應(yīng)用心理學(xué)專業(yè) 分析簡.奧斯汀的女權(quán)主義在傲慢與偏見中的體現(xiàn)

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1、論文題目：Jane Austen’s View on Feminism-Analysis of Pride and Prejudice 摘要 隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，18世紀(jì)末至19世紀(jì)初，英國文學(xué)界創(chuàng)造了“女性文學(xué)紀(jì)元”并且出現(xiàn)了一大批女性作家。她們重新從女性的角度審視了女性命運(yùn)，與此同時，她們還宣揚(yáng)女性擁有和男人一樣的權(quán)利和身份。簡.奧斯汀就是英國文學(xué)界中女性主義的代表人物，在《傲慢與偏見》中充分表達(dá)了其獨(dú)特的女性主義見解。本文旨在通過深刻解讀和分析簡.奧斯汀的女性主義思想在她的著作--《傲慢與偏見》中的體現(xiàn)。通過分析，本文認(rèn)為簡.奧斯汀的女性主義思想只是停留在萌芽階段，還存在著很多不足。

2、 Abstract From the late eighteenth century to the early nineteenth century, the British literary world created the "era of women's literature", and a number of famous women writers emerged. They examined the fate of women from the perspective of women and advocated that women should have equal rig

3、hts and status as men. Pride and Prejudice is the masterpiece of feminism written by Jane Austen. The feminist ideology of the novel originated from the author's strong feminist concept and the background of the era when male culture was paramount. This paper will deeply interpret and analyze Jane A

4、usten's feminist consciousness and reflect of feminism in her Pride and Prejudice. Key words: Pride and Prejudice; feminism; Jane Austen 目錄 1. Introduction 4 1.1 Pride and Prejudice 5 1.2 Jane Austen 5 1.3 Feminism 6 2. The social background of Austen's female consciousness. 7 2.1 Low socia

5、l status 8 2.1.1 Economic status. 9 2.1.2 Education. 9 2.2 The lack of female consciousness. 10 2.3 The emergence of female consciousness and feminism literature. 11 3. Austen’s female consciousness in Pride and Prejudice. 12 3.1 The consciousness of freedom. 13 3.1.1 Independent consciousnes

6、s. 13 3.1.2 Equal consciousness. 14 3.1.3 Intelligent consciousness. 15 3.2 Rebellious consciousness. 15 3.3 Marriage consciousness. 16 4. Male Images. 17 4.2 Mr. Benet 18 4.3 Mr. Collins 19 5. Conclusion 20 References 20 Acknowledgements 21 1. Introduction This paper would dee

7、ply analyze the female consciousness in Pride and Prejudice and prove that feminism appears before the French Revolution. Jane Austen is considered to be a pioneer of Feminism. She has struggled in patriarchal culture to create a sky for women's writing, which deserves our great attention. At the sa

8、me time, Austen, on the basis of analyzing the essence of bourgeois marriage, deeply describes the status of women and the independence of women's personality. Certainly, the yearning for ideal marriage is still of great significance to the present society. On the one hand, the feminist ideology and

9、 consciousness of the novel is manifested in the female-centered discourse narrative perspective; on the other hand, the protagonist of the novel called Elizabeth, is a different female from traditional who is intelligent with strong ideas of equality between men and women, independence of love and

10、marriage, rebellion and challenge to the patriarchy of secular rituals, and rich personality. The feminist consciousness expressed in the novel has some limitations and deficiencies to some extent, but it still has a strong practical enlightenment. 1.1 Pride and Prejudice The novel tells love sto

11、ries about Mr. Bennet’s daughters. Mr. Bennet lived in countryside with his five daughters and wife. They lived a well-off level, but none of the girls can inherit his property unless who marry the inheritor because it is entailed in law. Besides, women did not have their own fortune including Mrs.

12、Bennet, so it is necessary for girls to have a good marriage. The protagonist is Elizabeth, his second daughter. She met Darcy at a ball, but she heard that he was arrogant and had been rejecting him for long time. After a lot of experience, Elizabeth relieved her prejudice against Darcy, and Darcy

13、put aside his arrogance, then they were married. The novel revolves around the need to marry for love, not just for financial reasons, despite social pressures to marry a good, wealthy partner. Different from traditional view, Jane Austen paid more attention to women in Pride and Prejudice. 1.2 Jan

14、e Austen Jane Austen, who was born in 1775 and died in 1817, is a famous British female novelist in the nineteenth century. Her works mainly focus on the love and marriage of women in the gentry’s family. She has explored the process of self-discovery of young women from love to marriage many times

15、. She shows her feminist ideology and feminist consciousness in her works. Taking Pride and Prejudice for example, it depicts the English society from the end of the eighteenth century to the beginning of the nineteenth century, and reproduces the social outlook and human feelings under the social b

16、ackground at that time. 1.3 Feminism The term "feminism" originated in France at the end of the nineteenth century, which means women's liberation and equality between men and women. 康正果.女權(quán)主義與文學(xué)[M].北京:中國社會科學(xué)出版社,1994:113-117 This requirement was first manifested in women's demand for the right to

17、 vote. Feminism originated from feminism of right and evolved from the continuous development of it. "Feminism" represents the struggle of early women for equal rights between men and women, while "feminism" focuses on gender awareness and cultural construction. Feminism refers to the social theory

18、and political movement created and launched to end sexism, sexual exploitation, sexual discrimination and sexual oppression and promote sexual equality. In addition to criticizing social relations, feminism also focuses on the analysis of gender inequality and the promotion of rights, interests and

19、issues at the bottom of sex (e.g. women and transgender). Feminism is a combination of theory and practice. It is a belief and ideology of equality between men and women. It advocates that every woman has the same rights and values as men. 2. The social background of Austen's female consciousness.

20、 It is a universally acknowledged truth that a single man with a large fortune must need a wife. 簡.奧斯汀.傲慢與偏見.北京：中央編譯出版社,2008.7 It expresses the general concept of marriage and love based on the social background at that time. At that time, the British society was conservative and closed, and the

21、 idea of men being superior to women prevailed. Women themselves lacked independence and attached themselves to the survival of men. Under the background of patriarchal society, choosing a good marriage seems to be the only way for women to control their own destiny. Nevertheless, there are still a

22、few women who are unwilling to submit to the narrow concept of marriage and love at that time, dare to abandon secular prejudices, pursue their ideal love life, and finally get the ideal marriage. Elizabeth, the one in the novel, is a typical representative of this minority of women. At the end of

23、 the 18th century, marriage was the top priority for British women because women had no property rights under the laws of that time. Marriage is relatively passive for women because they have little choice, and if they don't get married, they will be ridiculed and discriminated against. Divorce is a

24、lso troublesome and it must be approved by the British Parliament. Marriage is difficult for women in wartime, because men are needed in battlefield. It is difficult for women to find a suitable man to marry when men leave. 2.1 Low social status At that time Britain was under the control of the p

25、atriarchy, thus it is generally agreed that girls gain their respect by having a good marriage. Everything could lead to this phenomenon in that moment including the British society and the status of women. It’s about 19th century, women couldn’t enjoy many rights compared to women in now that they

26、could not gain enough respect. In the traditional money-worshiping Britain, many middle-class young women have three choices: getting married, staying at home as an old maid or being a governess. Although female tutors are more independent than the other two choices, few people choose this professio

27、n because of their low income and status. It is very difficult for them to change or exchange this status. No one wants to be an old maid forever. Therefore, for young women, especially those who do not have enough property, marriage is the best choice to gain respect, stability and social status.

28、 Even worse, women are inherently considered inferior to men, both intellectually and competently. Women serve men like servants. Women's center is their husbands and fathers. Everything in the family must be decided by men. Women can only stay at home every day. The only thing they can do is to do

29、housework, take care of children, or sew up. Those with better family conditions can go out to social parties and serve their husbands like traditional Chinese women. As the saying goes, women's incompetence is virtue. At that time, people thought that women were good housewives as long as they obey

30、ed and respected. From birth, they formed a kind of thinking - women are inferior to men, women just need to be quiet, gentle and appropriate. Therefore, they have been suppressing their ability. They are accustomed to such a life, such thoughts, they do not know the resistance, and few people are d

31、issatisfied with their own destiny. 2.1.1 Economic status. In the 19th century, Britain was an age of pursuit of power and money. Under the influence of patriarchy, women had no independent economic status. They depended on their husbands and families. The property problems of the Bennet family

32、illustrate that women had no economic status at that time. Even if they were born in a well-off family, women may have no property. Bennet's daughters won't get any property. Her daughters go out to play by themselves, and her father won't worry because he knows that marriage is based on material th

33、ings and no one wants to marry a penniless girl. 2.1.2 Education. Mr. Bennet knew that his daughters could not inherit his property, but he never strengthened their training, but let them go. From Bennet's contempt for the education of five daughters, we can easily see that in Britain at that tim

34、e, women could hardly receive a good education. In those days, British women received education similar to that in ancient China. Women should teach their husbands and children, learn sewing, housework or some talents. All education was to please men. Finding a good husband is the best future for wo

35、men. In pride and prejudice, several sisters will say that it is good to be the mistress of the manor. This statement fully reflects how women learn to be a good housewife from their childhood. 2.2 The lack of female consciousness. It was a patriarchal era, and people were used to the idea that m

36、en were superior to women. Jane Austen's Charlotte was a model of traditional British women. She, 27, was joked about being unmarried and regarded as a burden on her parents. Collins asked her to marry him, and without much consideration, she immediately agreed and happily told her best friend Eliza

37、beth. Elizabeth advised her not to marry Collins. She told Elizabeth to bless her and not condemn her. She knew very well that Collins was an unpleasant, even a little annoying person. Considering her family and age, she chose to agree. Charlotte will not fight for her situation, nor dare she refuse

38、 to marry people she dislikes like Elizabeth. All she can do is to conform to family arrangements and sacrifice her feelings in order to maintain her stable life. 2.3 The emergence of female consciousness and feminism literature. Jane Austen was the first woman to wake up. She studies human natur

39、e from the perspective of "human" rather than "gender". Her works are intended to show the charm of women as "human" with full equality of men. She advocated equality between men and women, believing that women were as intelligent as men, and that women even had more keen observation and judgment th

40、an men. Her heroines no longer appear as vases, but as male protagonists in traditional literature, they are the embodiment of reason, virtue and wisdom. They represent the sensitive and thoughtful young generation of women as independent individuals, who have gone through a process from imperfectio

41、n to perfection. Elizabeth in Pride and Prejudice is the most dazzling female image created by Austin. Her appearance, temperament and manners are not the best, but the arrogant Darcy has a special love for her, because she has an irresistible personality charm. This kind of personality charm comes

42、from her maintenance of her dignity, Judging from her real talent, and from her wisdom and generosity. This image breaks the stereotype that women are inherently mentally inferior. Austin regards women who have been marginalized for a long time as a restrictive narrative angle from the omniscient

43、perspective, which awakens women's subjective consciousness which has been sleeping for a long time. Thus, Austin makes the subjective consciousness of British women's literature manifested half a century ahead of time. If Jane Austen's works push women to the center of the literary world, the sub

44、sequent works of the Bronte sisters have become milestones in the history of English literature. The Bronte sisters first raised the issue of women's independent personality, and pointed out that independent personality is based on economic independence. Their works penetrate into women's inner worl

45、d and highlight the beautiful personality of women's self-esteem and self-respect. Therefore, their works announce the real awakening of women's consciousness. 3. Austen’s female consciousness in Pride and Prejudice. Mr. Bennet earns 2,000 pounds a year, Bentley has 5,000 pounds a year, and Darcy

46、 exaggerates that he owns 10,000 pounds a year. His sister Georgiana also has a dowry of 30,000 pounds... Nevertheless, Jane herself is not very optimistic about those marriages which only depend on money. In the author's view, love is the cornerstone of building a happy and stable marriage relation

47、ship. She pinned her feminist ideas on describing Elizabeth as a nearly perfect person in order to promote the charm of women and advocate the independent choice of marriage. 3.1 The consciousness of freedom. Jane Austen advocates freedom of marriage. Women also have the right to choose independe

48、ntly. Women can choose the love they want from their hearts. When Collins proposed to Elizabeth, Elizabeth refused for the first time. Collins thought she was pretending to be reserved. When she refused for the second time, Collins clearly told her the pros and cons. Elizabeth still chose to refuse

49、because she knew she would be unhappy to marry Collins. She thought she had the right to refuse. Austin's support for Elizabeth's pursuit of freedom rests on her characters. Her father always supported her choice. Elizabeth refused Collins. He supported her. When she decided to marry Mr. Darcy, whom

50、 everyone didn't like very much, he thought he would support her as long as she was the one she really liked. 3.1.1 Independent consciousness. Austin herself is unmarried for life, and she is a good example of independence. She immersed herself in her creative world, did not come out of the world

51、, and did not cater to others for marriage. Charlotte's 27-year-old unmarried was mocked. She was eager to marry herself out and hastily agreed to Collins's proposal. When she told Elizabeth, Elizabeth was puzzled. In her mind, she would not cater to others because of the economy. When she learned t

52、hat her daughter could not inherit property, people was thinking about how to marry the rich. Elizabeth's mother was even more anxious for her sisters. She believed that only her daughter married the rich would have a future. Elizabeth was independent of thought and did not please Mr. Darcy. When Mr

53、. Darcy proposed to her, she refused. At that time, people thought it was an amazing thing, because everyone would like to marry a very rich person, but she was different. When the misunderstanding was resolved, Elizabeth told her father that she was sure she was going to marry Mr. Darcy and that sh

54、e wanted to be able to decide her own marriage independently. 3.1.2 Equal consciousness. The key to equality between parents and children is mutual respect. In Pride and Prejudice, when Elizabeth rejects Collins's proposal, Mrs. Bennet swears. In her opinion, Elizabeth refuses her leisure and sup

55、erior life in the future, does not consider the life security of her sisters, nor does she consider for her parents. When Elizabeth ran out of the fence, Mrs. Bennet chased her away, trying to change her mind and marry Collins. Then he pulled Mr. Bennet into it and vowed never to let this son marr

56、y Collins if she refused to accept her proposal. Mr. Bennet was much wiser than his wife. He knew his daughter did not love Collins and did not want to force her. Only by respecting Elizabeth's ideas, could he keep Mr. Bennet's position in Elizabeth's heart lofty and noble. But Mrs. Bennet's thought

57、s and mentality of the small citizens can only make her daughter dissatisfied. 3.1.3 Intelligent consciousness. Although Jane Austen was not formally educated, her family conditions made her brilliant since childhood. She learned a lot from her father. She began to write at an early age. Her own

58、thirst for knowledge is obvious. In pride and prejudice, people who love reading and have their own ideas are often liked. Elizabeth was smart, read-loving, and had her own ideas. Unlike other women at that time, she practiced her talent for acting and was keen to buy fashionable clothes in order to

59、 meet the demands of men for ladies, but did not pay attention to her inner richness. 3.2 Rebellious consciousness. Austin is also a woman who yearns for love. In her eyes, love is a force that can give people courage to fight against the world. In pride and prejudice, Jane and Mr. Bingley are so,

60、 so is Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy's love. Jane has endured the outside world's view of her silly dreams, breaking through her own reserve. Mr. Bingley insisted on his own voice and bravely expressed to Mr. Darcy. Elizabeth put aside her prejudice against Mr. Darcy, and Mr. Darcy disregarded the opposit

61、ion of his family and the world. From Jane Austen's attitude toward love, we can see that Austen encourages women to resist for their love instead of obeying blindly. 3.3 Marriage consciousness. No matter what age, no matter when, we all agree that love should be built on material basis, but not e

62、veryone regards self-esteem and mutual respect as the basis of constructing love. In Pride and Prejudice, whether Elizabeth and Darcy or Jane and Bingley, in all marriages, a man must be the one who has property. Only this love and combination can win the final happy ending. It is not said that only

63、 love but no bread marriage can make people envy and yearn. It seems that love cannot be happy without material foundation. In fact, Jane Austen is very rational, Elizabeth is her incarnation, but she is rational and has a dream, she will not compromise marriage, in other words, all women will have

64、expectations of their marriage, realistic or unrealistic, and ultimately most people have adopted a compromise or partial compromise attitude to marriage, because they see the reality is endless. Sure enough, but in order to survive, they chose to marry someone they didn't love, which is the differe

65、nce between Jane Austen and Charlotte. Whether in Britain or in China, the traditional patriarchal ideology is no different. The law allows men to marry two or more wives unconditionally under certain conditions. In the family system, the principle of inheritance between father and son under the pat

66、riarchal system has never wavered. It is only the difference in the distribution of inheritance status and property between descendants and other sons. 4. Male Images. Male-centered social values tend to think that men are better than women, which has also become a reason for men to imprison women, suppress women, and combat women's self-confidence. However, in Pride and Prejudice, it is women who shine brilliantly. Men are not brilliant, and most of them are poor-quality, foolish and cowardly