuel cells and large-capacity battery. As on many occasions not to use electricity, thus the integration of mechanical and electrical products for the campaign. bring their own power sources with unique benefits. Electromechanical integration with source is the product development directions.
Green
The development of science and technology brought great changes to people's life, rich in material resources but also caused reduced consequences of the deterioration of the ecological environment. Thus, we call for the protection of the environment, return to nature, so as to achieve sustainable development, the concept of green products such voices emerged.
Green products are low energy consumption, lower consumption of materials, clean, comfortable, coordination and utilization of renewable products. In its design, manufacture, use and destruction of human health and environmental protection should be consistent with the requirements Green mechatronics products in its main use is not pollute the ecological environment, the end-of-life products, use biodegradable and renewable products.
2 electromechanical integration, the application of technology in the iron and steel enterprises
In steel, electrical machinery at the core microprocessor based systems integration, computer, industrial computer, data communications, display devices. Instruments combine organic techniques used assembled the merger, for the realization of comprehensive systems integration projects to create favorable conditions to enhance the control precision, quality and reliability. Electromechanical Technology in the following areas are mainly used in steel enterprises
Intelligent Control (IC)
As the iron and steel industry with large, high-speed and continuous feature traditional control technologies have encountered insurmountable difficulties, it is essential to adopt intelligent control technology. Intelligent control technologies, including expert system, neural network and fuzzy control. intelligent control technology is widely used in steel product design, production, control, diagnostic equipment and product quality and other aspects. If BF control system, furnace and continuous casting shop, rolling system, rolling steel ------- ------- Casting integrated scheduling system. Cold Rolling other.
Distributed Control System (DCS)
Distributed control system uses a central computer command and control of a number of Taiwan-oriented site monitoring and intelligent computer control unit. Distributed control systems can be two, three or more levels. Using computers to concentrate on monitoring of the production process, operation, management and decentralized control. Along with monitoring technology, more and more functions of the distributed control system. Not only can control the production process, but also to achieve optimal online, real-time scheduling process. Statistics production planning management functions, as a test, control, integrated systems management integration. DCS control function has diversified characteristics, easy to operate, the system can be expanded, easy maintenance and high reliability characteristics. DCS is scattered centralized control and monitoring, fault affecting small and the system has a chain of protective functions, Failure to adopt the system operated by manual control measures, the system has high reliability. Distributed control system and centralized control system, enhanced functionality and higher safety. Electrical systems integration is a major trend.
Open Control System (OCS)
Open Control System (Open Control System) is the development of computer technology raises new The structure concept. . "Open" means a standard for the exchange of information in order consensus and support, according to the standard design system products of different manufacturers can achieve compatibility and exchange, and sharing of resources. Open communications network control system through various industrial control equipment, computer Internet management to achieve control and management, management, decision-making integration, through fieldbus instrumentation and control room control equipment to enable Internet site. measuring and control.
Computer Integrated Manufacturing System (CIMS)
CIMS is to the people of steel production, process control and production management integration. from raw materials to factories, production, processing and delivering products to the entire production process and the overall integration process control. At present, the iron and steel enterprises have basically achieved the process automation However, such "isolated islands of automation" lack of computer automation of the production process and the sharing of information resources management. difficult to adapt to the demands of modern steel production. Steel is the focus of competition in the future for many types of enterprises, small batch production of high-quality, low-cost, timely delivery of goods. To improve productivity, saving energy, and reduce existing stocks, accelerated cash flow, production, operations, Optimizing the overall management, the key is to strengthen the management of the economic benefits to be obtained to enhance the competitiveness of enterprises. The United States, Japan and some other major iron and steel enterprises in the 1980s of the 20th century, has been widely CIMS technology.
Fieldbus Technology (FBT)
Fieldbus Technology (Fied Bus Technology) was set up in connection with the meters installed in the scene between the control room control equipment, digital, two-way, multi-point communications links. Fieldbus technology to replace the existing signal transmission technologies (such as 4-20 mA. DC DC transmission), will enable more information and a higher level of intelligent field instruments and control systems installed in common two-way transmission of the communication media. Fieldbus connection can be avoided by 66% or more of the signal and connecting wire. Fieldbus DCS lead changes and the introduction of a new generation of open around the fieldbus instrumentation and automation systems. If intelligent transmitter, intelligent actuator, fieldbus detection instruments, Fieldbus technology PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) and the scene the development of local control stations.
AC drive technology
Transmission technology in the steel industry played a crucial role. With the development of power electronics and microelectronics technologies, AC variable speed are developing very rapidly. Due to the superiority of AC, electric drive technology in the near future replaced by AC DC drive. Digital technology development, complex vector control technologies to achieve practical, Speed AC Drive System DC converter performance level has been reached or exceeded. Now, both large or small electrical motor capacity can be used to achieve reversible synchronous motors or induction motors smooth speed. AC Drives production appeared in Rolling welcomed by the users, applications continues to grow.
機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)及其應(yīng)用研究
1 機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)發(fā)展
機(jī)電一體化是機(jī)械、微電子、控制、計(jì)算機(jī)、信息處理等多學(xué)科的交叉融合，其發(fā)展和進(jìn)步有賴于相關(guān)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步與發(fā)展，其主要發(fā)展方向有數(shù)字化、智能化、模塊化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化、人性化、微型化、集成化、帶源化和綠色化。
1.1 數(shù)字化
微控制器及其發(fā)展奠定了機(jī)電產(chǎn)品數(shù)字化的基礎(chǔ)，如不斷發(fā)展的數(shù)控機(jī)床和機(jī)器人；而計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的迅速崛起，為數(shù)字化設(shè)計(jì)與制造鋪平了道路，如虛擬設(shè)計(jì)、計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造等。數(shù)字化要求機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品的軟件具有高可靠性、易操作性、可維護(hù)性、自診斷能力以及友好人機(jī)界面。數(shù)字化的實(shí)現(xiàn)將便于遠(yuǎn)程操作、診斷和修復(fù)。
1.2 智能化
即要求機(jī)電產(chǎn)品有一定的智能,使它具有類似人的邏輯思考、判斷推理、自主決策等能力。例如在CNC數(shù)控機(jī)床上增加人機(jī)對(duì)話功能，設(shè)置智能I/O接口和智能工藝數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，會(huì)給使用、操作和維護(hù)帶來(lái)極大的方便。隨著模糊控制、神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)、灰色理論、小波理論、混沌與分岔等人工智能技術(shù)的進(jìn)步與發(fā)展，為機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)發(fā)展開辟了廣闊天地。
1.3 模塊化
由于機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品種類和生產(chǎn)廠家繁多，研制和開發(fā)具有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)機(jī)械接口、動(dòng)力接口、環(huán)境接口的機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品單元模塊是一項(xiàng)復(fù)雜而有前途的工作。如研制具有集減速、變頻調(diào)速電機(jī)一體的動(dòng)力驅(qū)動(dòng)單元；具有視覺、圖像處理、識(shí)別和測(cè)距等功能的電機(jī)一體控制單元等。這樣，在產(chǎn)品開發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)，可以利用這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模塊化單元迅速開發(fā)出新的產(chǎn)品。
1.4 網(wǎng)絡(luò)化
由于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的普及，基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的各種遠(yuǎn)程控制和監(jiān)視技術(shù)方興未艾。而遠(yuǎn)程控制的終端設(shè)備本身就是機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品，現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線和局域網(wǎng)技術(shù)使家用電器網(wǎng)絡(luò)化成為可能，利用家庭網(wǎng)絡(luò)把各種家用電器連接成以計(jì)算機(jī)為中心的計(jì)算機(jī)集成家用電器系統(tǒng)，使人們?cè)诩依锟沙浞窒硎芨鞣N高技術(shù)帶來(lái)的好處，因此，機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品無(wú)疑應(yīng)朝網(wǎng)絡(luò)化方向發(fā)展。
1.5 人性化
機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品的最終使用對(duì)象是人，如何給機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品賦予人的智能、情感和人性顯得愈來(lái)愈重要，機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品除了完善的性能外，還要求在色彩、造型等方面與環(huán)境相協(xié)調(diào)，使用這些產(chǎn)品，對(duì)人來(lái)說還是一種藝術(shù)享受，如家用機(jī)器人的最高境界就是人機(jī)一體化。
1.6 微型化
微型化是精細(xì)加工技術(shù)發(fā)展的必然，也是提高效率的需要。微機(jī)電系統(tǒng)(Micro Electronic Mechanical Systems，簡(jiǎn)稱MEMS)是指可批量制作的，集微型機(jī)構(gòu)、微型傳感器、微型執(zhí)行器以及信號(hào)處理和控制電路，直至接口、通信和電源等于一體的微型器件或系統(tǒng)。自1986年美國(guó)斯坦福大學(xué)研制出第一個(gè)醫(yī)用微探針，1988年美國(guó)加州大學(xué)Berkeley分校研制出第一個(gè)微電機(jī)以來(lái)，國(guó)內(nèi)外在MEMS工藝、材料以及微觀機(jī)理研究方面取得了很大進(jìn)展，開發(fā)出各種MEMS器件和系統(tǒng)，如各種微型傳感器（壓力傳感器、微加速度計(jì)、微觸覺傳感器），各種微構(gòu)件（微膜、微粱、微探針、微連桿、微齒輪、微軸承、微泵、微彈簧以及微機(jī)器人等）。
1.7 集成化
集成化既包含各種技術(shù)的相互滲透、相互融合和各種產(chǎn)品不同結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化與復(fù)合，又包含在生產(chǎn)過程中同時(shí)處理加工、裝配、檢測(cè)、管理等多種工序。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)多品種、小批量生產(chǎn)的自動(dòng)化與高效率，應(yīng)使系統(tǒng)具有更廣泛的柔性。首先可將系統(tǒng)分解為若干層次，使系統(tǒng)功能分散，并使各部分協(xié)調(diào)而又安全地運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，然后再通過軟、硬件將各個(gè)層次有機(jī)地聯(lián)系起來(lái)，使其性能最優(yōu)、功能最強(qiáng)。
1.8 帶源化
是指機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品自身帶有能源，如太陽(yáng)能電池、燃料電池和大容量電池。由于在許多場(chǎng)合無(wú)法使用電能，因而對(duì)于運(yùn)動(dòng)的機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品，自帶動(dòng)力源具有獨(dú)特的好處。帶源化是機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品的發(fā)展方向之一。
1.9 綠色化
科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展給人們的生活帶來(lái)巨大變化，在物質(zhì)豐富的同時(shí)也帶來(lái)資源減少、生態(tài)環(huán)境惡化的后果。所以，人們呼喚保護(hù)環(huán)境，回歸自然，實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展，綠色產(chǎn)品概念在這種呼聲中應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。綠色產(chǎn)品是指低能耗、低材耗、低污染、舒適、協(xié)調(diào)而可再生利用的產(chǎn)品。在其設(shè)計(jì)、制造、使用和銷毀時(shí)應(yīng)符合環(huán)保和人類健康的要求，機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品的綠色化主要是指在其使用時(shí)不污染生態(tài)環(huán)境，產(chǎn)品壽命結(jié)束時(shí)，產(chǎn)品可分解和再生利用。
2 機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)在鋼鐵企業(yè)中應(yīng)用
在鋼鐵企業(yè)中，機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)是以微處理機(jī)為核心，把微機(jī)、工控機(jī)、數(shù)據(jù)通訊、顯示裝置、儀表等技術(shù)有機(jī)的結(jié)合起來(lái)，采用組裝合并方式，為實(shí)現(xiàn)工程大系統(tǒng)的綜合一體化創(chuàng)造有力條件，增強(qiáng)系統(tǒng)控制精度、質(zhì)量和可靠性。機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)在鋼鐵企業(yè)中主要應(yīng)用于以下幾個(gè)方面：
2.1 智能化控制技術(shù)(IC)
由于鋼鐵工業(yè)具有大型化、高速化和連續(xù)化的特點(diǎn)，傳統(tǒng)的控制技術(shù)遇到了難以克服的困難，因此非常有必要采用智能控制技術(shù)。智能控制技術(shù)主要包括專家系統(tǒng)、模糊控制和神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)等，智能控制技術(shù)廣泛應(yīng)用于鋼鐵企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、生產(chǎn)、控制、設(shè)備與產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量診斷等各個(gè)方面，如高爐控制系統(tǒng)、電爐和連鑄車間、軋鋼系統(tǒng)、煉鋼———連鑄———軋鋼綜合調(diào)度系統(tǒng)、冷連軋等。
2.2 分布式控制系統(tǒng)(ＤCS)
分布式控制系統(tǒng)采用一臺(tái)中央計(jì)算機(jī)指揮若干臺(tái)面向控制的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)測(cè)控計(jì)算機(jī)和智能控制單元。分布式控制系統(tǒng)可以是兩級(jí)的、三級(jí)的或更多級(jí)的。利用計(jì)算機(jī)對(duì)生產(chǎn)過程進(jìn)行集中監(jiān)視、操作、管理和分散控制。隨著測(cè)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展，分布式控制系統(tǒng)的功能越來(lái)越多。不僅可以實(shí)現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)過程控制，而且還可以實(shí)現(xiàn)在線最優(yōu)化、生產(chǎn)過程實(shí)時(shí)調(diào)度、生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃統(tǒng)計(jì)管理功能，成為一種測(cè)、控、管一體化的綜合系統(tǒng)。ＤCS具有特點(diǎn)控制功能多樣化、操作簡(jiǎn)便、系統(tǒng)可以擴(kuò)展、維護(hù)方便、可靠性高等特點(diǎn)。ＤCS是監(jiān)視集中控制分散，故障影響面小，而且系統(tǒng)具有連鎖保護(hù)功能，采用了系統(tǒng)故障人工手動(dòng)控制操作措施，使系統(tǒng)可靠性高。分布式控制系統(tǒng)與集中型控制系統(tǒng)相比，其功能更強(qiáng)，具有更高的安全性。是當(dāng)前大型機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)的主要潮流。
2.3 開放式控制系統(tǒng)(OCS)
開放控制系統(tǒng)(Open Control System)是目前計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)發(fā)展所引出的新的結(jié)構(gòu)體系概念。“開放”意味著對(duì)一種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的信息交換規(guī)程的共識(shí)和支持，按此標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)計(jì)的系統(tǒng)，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)不同廠家產(chǎn)品的兼容和互換，且資源共享。開放控制系統(tǒng)通過工業(yè)通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)使各種控制設(shè)備、管理計(jì)算機(jī)互聯(lián)，實(shí)現(xiàn)控制與經(jīng)營(yíng)、管理、決策的集成，通過現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線使現(xiàn)場(chǎng)儀表與控制室的控制設(shè)備互聯(lián)，實(shí)現(xiàn)測(cè)量與控制一體化。
2.4 計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造系統(tǒng)(CIMS)
鋼鐵企業(yè)的CIMS是將人與生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)、生產(chǎn)管理以及過程控制連成一體，用以實(shí)現(xiàn)從原料進(jìn)廠，生產(chǎn)加工到產(chǎn)品發(fā)貨的整個(gè)生產(chǎn)過程全局和過程一體化控制。目前鋼鐵企業(yè)已基本實(shí)現(xiàn)了過程自動(dòng)化，但這種“自動(dòng)化孤島”式的單機(jī)自動(dòng)化缺乏信息資源的共享和生產(chǎn)過程的統(tǒng)一管理，難以適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代鋼鐵生產(chǎn)的要求。未來(lái)鋼鐵企業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的焦點(diǎn)是多品種、小批量生產(chǎn)，質(zhì)優(yōu)價(jià)廉，及時(shí)交貨。為了提高生產(chǎn)率、節(jié)能降耗、減少人員及現(xiàn)有庫(kù)存，加速資金周轉(zhuǎn)，實(shí)現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)、經(jīng)營(yíng)、管理整體優(yōu)化，關(guān)鍵就是加強(qiáng)管理，獲取必須的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，提高了企業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。美國(guó)、日本等一些大型鋼鐵企業(yè)在20世紀(jì)80年代已廣泛實(shí)現(xiàn)CIMS化。
2.5 現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線技術(shù)(ＦBT)
現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線技術(shù)(Ｆieｄ Bus Technology)是連接設(shè)置在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的儀表與設(shè)置在控制室內(nèi)的控制設(shè)備之間的數(shù)字式、雙向、多站通信鏈路。采用現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線技術(shù)取代現(xiàn)行的信號(hào)傳輸技術(shù)(如4～20mA，ＤC直流傳輸)就能使更多的信息在智能化現(xiàn)場(chǎng)儀表裝置與更高一級(jí)的控制系統(tǒng)之間在共同的通信媒體上進(jìn)行雙向傳送。通過現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線連接可省去66%或更多的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)信號(hào)連接導(dǎo)線。現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線的引入導(dǎo)致ＤCS的變革和新一代圍繞開放自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線化儀表，如智能變送器、智能執(zhí)行器、現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線化檢測(cè)儀表、現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線化PLC(Programmable Logic Controller)和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)就地控制站等的發(fā)展。
2.6 交流傳動(dòng)技術(shù)
傳動(dòng)技術(shù)在鋼鐵工業(yè)中起作至關(guān)重要的作用。隨著電力電子技術(shù)和微電子技術(shù)的發(fā)展，交流調(diào)速技術(shù)的發(fā)展非常迅速。由于交流傳動(dòng)的優(yōu)越性，電氣傳動(dòng)技術(shù)在不久的將來(lái)由交流傳動(dòng)全面取代直流傳動(dòng)，數(shù)字技術(shù)的發(fā)展，使復(fù)雜的矢量控制技術(shù)實(shí)用化得以實(shí)現(xiàn)，交流調(diào)速系統(tǒng)的調(diào)速性能已達(dá)到和超過直流調(diào)速水平?，F(xiàn)在無(wú)論大容量電機(jī)或中小容量電機(jī)都可以使用同步電機(jī)或異步電機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)可逆平滑調(diào)速。交流傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)在軋鋼生產(chǎn)中一出現(xiàn)就受到用戶的歡迎，應(yīng)用不斷擴(kuò)大。
參考文獻(xiàn)
1 楊自厚． 人工智能技術(shù)及其在鋼鐵工業(yè)中的應(yīng)用[Ｊ]．冶金自動(dòng)化，1994（5）
2 唐立新.鋼鐵工業(yè)CIMS特點(diǎn)和體系結(jié)構(gòu)的研究[Ｊ]．冶金自動(dòng)化，1996（4）
3 唐懷斌． 工業(yè)控制的進(jìn)展與趨勢(shì) [Ｊ]．自動(dòng)化與儀器儀表，1996（4）
4 王俊普． 智能控制[M]． 合肥：中國(guó)科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)出版社，1996
5 林行辛． 鋼鐵工業(yè)自動(dòng)化的進(jìn)展與展望[Ｊ]．河北冶金，1998（1）
6殷際英． 光機(jī)電一體化實(shí)用技術(shù)[Ｍ]．北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，2003
7 芮延年． 機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)[Ｍ]． 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2004．
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