潞安司馬礦井1.8Mta的新井設(shè)計含5張CAD圖-采礦工程.zip

潞安司馬礦井1.8Mta的新井設(shè)計含5張CAD圖-采礦工程.zip,司馬,礦井,1.8,Mta,設(shè)計,CAD,采礦工程 英文原文A New Mode of Coal Mining Under Buildings with Paste-Like Backfill TechnologyCUI Jian-qiang ,SUN Heng-hu , HUANG Yu-cheng(School of Resources and Safety Engineering,CUMT,Beijing 100083,China)ABSTRACT:The formation of the paste-like backfill technology was introduced briefly in this paper,from the actual cases of coal mines,a new mode of coal mining under buildings with the technology was proposed,and its specificity was analyzed,and a further introduction to the full-sand-soil solidifying material was given.The main parts of the backfill system,such as the backfill preparation system,the pipeline transportation system,the backfill systems in fully mechanized mining faces and the backfill process,were presented emphatically.KEYWORDS: mining under buildings;paste-like backfill;full-sand-soil solidifying material1 IntroductionWith the rapid increase of the demand of social and economic development,the conflict between coal shortage and economic development is becoming more and more conspicuous.More attention has been paid on coal mining technology under buildings.The present coal mining technology under buildings can not be widely applied for its some shortages ,such as the poor effect of surface subsidence and deformation cont rolling ,the serious pollution of underground operation environment and the low recovery of resources.Paste-like backfill technology has outstanding advantages,such as the wide supply of backfill materials,the low cost of backfilling,the easy preparation of slurry and the high strength of backfill body.It can control surface subsidence and deformation effectively,gain a high recovery,and does not pollute underground operation environment.Using the new mode,harmless and non-pollution mining under buildings can be realized.2 Proposal and Specificity of the New ModeIn all the modes of coal mining under buildings backfill mining is the most effective in the control of surface subsidence and deformation and the recovery of coal.The density of backfill body and its subsidence contraction influence the movement and deformation of surface and surrounding rock directly.The solidifying backfill mining technology has been widely applied in royal and nonferrous mines,for its backfill body has the following advantages such as high density,little subsidence contraction,and enough strength and stiffness.With the development of modern science and technology,the solidifying backfill mining technology has been improved and developed greatly. Based on the development trend of solidifying backfill technology,Professor SUN Heng-hu proposed a new mode referred to as paste-like solidifying backfill.The new modes specificity is that it has not only the advantages of both hydraulic backfill and paste backfill,such as the good slurry fluidity and the easy pipeline gravity transportation for the former,and the great backfill body strength and the non-or little dehydrating for the later. The traditional binder cement has the poor capability of fine particles solidifying.When the density of backfill slurry is lower than that of paste,the slurry is easy to transport through pipelines by gravity,which will result in the loss of fine particles (including cement particles) in the dehydrating process.So the subsidence contraction of it s backfill body increases and the strength decreases,which leads to the loss of binder and the serious pollution of underground operation sites.When the density of backfill slurry is close to that of paste,it s fluidity becomes poor and difficult to transport.Therefore,the key to the realization of paste-like backfill mode is to research and develop a new kind of binder.It is necessary for this binder to have the capability of solidifying fine particles and for it s backfill body to meet the need of strength.Meanwhile,it must have a wide range of backfill materials and a lower backfill cost.The research group leaded by Professor SUN Heng-hu has developed a new generation binder, full-sand-soil solidifying material.With the new solidifying material, the paste-like backfill mode is forming gradually, which absorbs the advantages of the modern solidifying backfill and spurns it s disadvantages. Based on the knowledge of solidifying backfill engineering practice, the actual situation of coal mines and the paste-like backfill technology, a new mode of coal mining under buildings is set up. So this new mode and it s system design have both something similar to the solidifying backfill technology in metal mines and it s own characteristics.（1）Backfill material: The newly developed full-sand-soil material is adopted as binder, and debris(waste from coal mines) and flyash (waste from steam electric plants) are used as aggregate（2）Backfill area: Coal deposit s takes the shape of seams, most of which have a low angle, so the area to backfill is great and backfill slurry have to be transported farther. Compared with metal deposits normally taking the shape of block orvein, the ratio of total length to height difference is larger（3）Backfill capacity: Generally, fully-mechanized working faces in a coal mine has a larger productivity than a metal mine. So, a larger backfill capacity of the backfill system is needed.（4）Selection of backfill preparation station sites : The backfill system must meet the demand of the ratio of total length to height difference of paste-like slurry transportation. Moreover, the transportation of backfill materials on the earths surface must be taken into account so as to lower the backfill cost farthest, for the backfill amount is great.（5）Coordination: To assure the production of fully-mechanized working faces and the quality of backfill body, the processes of mining and backfill must be coordinated well. By now, there is no relative engineering experience.3 The New Mining Mode Under Buildings and Its System Layout3.1Full-sand-soil solidifying materialThe full-sand-soil solidifying material is a kind of powder made of some industrial waste, such as blasting-furnace slag, smelter slag, and proper portion of natural minerals and chemical catalysts through milling and mixing. It has a powerful capability of solidifying sandy soil and industrial waste (such as tailings) containing a high percentage of clay. Hence comes it s name full-sand-soil solidifying material, called full-sand-soil material for short .Compared with Portland cement, the full-sand-soil material has it s own specificity in the respects of technological property,production process and engineering applications. It has a super quality of solidifying fine particles. Under the condition of equal dosage, its strength is 2-3 times that of cement. Under the same strength demand, it s dosage is less than half that of cement. Compared with regular cement, its early strength is high , and 7-day，s strength and 282 days strength can reach that of 425 # and 525 # cement standards, respectively. The process of producing the full-sand-soil material is to ”engulf ”a large amount of industrial waste , and to produce super binder with good property and wide uses at a low price. It s production cost is low, approximately 200 yuan per ton. Therefor, the full-and-soil material will not only find wide applications in mining, communication, construction, water conservancy and oil projects , but carve out a completely new way to reutilize industrial waste.3.2The system layout of paste-like backfill mining under buildings3.2.1Backfill preparation station system（1）Location selectionDistinguished from paste backfill, one of the specificity of the paste-like backfill is that the fluidity of it s slurry is excellent. Without or with a little transportation pressure, its slurry can be transported to backfill sites. For this reason, when the location of a backfill preparation station is selected, the demand for the ratio of total length to height difference should be met firstly so that the paste-like backfill slurry flow by gravity can be ensured. Secondly, the transportation work of a backfill materials on the earths surface should be minimized furthest. The capacity of a backfill preparation station should be about 2. 0 times that of the backfill mining face.Since a coal face usually has a large productivity per year, so lowering the backfill material transportation cost will be of outstanding sense.（2）Layout of a backfill preparation stationBased on the capacity of a backfill preparation station, the specificity of backfill materials and the practical experience of solidifying backfill mining in metal mines, it is more suitable for a backfill preparation station to adopt a two-step mixing system , i.e. , the first step mixing drum prepares mortar ,made from debris , fly ash and water , with a density about 73 %; and the two second step mixing drum prepares paste-like backfill slurry with a density about 75 % made from the full-sand-soil material and the mortar produced by the first step mixing drum.To ensure the reliable operation of a backfill preparation station, two mixing drums are set for each step. When one of the two first-step mixing drums is working normally, the other is alternate .Both of the two second-step mixing drums are working normally at the same time. When something is wrong with one of the second-step mixing drums,the other can produce backfill slurry by itself . The advantage of the layout is that when one of the mixing drums has something wrong , the production of slurry does not be influenced so as to ensure the continuity of the backfill process.3.2.2The pipeline transportation system of paste-like backfill slurryFirstly, the layout of the pipeline transportation system must meet the demand for the backfill capacity and make the backfill operation be high quality, efficient, safe and economic. It is not permitted for the backfill pipeline to be laid upward. Meanwhile too many turns should be avoided so as not to result in the natural pressure loss of backfill slurry and pipeline blocking. The pipeline to underground should be laid in the auxiliary shaft or air shaft as far as possible. Utilizing the existent shafts,roadways and ground installation can decrease the backfill pipeline laying cost and also make the pipeline conveniently inspected and repaired. The backfill pipeline layout in a coal mine can be seen in Fig. 1. It s backfill pipeline is laid through a backfill borehole, auxiliary shaft , main entry , return dip ,tail-entry to the backfill site.Fig. 1 Backfill pipeline layout at the beginning period1.Backfill preparation station; 2. Town buildings; 3. No. 6 shaft;4. Filling pipe 5.Entry at - 570m level; 6. Entry at - 710m level;7. Return dip; 8.Transportation dip; 9. Tail-entry;10. Fully2mechanized mining face; 11. Head2entryFrom the pipeline layout in Fig. 1, the actual ratio of total length to height difference can be calculated by the following formula:N = L / Hwhere N is the ratio of total length to height difference, L is length of the backfill pipeline, L = | AB|+ | BC| + | CD | + | DE| + | EF| in m , and H stands for the height difference between the slurry entrance on the earths surface and the slurry exit at the underground backfill site , H = the height of point A - the height of point F in m.On the basis of the laboratory research on the paste-like slurry flow specificity and the similar engineering experience of metal mines , N = 326 is the most suitable value for the paste-like slurry to be transported through a pipeline by natural pressure.3.2.3Backfill system in fully2mechanized working facesThe gob resulted from backfill mining is filled with backfill materials tightly. In the process of deformation with surrounding rock, the backfill body with certain strength and stiffness increases the capacity of surrounding rock effectively and gives someload-bearing capacity towards roof strata gradually.A reasonable roof2cont rolling area can be obtained from a site test and the strata control theory so as to ensure the safety of backfill operation. Thus along the working face a row of hydraulic props should be set in the gob behind powered supports. The distances between hydraulic props and between hydraulic prop row and powered supports , and the width of each backfill strip can be obtained through-numerical simulation and in-situ test s on the basis of roof stability , mining depth , tectonic stress and soon. Thus, a backfill road is formed between hydraulic props and powered supports. Flexible shuttering is set up along a side of the gob against hydraulic props to support backfill slurry and filter water. It s layout can be seen in Fig. 2. The backfill systems advantages are that mining and backfill processes are independent of each other , it s large filtering area is good for the increasing backfill bodys early strength , and the filtered water can flow to the head-entry directly and not result in polluting of the working face.Fig. 2 Backfill pipeline layout at the beginning period1.Head-entry; 2. Tail-entry; 3. Powered support;4. Hydraulic prop; 5. Flexible shuttering; 6.Backfill road;7. Preparatory backfill strip; 8. Complete backfill strip3.2.4The process of backfill technology(1)Preparation processThe preparation process of backfilling includes sealing of the flexible shuttering, linking of the backfill pipes, communicating between the backfill site and the backfill preparation station, cleaning up of the head-entry drainage ditch and so on.(2)Backfill processWhen the preparation operation is accomplished, the backfill preparation station begins the backfill operation. Firstly, the backfill pipes is washed by using clean water and the pipeline is inspected to determine whether it leaks or not. If all is OK, then slurry is transported down through the pipeline. In order to prevent the washing water from flowing into the gob , a valve should be set up before the pipeline is laid to the backfill site. By this way, the clean water resulted from the pipeline washing may be drained to the head-entry ditch directly.Backfill workers operate at the T junction of the tail-entry when backfill begins. Attention should be paid intently on backfill operation. When abnormal cases occur, relative measures should be taken at once.While the gob is being filled with slurry during the backfill period, little water can be dehydrated from the seams or the flexible shuttering and is drained to the head-entry, which prevent s it from flowing to the working face and causing pollution to the operation environment.(3)Closing processWhen backfill slurry reaches at the predate rmined position, the backfill preparation station stops producing slurry. To prevent the backfill slurry from detaining and solidifying in the pipes to block the filling pipe or make it s radius decrease, the backfill pipeline is washed using clean water for a further use when there is no slurry flowing out at the end of the backfill pipeline.4 The Estimation of Surface SubsidenceProbability integration is the traditional method to estimate surface subsidence resulted from coal mining under buildings. Take the feasibility research on one coal mines paste-like backfill mining under buildings as an example. The calculation scope is the full subsidence area. Based on the mining areas empirical values of the parameters for the probability integration, surface subsidence is estimatedIt s mining depths are 971, 1241 and 701 m in trend direction of the main section, at the lower boundary and at the upper boundary, respectively. The seam thickness, including 5 coal seams, is 10.6m, and the average seam dip is 21. According to the relevant literatures on solidifying backfill technology, subsidence coefficient q=0.020.05,tangent of the main influence angle , taken by medium stable strata , tan= 1. 7 and horizontal moving coefficient b = 0. 3. The calculation results are listed in Table 1.Table 1 The estimation of surface subsidence induced paste-likebackfill mining under buildings in a coal mineFrom Table 1, both surface movement and deformation values are smaller than the deformation standards of No. 1 protection regulation for masonry structure buildings in China, that is , max dipping coefficient i3. 0mm/ m , max curvature K0. 210 - 3/ m , max horizontal deformation 2. 0mm/ m.5 ConclusionsBased on the existent backfill modes and the trend of modern backfill development, a new backfill mode, paste-like backfill technology, is put forward. It s binder has good quality and low price, and it can also reutilize a large amount of industrial waste. These advantages will make the backfill cost decrease greatly. Consequently, the paste-like backfill mode will carve out a new way for coal mining under buildings. With the paste-like backfill technology, the new mode of coal mining under buildings will certainly find application in solving the environment pollution resulted from debris and flyash, and recover a large amount of coal under buildings. Therefore, to the sustainable development of Chinese coal mining, the new mode will have a great and far-reaching strategy meaning.References1Sun Wenbiao, Sun Henghu, Zhao Longsheng, et al. Study on backfilling material by using sialitefor coal mining safety and environment protectionA.Progress in Safety Science and Technology.Beijing: Science Press, 20052Qian Ming-gao, XU Jia-ling, Miao Xie-xing. Green technology in coal mining J.Journal of China University of Mining & Technology, 20033Hu Hua, Sun Heng-hu. Development of backfill technology and the new backfill process usingpaste-like material J. China Mining, 2001,4Sun Heng-hu, Li Huajian, Li Yu. Establishment of silica-alumina based cementitious systemSialite. Rare metal materials and engineering 2004中文譯文建筑物下似膏體充填開采新工藝的探討崔建強，孫恒虎，黃玉成中國礦業(yè)大學(xué)，能源與安全學(xué)院，中國，北京100083摘要:在這篇文章中簡略的介紹了似膏體充填技術(shù)，從采煤實例中提出了在建筑物下采煤的新模式，并從分析其特征，進(jìn)一步介紹了砂土固化材料，并著重介紹了該項似膏體充填模式的的主要系統(tǒng)：如充填準(zhǔn)備系統(tǒng)、管線運輸系統(tǒng)、綜采工作面充填系統(tǒng)、充填步驟。關(guān)鍵詞：建筑物下采煤，似膏體充填料，砂土固化材料1簡介隨著社會和經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的要求，煤炭資源短缺和經(jīng)濟快速增長之間的沖突越來越顯而易見。建筑物下采煤技術(shù)得到了更多的關(guān)注，眼下建筑物下采煤技術(shù)得不到廣泛的應(yīng)用，是因為它有一些缺陷，比產(chǎn)生如地表沉陷與不斷變形、地下運行環(huán)境污染嚴(yán)重和地下資源回收率極低等負(fù)面影響。似膏體充填技術(shù)具有杰出的有利條件，如廣泛的充填材料來源，成本低、容易制備充填漿體和充填體強度較高。它可以很好的控制地面沉降和有效變形，獲得較高的回收率，不污染地下水運行環(huán)境。使用這個新技術(shù)，無害的無污染的建筑物下采煤可以被實現(xiàn)的。2新模式的提出和特點在所有的建筑物下采煤方法中，充填采煤是控制地表下沉和變形、提高回采率最有效的方法。充填體的密度及其沉淀收縮率的大小直接影響著圍巖與地表的移動和變形。固體充填技術(shù)曾廣泛應(yīng)用于有價值高有色金屬礦山，因為充填體有以下特征，比如高密度、小沉淀收縮率和足夠的強度和硬度。隨著現(xiàn)代科學(xué)和技術(shù)的發(fā)展，固體充填采礦技術(shù)得以很大的改進(jìn)和提高。在固體充填技術(shù)發(fā)展趨勢的基礎(chǔ)上，孫恒虎教授提出了一種類似于膏體固體充填的新方法，這種新方法的特點不僅是充填漿體流動性好，易于實現(xiàn)管道的自流運輸，而且對于早期來說，充填強度高，晚期沒有或只有很小的可能致使脫水喪失充填能力。傳統(tǒng)的粘合劑水泥膠結(jié)細(xì)顆粒能力較差。充填漿體的密度低于膏體密度時，在自重應(yīng)力作用下，充填漿體很容易隨著管道流動，這將造成充填材料中的細(xì)粒級顆粒(包括水泥顆粒)在脫水過程中流失，充填體的沉縮率增大和強度降低，這會導(dǎo)致粘合劑流失與地下操作場所的污染。當(dāng)充填漿體密度與膏體密度相似時，它的流動性又使其運輸變得困難。所以，似膏體充填新模式的實現(xiàn)是要研究和發(fā)展出一種新的粘合劑。對于這種粘合劑來說，既要具備膠結(jié)細(xì)顆粒的能力，又要使充填體達(dá)到需要的強度，同時，還必須有一個廣泛的充填材料來源和一個低的充填成本。由孫恒虎教授領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的研究小組已經(jīng)研制出新一代的粘結(jié)劑，砂土固化劑。伴隨著這個新的固體材料的產(chǎn)生，似膏體充填模式逐漸形成，這種方式吸收了傳統(tǒng)固體充填的優(yōu)點，并屏棄了它的缺點。在以膏體充填為基準(zhǔn)，結(jié)合煤礦實際情況的基礎(chǔ)上，建立了一個建筑物采煤的新模式。這種新模式和其系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計和金屬礦山充填采礦有很多相似，但又有其自身的特點。主要表現(xiàn)在：（1）充填材料:新發(fā)展的全砂土固化材料被當(dāng)著粘合劑使用，煤矸石（來自采煤）和粉煤灰（來自發(fā)電廠）當(dāng)著骨料用。（2）充填范圍：煤炭以層狀賦存，大多數(shù)傾角都很小，所以充填地方比較大且充填料漿需要輸送很長的距離，與呈塊狀或脈沖狀的金屬礦床相比，充填路線大。（3）充填能力：一般的，煤礦綜采工作面的生產(chǎn)能力大于金屬礦山。因此一個大容量的充填系統(tǒng)是必要的。（4）充填位置選擇：充填系統(tǒng)必須達(dá)到不同膏體充填運輸總長度與高度的比例。更要綜合考慮充填原料在地上的運輸，盡量降低運輸成本。（5）協(xié)調(diào):確保綜采面的生產(chǎn)能力和充填質(zhì)量，采煤程序和充填必須相協(xié)調(diào)。到目前為止，沒有相關(guān)的歷史工程經(jīng)驗。3建筑物下開采新工藝及系統(tǒng)布置3.1全砂土固化材料全砂土固結(jié)材料是由一些工業(yè)廢料制成的粉末，比如爐渣、冶煉渣、自然礦物質(zhì)加入一些化學(xué)催化劑磨成粉末混合而成。它有很強的能力將砂土和工業(yè)廢料（比如尾砂）以一個很高的百分率膠結(jié)在一起，因此叫做全砂土固化材料，簡稱全砂土材料。與波特蘭水泥相比，全砂土材料在生產(chǎn)成本、生產(chǎn)程序和工程應(yīng)用都有自身的特點。它在膠結(jié)細(xì)粒上有一個極好的質(zhì)量。在同等劑量的條件下，它的強度是2-3倍于其他水泥。在同等強度要求下，它的劑量比其他水泥少一半不止。與普通水泥相比，其7天早期強度達(dá)到425水泥標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，28天強度可以達(dá)到525水泥標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。全砂土固化材料的生產(chǎn)過程是“吞沒”了大量的工業(yè)廢物，以低的價格生產(chǎn)出極好性能和廣泛應(yīng)用的超級粘合劑。它的生產(chǎn)成本很低，近似于每噸200元。因此，全砂土材料不僅可以廣泛應(yīng)用在采礦、通訊、建筑、水利工程和石油工程，而且開拓出一個全新的方式再利用工業(yè)廢料。3.2建筑物下開采似膏體充填系統(tǒng)3.2.1充填制備站系統(tǒng)(1)位置的選擇:似膏體充填區(qū)別于膏體充填的特點之一就是料漿的流動性好，不需要或者只需要一點壓力即可到達(dá)充填地點。由于這個原因，當(dāng)一個充填準(zhǔn)備站的位置被選中以后，充填總長度與高度的比值需滿足似膏體自流的要求；其次地面充填材料的運輸距離必須盡可能的短。充填準(zhǔn)備站的能力必須是需充填開采工作面生產(chǎn)能力約2倍。由于綜采工作面年產(chǎn)量大，所以降低地面充填