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【五層】5000平米左右框架結(jié)構(gòu)大學(xué)教學(xué)樓(開題報(bào)告、任務(wù)書、計(jì)算書、設(shè)計(jì)圖),【溫馨提示】壓縮包內(nèi)含CAD圖有預(yù)覽點(diǎn)開可看。打包內(nèi)容里dwg后綴的文件為CAD圖,可編輯,無(wú)水印,高清圖,壓縮包內(nèi)文檔可直接點(diǎn)開預(yù)覽,需要原稿請(qǐng)自助充值下載,所見才能所得,請(qǐng)細(xì)心查看有疑問可以咨詢QQ:11970985或197216396
xx科技學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)任務(wù)書 工 學(xué)院 建筑 系 土木工程 專業(yè) 09 級(jí) 3 班學(xué)號(hào) 學(xué)生 指導(dǎo)教師 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)題目 鄭州大學(xué)機(jī)械工程學(xué)院教學(xué)樓方案(一) 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)工作內(nèi)容與基本要求(目標(biāo)、任務(wù)、途徑、方法,應(yīng)掌握的原始資料(數(shù)據(jù))、參考資料(文獻(xiàn))以及設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)要求、注意事項(xiàng)等)(紙張不夠可加頁(yè))一、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo):在教師的指導(dǎo)下,通過(guò)獨(dú)立完成教學(xué)樓項(xiàng)目的設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù),使學(xué)生加深對(duì)所學(xué)專業(yè)課程的基本理論、知識(shí)和技能的理解,并能夠綜合運(yùn)用這些理論、知識(shí)和技能解決設(shè)計(jì)中出現(xiàn)的工程問題,培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的綜合分析能力和創(chuàng)新意識(shí),加強(qiáng)對(duì)學(xué)生計(jì)算、繪圖、編寫設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書和表達(dá)設(shè)計(jì)意圖能力的訓(xùn)練,為學(xué)生畢業(yè)后走向社會(huì),更好的適應(yīng)人才需求結(jié)構(gòu)的變化、適應(yīng)社會(huì)的發(fā)展打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。 二、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)、途徑、方法、應(yīng)掌握的原始資料(數(shù)據(jù))、參考資料以及設(shè)計(jì)要求等: 第一部分:調(diào)研收集資料 1、通過(guò)對(duì)已建的教學(xué)樓的參觀調(diào)研,了解:(1)教學(xué)樓的平面形狀、單元組成、功能分區(qū);(2)主次出入口的安排及周圍道路、建筑的關(guān)系;(3)主門廳的功能,樓梯、電梯在門廳中的位置及人流組織,門廳大小、空間高度及藝術(shù)處理;(4)教學(xué)樓房間的開間、進(jìn)深尺寸,階梯教室或大空間房屋與其它房間的關(guān)系和處理;(5)外墻與柱子的關(guān)系、定位軸線;(6)衛(wèi)生間、洗手間的一般設(shè)計(jì)要求;(7)在平面上其它功能(如消防、配電等設(shè)施)的布置;(8)建筑物的立面色彩處理、室內(nèi)外裝修及所采用的新材料、新技術(shù);(9)立面的表現(xiàn)對(duì)建筑物的影響;(10)檐口形式、屋面排水組織形式及設(shè)計(jì);(11)剖面空間組合、凈空高度和層高的確定,室內(nèi)外高差等。 2、通過(guò)對(duì)在建的建筑物進(jìn)行調(diào)研參觀及查看設(shè)計(jì)階段的施工圖紙,了解:(1)一般教學(xué)樓,可采用哪幾種結(jié)構(gòu)形式,各有何優(yōu)缺點(diǎn);(2)階梯教室或大空間房間的結(jié)構(gòu)布置與設(shè)計(jì);(3)框架結(jié)構(gòu)的形式有哪幾種,各有何優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),在實(shí)際設(shè)計(jì)中應(yīng)根據(jù)什么條件選擇框架的結(jié)構(gòu)形式;(4)基礎(chǔ)有哪些形式,在實(shí)際設(shè)計(jì)中應(yīng)如何選擇基礎(chǔ)的形式,基礎(chǔ)的配筋及構(gòu)造;(5)結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件的連接,框架節(jié)點(diǎn)處理;(6)樓梯形式及電梯井做法;(7)變形縫的形式、做法及處理;(8)框架結(jié)構(gòu)及框-剪結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)力計(jì)算可采用哪幾種方法,各有何簡(jiǎn)化假定,在實(shí)際設(shè)計(jì)中如何考慮房屋側(cè)移計(jì)算;(9)如何寫建筑設(shè)計(jì)和結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明;(10)一套完整的結(jié)構(gòu)施工圖有哪些圖紙組成,它們是怎樣編排的,主要圖紙繪制時(shí)要達(dá)到什么深度;(11)施工方法對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)有哪些影響和要求。 3、訪問有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的設(shè)計(jì)工程師,了解建筑常用的計(jì)算方法與電算程序等。 第二部分:建筑設(shè)計(jì) 1、題目及要求 (1)工程名稱:鄭州大學(xué)機(jī)械工程學(xué)院教學(xué)樓 (2)工程地點(diǎn):鄭州高新技術(shù)開發(fā)區(qū)新鄭州大學(xué)院內(nèi),擬建位置詳見附圖。 (3)面積與層數(shù):總建筑面積5000m2左右;層數(shù)主體4層,局部可為5層,層高3.63.9m,底層門廳可為4.2m,階梯教室層高4.8m。 (4)結(jié)構(gòu)形式:框架結(jié)構(gòu)。 (5)功能要求:建筑布置主要有由教室、教研室和實(shí)驗(yàn)室等組成,具體要求如下: 1)普通教室:60人標(biāo)準(zhǔn)班若干個(gè)(三開間為一單元); 2)實(shí)驗(yàn)室:以三開間為一單元,設(shè)56個(gè),并設(shè)準(zhǔn)備室(每個(gè)約96m2); 3)多媒體教室:以三開間為一單元,設(shè)23個(gè)(每個(gè)約96m2); 4)階梯教室(兼電教室):200座,設(shè)34個(gè)(約250m2); 5)圖書資料室:12個(gè),每個(gè)約100m2; 6)教研室:二開間為一單元,每層設(shè)34個(gè),單開間為一單元若干個(gè); 7)教師休息室12個(gè); 8)其它:衛(wèi)生間、樓梯間等按有關(guān)規(guī)定計(jì)算其數(shù)量與尺度,并設(shè)底層大廳。 9)屋面為上人屋面。 (6)建筑設(shè)備 1)采用集中供暖; 2)樓內(nèi)要求設(shè)置中開門,可容納14人的交流電梯一部。 (7)建筑標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 1)建筑等級(jí)級(jí); 2)防火等級(jí)級(jí); 3)采光等級(jí)級(jí)。 2、水文、地質(zhì)、氣象條件 (1)所用水文、氣象資料詳見建筑設(shè)計(jì)資料集(第二版); (2)土壤凍結(jié)深度:0.4m; (3)場(chǎng)地地質(zhì)情況、地下水位、抗震設(shè)防烈度:詳結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)部分。 3、嚴(yán)格遵守國(guó)家現(xiàn)行建筑設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范 4、成果要求 根據(jù)任務(wù)書要求進(jìn)行該工程的方案和施工圖設(shè)計(jì),以施工圖設(shè)計(jì)為主。 (1)方案設(shè)計(jì) 1)總平面布置,安排主入口、道路、消防車道及停車場(chǎng)組織,綠化和景點(diǎn)組織等; 2)鉛筆草繪主要平面、立面及剖面,標(biāo)注主要尺寸,比例不小于1:200,圖幅不限。 (2)施工圖設(shè)計(jì) 最好計(jì)算機(jī)繪制,若手繪時(shí)要求用專門繪圖筆,達(dá)到施工圖深度,具體要求如下: 1)底層平面圖1:100或1:150 2)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)層平面圖1:100或1:150 3)頂層平面圖1:100或1:150 4)屋面排水組織設(shè)計(jì)圖1:200(自選) 5)正立面、背立面圖各一個(gè)1:100或1:150,必要時(shí)畫出側(cè)立面圖。 6)剖面圖(要求剖到樓梯)1:100 7)詳圖23個(gè),墻身剖面圖,包括檐口詳圖,樓梯平面圖等1:15或1:20 8)門窗表,并簡(jiǎn)要說(shuō)明主要的建筑構(gòu)造用料做法,如地面、樓面、內(nèi)墻、頂棚、外墻、屋面、散水、臺(tái)階、坡道等; 9)建筑設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書:簡(jiǎn)要的建筑設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明,如建筑性質(zhì)、設(shè)計(jì)依據(jù)、建筑概況、建筑高程、總建筑面積、總使用面積、使用面積系數(shù)K值、建筑類別、耐火等級(jí)、抗震設(shè)防烈度、墻體材料及厚度、玻璃厚度及顏色、門窗材料及顏色等。其它需說(shuō)明的內(nèi)容如方案的特點(diǎn)、設(shè)計(jì)構(gòu)思、疏散組織、平面組合、建筑造型處理等。 10)圖紙規(guī)格與數(shù)量:2#或2#加長(zhǎng)圖,圖紙至少7張。圖例表示均按建筑制圖標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制圖,要求線型分明,字體工整(采用用仿宋字)。 5、主要參考資料與文獻(xiàn) (1)建筑構(gòu)造;(2)房屋建筑學(xué);(3)建筑制圖標(biāo)準(zhǔn);(4)房屋建筑制圖統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn);(5)高層民用建筑設(shè)計(jì)防火規(guī)范;(6)建筑設(shè)計(jì)資料集第二版;(7)中南地區(qū)通用建筑設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)圖集;8、教學(xué)建筑設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范;9、民用建筑設(shè)計(jì)通則;10、其它有關(guān)的法規(guī)、條例等;(11)土木工程畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)指南。 第三部分:結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 1、設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)資料 (1)所用水文、氣象資料詳見建筑設(shè)計(jì)資料集(第二版); (2)土壤凍結(jié)深度:0.4m; (3)場(chǎng)地地質(zhì)資料:建設(shè)場(chǎng)地地處黃河泛平原區(qū),地貌單元屬黃河沖積平原,地勢(shì)平坦,地面標(biāo)高110m左右,由西南向東北微傾。場(chǎng)地范圍內(nèi)各層土質(zhì)構(gòu)成見附表。 (4)地下水位:勘察期間,在勘探深度15.60m以內(nèi)未見到地下水,由于地下水位埋藏較深設(shè)計(jì)和施工中可不考慮其影響。 (5)抗震設(shè)防烈度:7度。 2、結(jié)構(gòu)方案的選擇 在建筑方案的基礎(chǔ)上,根據(jù)用途、高度、抗震設(shè)防烈度選擇結(jié)構(gòu)方案。 (1)確定結(jié)構(gòu)承重體系(框架結(jié)構(gòu)、框-剪結(jié)構(gòu)、混合結(jié)構(gòu))。 (2)確定結(jié)構(gòu)施工方案(現(xiàn)澆式、裝配式、裝配整體式)。 (3)確定柱網(wǎng)尺寸,進(jìn)行梁、板、墻等結(jié)構(gòu)平面布置(包含變形縫的劃分)。 (4)根據(jù)地質(zhì)資料及上部結(jié)構(gòu)形式,確定基礎(chǔ)形式、埋深。 (5)進(jìn)行初步估算,確定結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件尺寸。 3、結(jié)構(gòu)計(jì)算,每人選一榀框架計(jì)算 (1)確定框架計(jì)算簡(jiǎn)圖。 (2)荷載計(jì)算:注意傳力正確,防止少算和漏算。 (3)豎向荷載作用下的內(nèi)力分析與計(jì)算。 (4)風(fēng)荷載作用下的內(nèi)力分析與計(jì)算。 (5)地震作用計(jì)算。 (6)荷載組合與內(nèi)力組合。 (7)截面設(shè)計(jì)(配筋計(jì)算)、節(jié)點(diǎn)區(qū)設(shè)計(jì)及構(gòu)造設(shè)計(jì)。 (8)電算分析內(nèi)力并與手算結(jié)果對(duì)比。 (9)地基與基礎(chǔ)的設(shè)計(jì)和計(jì)算。 (10)自選構(gòu)件的設(shè)計(jì)和計(jì)算:包括樓梯、雨蓬、井式樓蓋等。 4、繪制施工圖 (1)基礎(chǔ)平面布置圖及配筋圖1:100或1:150、1:20; (2)框架柱配筋圖(平法表示);1:100或1:150; (3)結(jié)構(gòu)平面布置及板配筋圖(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)層)1:100或1:150; (4)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)層框架梁配筋圖(平法表示);1:100或1:150; (5)自選構(gòu)件施工圖,如樓梯等。 圖紙數(shù)量:圖紙規(guī)格與數(shù)量:2#或2#加長(zhǎng)圖,圖紙至少5張。按照建筑結(jié)構(gòu)制圖標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(GB/T 501052001)用計(jì)算機(jī)或手工繪制,手工繪制時(shí)要求用專門繪圖筆。 5、整理設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明和計(jì)算書(1)內(nèi)容包括:結(jié)構(gòu)方案選擇的依據(jù)、結(jié)構(gòu)布置說(shuō)明,結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的全過(guò)程,包括計(jì)算單元、計(jì)算簡(jiǎn)圖、荷載計(jì)算、內(nèi)力計(jì)算、內(nèi)力組合、截面設(shè)計(jì)及基礎(chǔ)、樓梯等自選構(gòu)件的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算等。 (2)要求:內(nèi)容完整,條理分明,計(jì)算準(zhǔn)確,圖示清楚,字跡工整,裝訂整齊。一律用鋼筆書寫或計(jì)算機(jī)打印,計(jì)算書要有前言和目錄等。 6、參考資料與文獻(xiàn)(1)教材:鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)、結(jié)構(gòu)力學(xué)、土力學(xué)地基與基礎(chǔ)、多層與高層結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)、建筑結(jié)構(gòu)抗震設(shè)計(jì)、建筑制圖及PK, PM軟件使用說(shuō)明等; (2) 各類規(guī)范及制圖標(biāo)準(zhǔn):建筑結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)GB50068-2001、建筑結(jié)構(gòu)荷載規(guī)范GB50009-2001、混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范GB50010-2010、建筑抗震設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范GB50011-2010、建筑地基基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范GB50007-2011、砌體結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范GB50003-2011 、高層建筑混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)技術(shù)規(guī)程JGJ3-2002、02系列結(jié)構(gòu)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)計(jì)圖集等;(3)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè):工民建專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)、建筑結(jié)構(gòu)靜力計(jì)算手冊(cè)、建筑結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)綜合手冊(cè)、混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)造手冊(cè)等; (4)建筑構(gòu)件通用圖集及中南地區(qū)通用建筑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)計(jì)圖集 第四部分:畢業(yè)答辯 1、答辯準(zhǔn)備: (1)校對(duì)圖紙并修改。 (2)設(shè)計(jì)成果: 2#或2#加長(zhǎng)施工圖12張以上、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書1份(包括建筑部分和結(jié)構(gòu)部分,一萬(wàn)字左右)。 2、答辯內(nèi)容:設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)用知識(shí)及大學(xué)所學(xué)課程內(nèi)容,以設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)用知識(shí)為主。 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)時(shí)間: 2013 年 月 日至 2013 年 月 日計(jì) 劃 答 辯 時(shí) 間: 2013 年 月 日工作任務(wù)與工作量要求:原則上查閱文獻(xiàn)資料不少于12篇,其中外文資料不少于2篇;文獻(xiàn)綜述不少于3000字;文獻(xiàn)翻譯不少于3000字;畢業(yè)論文1篇不少于10000字,理工科類論文或設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書不少于8000字(同時(shí)提交有關(guān)圖紙和附件)。 提交相關(guān)圖紙、實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告、調(diào)研報(bào)告、譯文等其它形式的成果。畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)撰寫規(guī)范及有關(guān)要求,請(qǐng)查閱黃河科技學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)指導(dǎo)手冊(cè)。專業(yè)(教研室)審批意見:審批人(簽字):附圖:鄭州大學(xué)機(jī)械工程學(xué)院教學(xué)樓建筑場(chǎng)地?cái)M建建筑場(chǎng)地500003000015000希 望 大 道豐收路 90009500020000N附表: 各工程地質(zhì)單元物理力學(xué)性質(zhì)指標(biāo)統(tǒng)計(jì)表fk(kPa)160150135170215205100200220壓縮系數(shù)a0.180.210.160.130.10壓縮模量Es(MPa)6.55.95.78.512.816.511.016.019.0內(nèi)聚力c14.012.016.021.019.5內(nèi)摩摩角15.316.923.220.121.0液性指數(shù)IL0.550.620.400.300.79塑性指數(shù)Ip8.78.87.78.06.8飽和度Sr%8592939491天然孔隙e0.6890.7200.6100.6050.710天然容重kN/m31.931.962.051.981.91天然含水量%21.721.822.324.723.3巖名填土粉土粉土粉土粉土粉土粉細(xì)砂份砂粉細(xì)砂粉細(xì)砂層厚(m)1.12.52.41.82.92.24.83.84.5層 底埋 深(m)1.0-1.23.66.07.7-7.910.712.9-13.017.0-18.521.526.0未揭穿編號(hào)xx科技學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)開題報(bào)告表課題名稱鄭州大學(xué)機(jī)械工程學(xué)院教學(xué)樓方案()課題來(lái)源教師擬定課題類型AY指導(dǎo)教師學(xué)生姓名專 業(yè)土木工程學(xué) 號(hào)一、調(diào)研資料的準(zhǔn)備實(shí)習(xí)結(jié)束回到學(xué)校后,我用大量時(shí)間在學(xué)校圖書館和相關(guān)網(wǎng)站上查閱了大量的有關(guān)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)方面的文獻(xiàn)資料,還實(shí)地參觀調(diào)研了一些已建成的教學(xué)樓,總體上收集了多方面的設(shè)計(jì)資料,來(lái)認(rèn)真準(zhǔn)備做好這次的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)。調(diào)研資料如下: 1 西安建筑科技大學(xué)等七校合編房屋建筑學(xué)M北京:中國(guó)建筑工業(yè)出版社,20062 張來(lái)儀,景瑞. 結(jié)構(gòu)力學(xué)上冊(cè)M.北京:中國(guó)建筑工業(yè)出版社,19973 李亞東.土木工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)S.成都:西南交通大學(xué)出版社,20054 盧傳賢,朱育萬(wàn) .土木工程制圖第二版M.北京:中國(guó)建筑工業(yè)出版社,2003.5 沈蒲生,梁興文混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)原理第三版M北京:高等教育出版社,20026 沈蒲生,梁興文混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)第三版M北京:高等教育出版社,20037 GB 500092001,建筑結(jié)構(gòu)荷載規(guī)范S.北京:中國(guó)建筑工業(yè)出版社,20028 GJBT 61103G101-2003,國(guó)家建筑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)計(jì)圖集S.北京:中國(guó)計(jì)劃出版社,20069 GBJ 1687(2001修訂版), 建筑設(shè)計(jì)防火規(guī)范S.北京:中國(guó)建筑工業(yè)出版社,200110ACECCivil Engineering Magazine,J2002-200411 GB500112001,建筑抗震設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范S.北京:中國(guó)建筑工業(yè)出版社,2001.12李國(guó)強(qiáng),李杰,蘇小卒建筑結(jié)構(gòu)抗震設(shè)計(jì)M北京:中國(guó)建筑工業(yè)出版社,200913羅煜.黃河科技學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)手冊(cè)M.鄭州:黃河科技學(xué)院教務(wù)科研處出版,2008.14Hitchcock H R,Johnson PThe International StyleJNew York:W W Norton,1966二、設(shè)計(jì)的目的與要求1、設(shè)計(jì)的目的(1)通過(guò)該課題的設(shè)計(jì)讓我們鞏固在大學(xué)里所學(xué)過(guò)的房屋建筑學(xué)、建筑工程制圖、理論力學(xué)、材料力學(xué)、結(jié)構(gòu)力學(xué)、土力學(xué)、混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)原理、混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)、建筑結(jié)構(gòu)抗震、基礎(chǔ)工程、建筑CAD等建筑結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的相關(guān)內(nèi)容,使學(xué)生將所學(xué)理論知識(shí)與實(shí)際聯(lián)系起來(lái),培養(yǎng)其分析問題、解決問題的能力,理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際的工作作風(fēng)。(2)通過(guò)該課題的設(shè)計(jì)使自己對(duì)建筑設(shè)計(jì)的要求即建筑造型美觀,新穎,滿足各項(xiàng)功能使用要求,功能區(qū)組合合理,結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)要求即結(jié)構(gòu)布置合理,構(gòu)件設(shè)計(jì)經(jīng)濟(jì)合理等要求有進(jìn)一步的了解,并使自己認(rèn)識(shí)到建筑平面、建筑立面、結(jié)構(gòu)平面布置等工程設(shè)計(jì)的科學(xué)性、復(fù)雜性、重要性。(3)通過(guò)繪制施工圖,編制計(jì)算書強(qiáng)化繪圖和使用專業(yè)軟件進(jìn)行分析計(jì)算的基本技能;同時(shí)了解建筑工程中多工種協(xié)調(diào)、配合的重要性,在設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中培養(yǎng)交流、溝通能力。 2、設(shè)計(jì)的要求對(duì)本課題的研究主要分成設(shè)計(jì)準(zhǔn)備、建筑設(shè)計(jì)和結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)整理四個(gè)方面。具體要求如下:(1)設(shè)計(jì)準(zhǔn)備階段,收集必要的設(shè)計(jì)原始資料,做好設(shè)計(jì)前的調(diào)查研究工作,參考同類型設(shè)計(jì)的文字及圖紙資料。學(xué)習(xí)有關(guān)的國(guó)家法規(guī)及規(guī)范。(2)建筑設(shè)計(jì)階段分為初步設(shè)計(jì)及施工圖設(shè)計(jì)兩個(gè)階段,在此階段將擬定建筑方案,確定建筑使用的材料及做法,確定建筑的總體形狀及各種尺寸,繪出平、立、剖、總平面圖、詳圖、寫出施工說(shuō)明并列出門窗明細(xì)表。(3)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)部分包括計(jì)算確定荷載,同時(shí)進(jìn)行荷載分析、內(nèi)力計(jì)算,進(jìn)行最終結(jié)構(gòu)圖的繪制,結(jié)構(gòu)計(jì)算采用部分手算,部分電算。(4)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)整理階段完成對(duì)給定的英文文獻(xiàn)的翻譯工作,按學(xué)校畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)條例及教研室實(shí)施細(xì)則整理畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)成果,做好畢業(yè)答辯準(zhǔn)備工作。三、設(shè)計(jì)的思路與預(yù)期成果1、設(shè)計(jì)思路:首先,在建筑設(shè)計(jì)方面:(1)熟知設(shè)計(jì)依據(jù)性文件、規(guī)劃要求、基礎(chǔ)資料及任務(wù)書要求。(2)要先對(duì)建筑外觀、功能分區(qū)、交通組織、建筑面積、建筑高度、層高和室內(nèi)凈高進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。(3)然后對(duì)局部進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì),如地下室墻身、樓地面、頂棚、屋面、樓面、坡面及樓梯位置,消防要求等進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì),各部分都要按照規(guī)范要求進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。(4)最后采用規(guī)則結(jié)構(gòu)以利于房屋抗震,按照“三統(tǒng)一”的原則,確定柱網(wǎng)尺寸,確定材料及截面尺寸,以及基礎(chǔ)的選定。再次,在結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)方面:(1)熟悉設(shè)計(jì)依據(jù):如所采用的法規(guī)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn);風(fēng)壓、雪荷載、地震工程地質(zhì)條件等。(2)結(jié)構(gòu)布置:考慮建筑功能要求,正確選取計(jì)算單元,并繪制結(jié)構(gòu)平面布置圖 荷載計(jì)算:按照“結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)條件”給出的各項(xiàng)進(jìn)行計(jì)算;(3)內(nèi)力計(jì)算:豎向荷載和水平荷載分別采用分層法和D值法計(jì)算,并繪制荷載作下框架的內(nèi)力圖(包括彎矩圖、剪力圖與軸力圖); (4)內(nèi)力組合:考慮各種不利、有利因素對(duì)各個(gè)控制截面進(jìn)行內(nèi)力組合;(5)截面設(shè)計(jì):進(jìn)行框架梁、柱截面配筋計(jì)算,并繪制結(jié)構(gòu)施工圖2、設(shè)計(jì)預(yù)期成果預(yù)期成果包括文獻(xiàn)綜述(不少于3000字)、文獻(xiàn)翻譯(不少于3000字)、設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書與圖紙4部分內(nèi)容。畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書包括與設(shè)計(jì)有關(guān)的闡述說(shuō)明及計(jì)算,字?jǐn)?shù)不少于8000字,包括目錄、前言、正文、參考文獻(xiàn)及附錄等。圖紙包括建筑設(shè)計(jì)圖與結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)圖,圖面布局合理、正確清晰、符合制圖標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及有關(guān)規(guī)定,主要圖紙基本達(dá)到施工圖深度;圖紙數(shù)量一般為12張(按A2號(hào)圖計(jì)),比例一般為1:1001:200,詳圖可采用1:1050。建筑圖包括設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明、門窗表、建筑平面圖(首層、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)層與頂層);立面圖、剖面圖(見樓梯)、樓梯平面及剖面圖;節(jié)點(diǎn)構(gòu)造詳圖等內(nèi)容。結(jié)構(gòu)圖包括框架、梁、柱、板配筋圖、樓梯平面及配筋圖、節(jié)點(diǎn)詳圖等內(nèi)容。四、任務(wù)完成的階段內(nèi)容及時(shí)間安排:1、2013年3月1日3月7日:實(shí)習(xí)調(diào)研并完成文獻(xiàn)檢索、開題報(bào)告2、2013年3月8日3月28日:建筑設(shè)計(jì)3、2013年3月29日5月9日:結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)4、2013年5月10日5月17日:整理設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算說(shuō)明書同時(shí)完成文獻(xiàn)綜述、文獻(xiàn)翻譯5、2013年5月18日5月23日:評(píng)審設(shè)計(jì)并修改計(jì)算書及施工圖紙6、2013年5月24日5月30日:畢業(yè)答辯五、完成設(shè)計(jì)所具備的條件因素:由上述可知,在整個(gè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的過(guò)程中,我們要通過(guò)運(yùn)用各種通用圖集和設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范以及國(guó)家、地方標(biāo)準(zhǔn),完成教學(xué)樓的結(jié)構(gòu)選型,結(jié)構(gòu)布置,結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)及建筑圖、結(jié)構(gòu)圖、施工圖的繪制。此外,在設(shè)計(jì)中涉及到很多計(jì)算機(jī)軟件,如 Office中的Word、Excel,繪圖軟件AutoCAD和天正,結(jié)構(gòu)計(jì)算的PKPM及等軟件,通過(guò)對(duì)這些軟件的應(yīng)用,能提高我們對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)的應(yīng)用能力,真正達(dá)到學(xué)以致用,理論與實(shí)踐相結(jié)合的目的。同時(shí)設(shè)計(jì)中還要求我們有較強(qiáng)文獻(xiàn)檢索、規(guī)范應(yīng)用、圖集觀摩、綜合應(yīng)用所學(xué)各門專業(yè)知識(shí),分析和解決問題的能力,具有獨(dú)立思考、獨(dú)立設(shè)計(jì)、創(chuàng)新的精神。指導(dǎo)老師簽名: 日期:課題來(lái)源:(1)教師擬訂(2)學(xué)生建議(3)企業(yè)和社會(huì)征集(4)科研單位提供課題類型:(1)A-工程設(shè)計(jì);B-技術(shù)開發(fā);C-軟件工程;D-理論研究;E-調(diào)研報(bào)告 (2)X-真實(shí)課題;Y-模擬課題;Z-虛擬課題要求(1)、(2)均要填,如AX、BX等 xx科技學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(文獻(xiàn)綜述) 第 8 頁(yè) 單位代碼 02 學(xué)號(hào) 分 類 號(hào) TU 密 級(jí) 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)文獻(xiàn)綜述 院(系)名稱工學(xué)院建筑系 專業(yè)名稱土木工程 學(xué)生姓名 指導(dǎo)教師 2013年3月1日淺談多層混凝土框架結(jié)構(gòu)的抗震1. 前言抗震設(shè)防是指對(duì)建筑物進(jìn)行抗震設(shè)計(jì)并采取一定的抗震構(gòu)造措施,以達(dá)到結(jié)構(gòu)抗震的效果和目的。抗震設(shè)防的依據(jù)是抗震設(shè)防烈度??拐鹪O(shè)防烈度是一個(gè)地區(qū)作為抗震設(shè)防依據(jù)的地震烈度,應(yīng)按國(guó)家規(guī)定權(quán)限審批或頒發(fā)的文件執(zhí)行。一般情況下,采用國(guó)家地震局頒發(fā)的地震烈度區(qū)劃圖中規(guī)定的基本烈度。建筑結(jié)構(gòu)抗震設(shè)防的目的是減輕建筑物的地震破壞、避免人員傷亡和減輕經(jīng)濟(jì)損失??拐鹪O(shè)防水準(zhǔn)在很大程度上依賴于經(jīng)濟(jì)條件和技術(shù)水平,既要使震前用于抗震設(shè)防的經(jīng)費(fèi)投入為國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)條件所允許,又要使震后經(jīng)過(guò)抗震技術(shù)設(shè)計(jì)的建筑物的破壞程度不超過(guò)人們所能接受的限度。國(guó)際上的設(shè)防標(biāo)準(zhǔn):抵抗小地震,結(jié)構(gòu)不受破壞;抵抗中等地震,結(jié)構(gòu)不顯著破壞;抵抗大地震結(jié)構(gòu)不倒塌?;谏鲜隹拐鹪O(shè)防標(biāo)準(zhǔn),建筑物在使用期間對(duì)不同強(qiáng)度的地震應(yīng)具有不同的抵抗能力,這可以用多遇烈度、基本烈度、罕遇烈度3個(gè)地震烈度水準(zhǔn)來(lái)考慮。2. 框架結(jié)構(gòu)抗震設(shè)計(jì)的思考2.1 抗震設(shè)計(jì)的發(fā)展歷史新中國(guó)以后,隨著人類對(duì)自然災(zāi)害的重視和科學(xué)的發(fā)展,人們認(rèn)識(shí)到地震的危害,在修建建筑物的時(shí)候開始考慮結(jié)構(gòu)的抗震,國(guó)家頒布了許多關(guān)于抗震設(shè)計(jì)的規(guī)范。我國(guó)正式頒布的建筑抗震設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范有:工業(yè)與民用建筑抗震設(shè)計(jì)煩TJ11-74(74規(guī)范)、工業(yè)與民用建筑抗震設(shè)計(jì)煩TJ11-78(78規(guī)范)、建筑抗震設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范GBJ11-89(89規(guī)范)、建筑抗震設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范GB50011-2001(2001規(guī)范)不同時(shí)期的抗震設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范,其抗震設(shè)防目標(biāo)也不同。隨著對(duì)地震工程研究的逐步深入、國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)的發(fā)展和歷次地震震害經(jīng)驗(yàn)的不斷總結(jié),抗震規(guī)范的設(shè)防標(biāo)準(zhǔn)也在不斷改變。74規(guī)范將基本烈度定義為:“一個(gè)地區(qū)的基本烈度是指該區(qū)在今后一定期限內(nèi),一般場(chǎng)地條件下可能遭遇的最大地震烈度”,它的設(shè)計(jì)總則是以基本烈度估計(jì)地震危險(xiǎn)性,以設(shè)計(jì)烈度作為抗震設(shè)計(jì)的設(shè)防依據(jù)。一般工業(yè)與民用建筑的設(shè)計(jì)烈度規(guī)定降低一度(7度時(shí)不降低)。經(jīng)抗震設(shè)計(jì)后,在遭遇的地震影響相當(dāng)于設(shè)計(jì)烈度時(shí),建筑物的損壞不致使人民生命和重要生產(chǎn)設(shè)備遭受危害,建筑物不須修理或經(jīng)一般修理仍可繼續(xù)使用;從設(shè)計(jì)烈度7度開始設(shè)防。但對(duì)建筑物遭遇超過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)烈度的地震時(shí),則沒有提出要求。 78規(guī)范主要是以唐山地震后各單位的初步調(diào)查總結(jié)資料為依據(jù),基本烈度定義和設(shè)計(jì)總則與74規(guī)范基本相同,但設(shè)計(jì)烈度按基本烈度設(shè)防,不再降低。設(shè)防范圍7-9度,6度地區(qū)范圍很廣大,約占全國(guó)總面積的27.5%,未列為抗震設(shè)防區(qū)。對(duì)建筑物遭遇超過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)烈度的地震也沒有提出要求。 89規(guī)范的變革較大,采用了3水準(zhǔn)設(shè)防(小震不壞、中震可修、大震不倒)、2階段設(shè)計(jì)(強(qiáng)度校核、變形驗(yàn)算)的設(shè)計(jì)思想。其中3水準(zhǔn)設(shè)防:第一水準(zhǔn)烈度,50 年內(nèi)超越概率約為63.2% 的地震烈度,即小震(多遇地震);第二水準(zhǔn)烈度, 50 年超越概率約10%的烈度,即中震(偶遇地震);第三水準(zhǔn)烈度,50 年超越概率2%3% 的烈度,即大震(罕遇地震)。中震為基本地震烈度即設(shè)防烈度,小震比設(shè)防烈度低1.5度,大震比設(shè)防烈度高1度。2階段設(shè)計(jì)方法為,在小震作用下進(jìn)行以概率論為基礎(chǔ)的截面設(shè)計(jì),在大震作用下進(jìn)行變形驗(yàn)算。地震基本烈度的定義為:一個(gè)地區(qū)的基本烈度是指該地區(qū)今后一定時(shí)期內(nèi)在一般場(chǎng)地條件下可能遭遇的最大地震烈度,即現(xiàn)行中國(guó)地震烈度區(qū)劃圖規(guī)定的烈度(50年超越概率10%)。取消了“設(shè)計(jì)烈度”,引入了“抗震設(shè)防烈度”的概念:按國(guó)家批準(zhǔn)權(quán)限審定作為一個(gè)地區(qū)抗震設(shè)防依據(jù)的地震烈度(一般情況下采用1990年地震區(qū)劃圖的基本烈度作為設(shè)防烈度)。以設(shè)防烈度作為建筑的抗震設(shè)防依據(jù),并規(guī)定從6度開始設(shè)防。 2001規(guī)范仍然是3水準(zhǔn)設(shè)防(小震不壞、中震可修、大震不倒)、2階段設(shè)計(jì)(強(qiáng)度校核、變形驗(yàn)算)的設(shè)計(jì)思想??拐鹪O(shè)防標(biāo)準(zhǔn)由抗震設(shè)防烈度和建筑使用功能的重要性確定。設(shè)計(jì)基本地震加速度為50 年設(shè)計(jì)基準(zhǔn)期超越概率10%的地震加速度的設(shè)計(jì)取值,第一次在規(guī)范中明確給出了抗震設(shè)防烈度所對(duì)應(yīng)的設(shè)計(jì)基本地震加速度值。2階段設(shè)計(jì)為: 第一階段設(shè)計(jì)是承載力驗(yàn)算, 取第一水準(zhǔn)的地震動(dòng)參數(shù)計(jì)算結(jié)構(gòu)的彈性地震作用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值和相應(yīng)的地震作用效應(yīng), 采用建筑結(jié)構(gòu)可靠度設(shè)計(jì)統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)GB50068 規(guī)定的分項(xiàng)系數(shù)設(shè)計(jì)表達(dá)式進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件的截面承載力驗(yàn)算, 這樣“小震不壞,中震可修”的目標(biāo)。對(duì)大多數(shù)結(jié)構(gòu), 可只進(jìn)行第一階段設(shè)計(jì), 而通過(guò)概念設(shè)計(jì)和抗震構(gòu)造措施來(lái)滿足“大震不倒”。第二階段設(shè)計(jì)是彈塑性變形驗(yàn)算, 對(duì)特殊要求的建筑地震時(shí)易倒塌的結(jié)構(gòu)及有明顯薄弱層的不規(guī)則結(jié)構(gòu), 除進(jìn)行第一階段設(shè)計(jì)外, 還要進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)薄弱部位的彈塑性層間變形驗(yàn)算并采取相應(yīng)的抗震構(gòu)造措施, 實(shí)現(xiàn)“大震不倒”的要求。2.2 框架結(jié)構(gòu)的震害框架結(jié)構(gòu)體系由梁和柱組成,平面布置靈活,易于滿足建筑物設(shè)置大房間的要求,在工業(yè)與民用建筑中應(yīng)用廣泛。框架體系的側(cè)向剛度小,在房屋高度增加的情況下其內(nèi)力和側(cè)移增長(zhǎng)很快。目前,我國(guó)地震區(qū)的工業(yè)與民用建筑中,大多采用多層框架、框架-剪力墻及剪力墻結(jié)構(gòu)體系。地震作用具有較強(qiáng)的隨機(jī)性和復(fù)雜性,要求在強(qiáng)烈地震作用下結(jié)構(gòu)仍保持在彈性狀態(tài),不發(fā)生破壞是很不實(shí)際的;既經(jīng)濟(jì)又安全的抗震設(shè)計(jì)是允許在強(qiáng)烈地震作用下破壞嚴(yán)重,但不倒塌。因此,依靠彈塑性變形消耗地震的能量是抗震設(shè)計(jì)的特點(diǎn),提高結(jié)構(gòu)的變形、耗能能力和整體抗震能力,防止高于設(shè)防烈度的“大震”不倒是抗震設(shè)計(jì)要達(dá)到的目標(biāo)。歷次地震經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明,鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)房屋一般具有較好的抗震性能,結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)中經(jīng)過(guò)合理的抗震計(jì)算并采取妥善的抗震構(gòu)造措施,在一般烈度區(qū)建造多層和高層鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)房屋是可以保證安全的,但是設(shè)計(jì)不良或施工質(zhì)量欠佳的鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)房屋在地震中遭遇震害的情況,亦不鮮見。主要震害如下。(1)共振效應(yīng)引起的震害框架結(jié)構(gòu)的自振周期與場(chǎng)地土的自振周期很接近,發(fā)生共振,導(dǎo)致框架結(jié)構(gòu)破壞。(2)結(jié)構(gòu)平面或豎向布置不當(dāng)引起的震害 一些框架廠房因平面形狀和剛度不對(duì)稱,在地震作用下容易產(chǎn)生顯著的扭轉(zhuǎn),從而使角柱上下錯(cuò)位、斷裂。平面不規(guī)則的建筑物在地震中也易產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重的扭轉(zhuǎn)破壞,其中角柱的破壞十分嚴(yán)重。雞腿式建筑物底層柱發(fā)生剪切破壞或脆性壓彎破壞,導(dǎo)致上部倒塌;豎向剛度分布不合理而導(dǎo)致中間層破壞或倒塌。(3)框架柱、梁和節(jié)點(diǎn)的震害未經(jīng)抗震設(shè)計(jì)的框架的震害主要反映在梁柱節(jié)點(diǎn)處。柱的震害重于梁;柱頂震害重于柱底;角柱震害重于內(nèi)柱;短柱震害重于一般柱。(4)框架磚填充墻的震害框架中嵌砌磚填充墻,容易發(fā)生墻面斜裂縫,并沿柱周邊開裂。端墻、窗間墻和門洞口邊角部位破壞更加嚴(yán)重。烈度較高時(shí)墻體容易倒塌。由于框架變形屬剪切型,下部層間位移大,填充墻震害呈現(xiàn)“下重上輕”的現(xiàn)象。填充墻破壞的主要原因是,墻體受剪承載力低,變形能力小,墻體與框架缺乏有效的拉結(jié),因此在往復(fù)變形時(shí)墻體易發(fā)生剪切破壞和散落。(5)結(jié)構(gòu)層間的震害 鋼筋混凝土框架結(jié)構(gòu)在整體設(shè)計(jì)上存在較大的不均勻性,使得這些結(jié)構(gòu)存在著層間屈服強(qiáng)度特別薄弱的樓層。在強(qiáng)烈地震作用下,結(jié)構(gòu)的薄弱層率先屈服,彈塑性變形急劇發(fā)展,并形成彈塑性變形集中的現(xiàn)象。如1976年唐山大地震中,13層蒸吸塔框架,由于該結(jié)構(gòu)樓層屈服強(qiáng)度分布不均勻,造成第6層和第11層的彈塑性變形集中,導(dǎo)致該結(jié)構(gòu)6層以上全部倒塌(6)柱端與節(jié)點(diǎn)的震害框架結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)件震害一般是梁輕柱重,柱頂重于柱底,尤其是角柱和邊柱易發(fā)生破壞。除剪跨比小的短柱易發(fā)生柱中剪切破壞外,一般柱是柱端的彎曲破壞,輕者發(fā)生水平或斜向斷裂;重者混凝土壓酥,主筋外露、壓屈和箍筋崩脫。當(dāng)節(jié)點(diǎn)核芯區(qū)無(wú)箍筋約束時(shí),節(jié)點(diǎn)與柱端破壞合并加重。當(dāng)柱側(cè)有強(qiáng)度高的砌體填充墻緊密嵌砌時(shí),柱頂剪切破壞嚴(yán)重,破壞部位還可能轉(zhuǎn)移至窗洞上下處,甚至出現(xiàn)短柱的剪切破壞。 (7)砌體填充墻的震害砌體填充墻剛度大而變形能力差,首先承受地震作用而遭受破壞,在8度和8度以上地震作用下,填充墻的裂縫明顯加重,甚至部分倒塌,震害規(guī)律一般是上輕下重,空心砌體墻重于實(shí)心砌體墻,砌塊墻重于磚墻。 2.3框架結(jié)構(gòu)抗震設(shè)計(jì)總結(jié)多、高層鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)房屋的震害經(jīng)驗(yàn),抗震設(shè)計(jì)除了計(jì)算分析及采取合理的構(gòu)造措施外,掌握正確的概念設(shè)計(jì)尤為重要。較合理的框架地震破壞機(jī)制,應(yīng)該是節(jié)點(diǎn)基本不破壞,梁比柱屈服可能早發(fā)生、多發(fā)生,同一層中各柱兩端的屈服歷程越長(zhǎng)越好,底層柱底的塑性鉸宜最晚形成。即:框架的抗震設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)使梁、柱端的塑性鉸出現(xiàn)盡可能分散,充分發(fā)揮整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)的抗震能力。2.3.1 抗震計(jì)算中的延性保證 從用樓層水平地震剪力與層間位移關(guān)系來(lái)描述樓層破壞的全過(guò)程可反映出,在抗震設(shè)防的第二、三水準(zhǔn)時(shí),框架結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件已進(jìn)入彈塑性階段,構(gòu)件在保持一定承載力條件下主要以彈塑性變形來(lái)耗散地震能量,所以框架結(jié)構(gòu)需有足夠的變形能力才不致抗震失效。試驗(yàn)研究表明,“強(qiáng)節(jié)點(diǎn)”、“強(qiáng)柱弱梁、“強(qiáng)底層柱底”和“強(qiáng)剪弱彎”的框架結(jié)構(gòu)有較大的內(nèi)力重分布和能量消耗能力,極限層間位移大,抗震性能較好。規(guī)范通過(guò)構(gòu)件承載力調(diào)整辦法在一定程度上可以體現(xiàn)上述的強(qiáng)弱要求,且考慮了設(shè)計(jì)者的使用方便,采用地震組合內(nèi)力的抗震承載力驗(yàn)算表達(dá)式,只是要對(duì)地震組合內(nèi)力的設(shè)計(jì)值按有關(guān)公式進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的調(diào)整。 綜合大量實(shí)驗(yàn)研究成果,影響不同受力特征節(jié)點(diǎn)延性性質(zhì)的主要綜合因素有:相對(duì)作用剪力、相對(duì)配筋率、貫穿節(jié)點(diǎn)的梁柱縱筋的粘結(jié)情況。 2.3.2 構(gòu)造措施上的延性保證 根據(jù)大地震實(shí)踐證明,當(dāng)建筑結(jié)構(gòu)在大地震中要求保持足夠的承載能力來(lái)吸收進(jìn)入塑性階段而產(chǎn)生的巨大能量,因?yàn)榇藭r(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)在震中進(jìn)入到一個(gè)塑性階段,容易產(chǎn)生變形。所以,根據(jù)這種特點(diǎn)和抗震的要求,多發(fā)地震的國(guó)家鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)抗震設(shè)計(jì)均要求按延性框架結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì),所以建筑結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)必須保證結(jié)構(gòu)局部薄弱區(qū)的承載力與剛度,保證了建筑構(gòu)造的整體性,延性的增加也就提高了變形能力,這樣可以減少地震的破壞性,提高了建筑的抗震能力。 在結(jié)構(gòu)布置上,按擴(kuò)大了的柱端抗彎承載力進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì),理論上可將柱屈服的可能性減少,保證“強(qiáng)柱弱梁”的設(shè)計(jì)原則。但因各種原因,如梁的實(shí)際抗彎承載力可能增大,高振型使柱中反彎點(diǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)移等綜合因素影響,要使柱中完全避免塑性鉸是困難的,同時(shí)為實(shí)現(xiàn)“強(qiáng)剪弱彎”的要求,保證塑性鉸區(qū)域的局部延性,也必須通過(guò)一定的構(gòu)造措施來(lái)保證結(jié)構(gòu)的延性,具體做法如下: 2.3.2.1 限制軸壓比和合理配筋限制軸壓比與縱筋最大配筋率合理的受力過(guò)程可明顯提高構(gòu)件延性,為實(shí)現(xiàn)受拉鋼筋的屈服先與受壓區(qū)混凝土壓碎的破壞形態(tài),以提高塑性鉸區(qū)域的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)能力,規(guī)范限制軸壓比與縱筋最大配筋率,同時(shí)對(duì)混凝土受壓區(qū)高度也提出相應(yīng)要求。 2.3.2.2 限制約束配筋和配筋形式。加密塑性鉸區(qū)內(nèi)的箍筋間距是很重要的一點(diǎn),為保證“強(qiáng)節(jié)點(diǎn)”、“強(qiáng)柱弱梁”、“強(qiáng)底層柱底”和“強(qiáng)剪弱彎”的設(shè)計(jì)原則及塑性鉸區(qū)域的局部延性,有必要加密塑性鉸區(qū)內(nèi)的箍筋間距,這不但可提高柱端抗剪能力,還可約束核心區(qū)內(nèi)混凝土,對(duì)縱向鋼筋提供側(cè)向支承,防止大變形下縱筋壓曲,從而改善塑性鉸區(qū)域的局部延性。規(guī)范對(duì)約束區(qū)縱筋的最小直徑、最大間距、塑性鉸區(qū)域的最小長(zhǎng)度等做出了詳細(xì)的規(guī)定,并對(duì)箍筋肢距及箍筋形式提出了相應(yīng)要求。 隨著工程應(yīng)用中箍筋強(qiáng)度和混凝土強(qiáng)度不斷提高,對(duì)塑性鉸區(qū)域內(nèi)箍筋布置的要求是抗震構(gòu)造措施的一個(gè)重要方面,這一情況將導(dǎo)致高強(qiáng)度混凝土中約束箍筋配筋率的減少而降低結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)可靠度,建議以配筋特征值代替原體積配筋率,同時(shí)鑒于約束配筋對(duì)柱端塑性鉸區(qū)的良好約束作用,建議適當(dāng)增大配筋量。 2.3.2.3 限制材料。拒絕豆腐渣工程的第一關(guān)就是把握好材料質(zhì)量,材料延性對(duì)確保構(gòu)件(結(jié)構(gòu))延性極為重要,為此規(guī)范對(duì)材料也提出了相應(yīng)的限制,如保證鋼筋強(qiáng)屈比、延伸率及混凝土強(qiáng)度等級(jí)等,同時(shí)對(duì)施工過(guò)程中可能出現(xiàn)的鋼筋代換也提出了相應(yīng)的限制。 3. 結(jié)語(yǔ)鋼筋混凝土框架結(jié)構(gòu)是我國(guó)大量存在的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)形式之一,歷年震害資料表明:鋼筋混凝土框架結(jié)構(gòu)的柱端與節(jié)點(diǎn)的破壞較為嚴(yán)重,其抗震設(shè)計(jì)中必須滿足“強(qiáng)柱弱梁”、“強(qiáng)剪弱彎”、“強(qiáng)節(jié)點(diǎn)”、“強(qiáng)底層柱底”等延性設(shè)計(jì)原則和有關(guān)規(guī)定。在多層及高層鋼筋混凝土房屋抗震設(shè)計(jì)的實(shí)踐中,由于設(shè)計(jì)人員對(duì)規(guī)范的理解和掌握尺度上,以及因地因人在結(jié)構(gòu)選型、布置以及計(jì)算方法上相互差異較多而對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)生較多的爭(zhēng)議,抗震設(shè)計(jì)方法值得深入研究。汶川地震給我們每個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)結(jié)構(gòu)的人敲響了警鐘。讓我們了解了結(jié)構(gòu)抗震的重要性。提高了結(jié)構(gòu)的安全度。但要使建筑結(jié)構(gòu)有良好的工作性能,在設(shè)計(jì)就得認(rèn)真計(jì)算,嚴(yán)格按照國(guó)家規(guī)范設(shè)計(jì),注意在設(shè)計(jì)中可能遺漏的東西。把建筑結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)擺在第一位,結(jié)合經(jīng)濟(jì)等角度多方面考慮,讓建筑更好的發(fā)揮作用。參考文獻(xiàn)1包世華,結(jié)構(gòu)力學(xué)(上、下冊(cè)).武漢:武漢理工大學(xué)出版社2吳培明,混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)(上、下冊(cè)).武漢:武漢理工大學(xué)出版社3王社良,抗震結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì).武漢:武漢理工大學(xué)出版社4劉建榮,房屋建筑學(xué).武漢:武漢大學(xué)出版社5房屋建筑學(xué). 中國(guó)建筑工業(yè)出版社6高層建筑結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì).中國(guó)建筑工業(yè)出版社7建筑結(jié)構(gòu)荷載規(guī)范(GB500092001).北京:中國(guó)建筑工業(yè)出版社8建筑抗震設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范(GB500112001)(2008版).北京:中國(guó)建筑工業(yè)出版社9混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范(GB500102002).北京:中國(guó)建筑工業(yè)出版社10高層建筑結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì).中國(guó)建筑工業(yè)出版社xx科技學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(文獻(xiàn)翻譯)單位代碼 02 學(xué)號(hào) 分 類 號(hào) TU 密 級(jí) 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)文獻(xiàn)翻譯 院(系)名稱工學(xué)院建筑建筑系 專業(yè)名稱土木工程 學(xué)生姓名 指導(dǎo)教師 2013年3月15日Civil engineering introduction papersAbstract: the civil engineering is a huge discipline, but the main one is building, building whether in China or abroad, has a long history, long-term development process. The world is changing every day, but the building also along with the progress of science and development. Mechanics findings, material of update, ever more scientific technology into the building. But before a room with a tile to cover the top of the house, now for comfort, different ideas, different scientific, promoted the development of civil engineering, making it more perfect.key words : civil engineering; Architecture; Mechanics, Materials.Civil engineering is build various projects collectively. It was meant to be and military project corresponding. In English the history of Civil Engineering, mechanical Engineering, electrical Engineering, chemical Engineering belong to to Engineering, because they all have MinYongXing. Later, as the project development of science and technology, mechanical, electrical, chemical has gradually formed independent scientific, to Engineering became Civil Engineering of specialized nouns. So far, in English, to Engineering include water conservancy project, port Engineering, While in our country, water conservancy projects and port projects also become very close and civil engineering relatively independent branch. Civil engineering construction of object, both refers to that built on the ground, underground water engineering facilities, also refers to applied materials equipment and conduct of the investigation, design and construction, maintenance, repair and other professional technology.Civil engineering is a kind of with peoples food, clothing, shelter and transportation has close relation of the project. Among them with live relationship is directly. Because, to solve the live problem must build various types of buildings. To solve the line, food and clothes problem both direct side, but also a indirect side. Line, must build railways, roads, Bridges, Feed, must be well drilling water, water conservancy, farm irrigation, drainage water supply for the city, that is direct relation. Indirectly relationship is no matter what you do, manufacturing cars, ships, or spinning and weaving, clothing, or even production steel, launch satellites, conducting scientific research activities are inseparable from build various buildings, structures and build all kinds of project facilities.Civil engineering with the progress of human society and development, yet has evolved into large-scale comprehensive discipline, it has out many branch, such as: architectural engineering, the railway engineering, road engineering, bridge engineering, special engineering structure, water and wastewater engineering, port engineering, hydraulic engineering, environment engineering disciplines. Civil engineering as an important basic disciplines, and has its important attributes of: integrated, sociality, practicality, unity. Civil engineering for the development of national economy and the improvement of peoples life provides an important material and technical basis, for many industrial invigoration played a role in promoting, engineering construction is the formation of a fixed asset basic production process, therefore, construction and real estate become in many countries and regions, economic powerhouses.Construction project is housing planning, survey, design, construction of the floorboard. Purpose is for human life and production provide places.Houses will be like a man, its like a mans life planning environment is responsible by the planners, Its layout and artistic processing, corresponding to the body shape looks and temperament, is responsible by the architect, Its structure is like a persons bones and life expectancy, the structural engineer is responsible, Its water, heating ventilation and electrical facilities such as the human organ and the nerve, is by the equipment engineer is responsible for. Also like nature intact shaped like people, in the city I district planning based on build houses, and is the construction unit, reconnaissance unit, design unit of various design engineers and construction units comprehensive coordination and cooperation process.After all, but is structural stress body reaction force and the internal stress and how external force balance. Building to tackle, also must solve the problem is mechanical problems. We have to solve the problem of discipline called architectural mechanics. Architectural mechanics have can be divided into: statics, material mechanics and structural mechanics three mechanical system. Architectural mechanics is discussion and research building structure and component in load and other factors affecting the working condition of, also is the building of intensity, stiffness and stability. In load, bear load and load of structure and component can cause the surrounding objects in their function, and the object itself by the load effect and deformation, and there is the possibility of damage, but the structure itself has certain resistance to deformation and destruction of competence, and the bearing capacity of the structure size is and component of materials, cross section, and the structural properties of geometry size, working conditions and structure circumstance relevant. While these relationships can be improved by mechanics formula solved through calculation.Because earthmoving methods and costs change more quickly than those in any other branch of civil engineering, this is a field where there are real opportunities for the enthusiast. In 1935 most of the methods now in use for carrying and excavating earth with rubber-tyred equipment did not exist. Most earth was moved by narrow rail track, now relatively rare, and the main methods of excavation, with face shovel, backacter, or dragline or grab, though they are still widely used are only a few of the many current methods. To keep his knowledge of earthmoving equipment up to date an engineer must therefore spend tine studying modern machines. Generally the only reliable up-to-date information on excavators, loaders and transport is obtainable from the makers.Earthworks or earthmoving means cutting into ground where its surface is too high ( cuts ), and dumping the earth in other places where the surface is too low ( fills). Toreduce earthwork costs, the volume of the fills should be equal to the volume of the cuts and wherever possible the cuts should be placednear to fills of equal volume so as to reduce transport and double handlingof the fill. This work of earthwork design falls on the engineer who lays out the road since it is the layout of the earthwork more than anything else which decides its cheapness. From the available maps ahd levels, the engineering must try to reach as many decisions as possible in the drawing office by drawing cross sections of the earthwork. On the site when further information becomes available he can make changes in jis sections and layout,but the drawing lffice work will not have been lost. It will have helped him to reach the best solution in the shortest time.The cheapest way of moving earth is to take it directly out of the cut and drop it as fill with the same machine. This is not always possible, but when it canbe done it is ideal, being both quick and cheap. Draglines, bulldozers and face shovels an do this. The largest radius is obtained with the dragline,and the largest tonnage of earth is moved by the bulldozer, though only over short distances.The disadvantages of the dragline are that it must dig below itself, it cannot dig with force into compacted material, it cannot dig on steep slopws, and its dumping and digging are not accurate.Face shovels are between bulldozers and draglines, having a larger radius of action than bulldozers but less than draglines. They are anle to dig into a vertical cliff face in a way which would be dangerous tor a bulldozer operator and impossible for a dragline. Each piece of equipment should be level of their tracks and for deep digs in compact material a backacter is most useful, but its dumping radius is considerably less than that of the same escavator fitted with a face shovel.Rubber-tyred bowl scrapers are indispensable for fairly level digging where the distance of transport is too much tor a dragline or face shovel. They can dig the material deeply ( but only below themselves ) to a fairly flat surface, carry it hundreds of meters if need be, then drop it and level it roughly during the dumping. For hard digging it is often found economical to keep a pusher tractor ( wheeled or tracked ) on the digging site, to push each scraper as it returns to dig. As soon as the scraper is full,the pusher tractor returns to the beginning of the dig to heop to help the nest scraper.Bowl scrapers are often extremely powerful machines;many makers build scrapers of 8 cubic meters struck capacity, which carry 10 m heaped. The largest self-propelled scrapers are of 19 m struck capacity ( 25 m heaped )and they are driven by a tractor engine of 430 horse-powers.Dumpers are probably the commonest rubber-tyred transport since they can also conveniently be used for carrying concrete or other building materials. Dumpers have the earth container over the front axle on large rubber-tyred wheels, and the container tips forwards on most types, though in articulated dumpers the direction of tip can be widely varied. The smallestve a capacity of about 0.5 m , and the largest standard types are of about 4.5 m . Special types include the self-loading dumper of up to 4 m and the articulated type of about 0.5 m . The distinction between dumpers and dump trucks must be remembered .dumpers tip forwards and the driver sits behind the load. Dump trucks are heavy, strengthened tipping lorries, the driver travels in front lf the load and the load is dumped behind him, so they are sometimes called rear-dump trucksBuilding materials in building and has a pivotal role. Building material is with human society productivity and science and technology improves gradually developed. In ancient times, the human lives, the line USES is the rocks andTrees. The 4th century BC, 12 has created a tile and brick, humans are only useful synthetic materials made of housing. The 17th century had cast iron and ShouTie later, until the eighteenth century had Portland cement, just make later reinforced concrete engineering get vigorous development. Now all sorts of high-strength structural materials, new decoration materials and waterproof material development, criterion and 20th century since mid organic polymer materials in civil engineering are closely related to the widely application. In all materials, the most main and most popular is steel, concrete, lumber, masonry. In recent years, by using two kinds of material advantage, will make them together, the combination of structure was developed. Now, architecture, engineering quality fit and unfit quality usually adopted materials quality, performance and using reasonable or not have direct connection, in meet the same technical indicators and quality requirements, under the precondition of choice of different material is different, use method of engineering cost has direct impact.In construction process, building construction is and architectural mechanics, building materials also important links. Construction is to the mind of the designer, intention and idea into realistic process, from the ancient hole JuChao place to now skyscrapers, from rural to urban country road elevated road all need through construction means. A construction project, including many jobs such as dredging engineering, deep foundation pit bracing engineering, foundation engineering, reinforced concrete structure engineering, structural lifting project, waterproofing, decorate projects, each type of project has its own rules, all need according to different construction object and construction environment conditions using relevant construction technology, in work-site.whenever while, need and the relevant hydropower and other equipment composition of a whole, each project between reasonable organizing and coordination, better play investment benefit. Civil engineering construction in the benefit, while also issued by the state in strict accordance with the relevant construction technology standard, thus further enhance Chinas construction level to ensure construction quality, reduce the cost for the project.Any building built on the surface of the earth all strata, building weight eventually to stratum, have to bear. Formation Support building the rocks were referred to as foundation, and the buildings on the ground and under the upper structure of self-respect and liable to load transfer to the foundation of components or component called foundation. Foundation, and the foundation and the superstructure is a building of three inseparable part. According to the function is different, but in load, under the action of them are related to each other, is the interaction of the whole. Foundation can be divided into natural foundation and artificial foundation, basic according to the buried depth is divided into deep foundation and shallow foundation. , foundation and foundation is the guarantee of the quality of the buildings and normal use close button, where buildings foundation in building under loads of both must maintain overall stability and if the settlement of foundation produce in building scope permitted inside, and foundation itself should have sufficient strength, stiffness and durability, also consider repair methods and the necessary foundation soil retaining retaining water and relevant measures. 3As people living standard rise ceaselessly, the people to their place of building space has become not only from the number, and put forward higher requirement from quality are put car higher demands that the environment is beautiful, have certain comfort. This needs to decorate a building to be necessary. If architecture major engineering constitutes the skeleton of the building, then after adornment building has become the flesh-and-blood organism, final with rich, perfect appearance in peoples in front, the best architecture should fully embody all sorts of adornment material related properties, with existing construction technology, the most effective gimmick, to achieve conception must express effect. Building outfit fix to consider the architectural space use requirement, protect the subject institutions from damage, give a person with beautifulenjoying, satisfy the requirements of fire evacuation, decorative materials and scheme of rationality, construction technology and economic feasibility, etc. Housing construction development and at the same time, like housing construction as affecting people life of roads, Bridges, tunnels has made great progress.In general civil engineering is one of the oldest subjects, it has made great achievements, the future of the civil engineering will occupy in peoples life more important position. The environment worsening population increase, people to fight for survival, to strive for a more comfortable living environment, and will pay more attention to civil engineering. In the near future, some major projects extimated to build, insert roller skyscrapers, across the oceanBridges, more convenient traffic would not dream. The development of science and technology, and the earth is deteriorating environment will be prompted civil engineering to aerospace and Marine development, provide mankind broader space of living. In recent years, engineering materials mainly is reinforced concrete, lumber and brick materials, in the future, the traditional materials will be improved, more suitable for some new building materials market, especially the chemistry materials will promote the construction of towards a higher point. Meanwhile, design method of precision, design work of automation, information and intelligent technology of introducing, will be people have a more comfortable living environment. The word, and the development of the theory and new materials, the emergence of the application of computer, high-tech introduction to wait to will make civil engineering have a new leap.This is a door needs calm and a great deal of patience and attentive professional. Because hundreds of thousands, even hundreds of thousands of lines to building each place structure clearly reflected. Without a gentle state of mind, do what thing just floating on the surface, to any a building structure, to be engaged in business and could not have had a clear, accurate and profound understanding of, the nature is no good. In this business, probably not burn the midnight oil of courage, not to reach the goal of spirit not to give up, will only be companies eliminated.This is a responsible and caring industry. Should have a single responsible heart - I ones life in my hand, thousands of life in my hand. Since the civil, should choose dependably shoulder the responsibility.Finally, this is a constant pursuit of perfect industry. Pyramid, spectacular now: The Great Wall, the majestic. But if no generations of the pursuit of today, we may also use the sort of the oldest way to build this same architecture. Design a building structure is numerous, but this is all experienced centuries of clarification, through continuous accumulation, keep improving, innovation obtained. And such pursuit, not confined in the past. Just think, if the design of a building can be like calculation one plus one equals two as simple and easy to grasp, that was not for what? Therefore, a civil engineer is in constant of in formation. One of the most simple structure, the least cost, the biggest function. Choose civil, choosing a steadfast diligence, innovation, pursuit of perfect path.Reference:1 LuoFuWu editor. Civil engineering (professional). Introduction to wuhan. Wuhan university of technology press. 20072 WangFuChuan, palace rice expensive editor. Construction engineering materials. Beijing. Science and technology literature press. 20023 jiang see whales, zhiming editor. Civil engineering introduction of higher education press. Beijing. 1992土木工程概論摘要:土木工程是個(gè)龐大的學(xué)科,但最主要的是建筑,建筑無(wú)論是在中國(guó)還是在國(guó)外,都有著悠久的歷史,長(zhǎng)期的發(fā)展歷程。整個(gè)世界每天都在改變,而建筑也隨科學(xué)的進(jìn)步而發(fā)展。力學(xué)的發(fā)現(xiàn),材料的更新,不斷有更多的科學(xué)技術(shù)引入建筑中。以前只求一間有瓦蓋頂?shù)姆课?,現(xiàn)在追求舒適,不同的思想,不同的科學(xué),推動(dòng)了土木工程的發(fā)展,使其更加完美。關(guān)鍵詞:土木工程;建筑;力學(xué);材料。土木工程是建造各種工程的統(tǒng)稱。它的原意是與“軍事工程”相對(duì)應(yīng)的。在英語(yǔ)中,歷史上土木工程、機(jī)械工程、電氣工程、化工工程都屬于Civil Engineering,因?yàn)樗鼈兌季哂忻裼眯?。后?lái),隨著工程科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,機(jī)械、電氣、化工都已逐漸形成獨(dú)立的科學(xué),Civil Engineering就成為土木工程的專門名詞。至今,在英語(yǔ)中,Civil Engineering還包括水利工程、港口工程;而在我國(guó),水利工程和港口工程也成為與土木工程十分密切的相對(duì)獨(dú)立分支。土木工程既指建設(shè)的對(duì)象,即建造在地上,地下,水中的工程設(shè)施,也指應(yīng)用的材料設(shè)備和進(jìn)行的勘測(cè),設(shè)計(jì)施工,保養(yǎng),維修等專業(yè)技術(shù)。 土木工程是一種與人們的衣、食、住、行有著密切關(guān)系的工程。其中與“住”的關(guān)系是直接的。因?yàn)椋鉀Q“住”的問題必須建造各種類型的建筑物。而解決“行、食衣”的問題既有直接的一面,也有間接的一面。要“行”,必須建造鐵路、道路、橋梁;要“食”,必須打井取水、興修水利、進(jìn)行農(nóng)田灌溉、城市供水排水等,這是直接關(guān)系。而間接關(guān)系則不論做什么,制造汽車、輪船也好,紡紗、織布、制衣也好,乃至生產(chǎn)鋼鐵、發(fā)射衛(wèi)星、開展科學(xué)研究活動(dòng)都離不開建造各種建筑物、構(gòu)筑物和修建各種工程設(shè)施。 土木工程隨著人類社會(huì)的進(jìn)步而發(fā)展,至今已經(jīng)演變成為大型綜合性的學(xué)科,它已經(jīng)出許多分支,如:建筑工程,鐵路工程,道路工程,橋梁工程,特種工程結(jié)構(gòu),給水排水工程,港口工程,水利工程,環(huán)境工程等學(xué)科。土木工程作為一個(gè)重要的基礎(chǔ)學(xué)科,有其重要的屬性:綜合性,社會(huì)性,實(shí)踐性,統(tǒng)一性。土木工程為國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和人民生活的改善提供了重要 的物質(zhì)技術(shù)基礎(chǔ),對(duì)眾多產(chǎn)業(yè)的振興發(fā)揮了促進(jìn)作用,工程建設(shè)是形成固定資產(chǎn)的基本生產(chǎn)過(guò)程,因此,建筑業(yè)和房地產(chǎn)成為許多國(guó)家和地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)支柱之一。 建筑工程就是興建房屋規(guī)劃,勘測(cè),設(shè)計(jì),施工的總稱。目的是為人類的生產(chǎn)和生活提供場(chǎng)所。 房屋好比一個(gè)人,它的規(guī)劃就像人生活的環(huán)境,是由規(guī)劃師負(fù)責(zé)的;它的布局和藝術(shù)處理相應(yīng)于人的體形、容貌、氣質(zhì),是由建筑師負(fù)責(zé)的;它的結(jié)構(gòu)好比人的骨骼和壽命,是由結(jié)構(gòu)工程師負(fù)責(zé)的;它的給排水、供熱通風(fēng)和電氣等設(shè)施就如人的器官、神經(jīng),是由設(shè)備工程師負(fù)責(zé)的。也像自然界完好地塑造人一樣,在城市我地區(qū)規(guī)劃基礎(chǔ)上建造房屋,是建設(shè)單位,勘察單位、設(shè)計(jì)單位的各種設(shè)計(jì)工程師和施工單位全面協(xié)調(diào)合作的過(guò)程。結(jié)構(gòu)說(shuō)穿了,不過(guò)就是受力體的反力與內(nèi)部應(yīng)力如何與外力達(dá)到平衡。建筑首先要解決,也是必須要解決的問題就是受力的問題。我們把解決 這個(gè)問題的學(xué)科稱為建筑力學(xué)。建筑力學(xué)有可以分為:靜力學(xué),材料力學(xué)和結(jié)構(gòu)力學(xué)三大力學(xué)體系。建筑力學(xué)是討論和研究建筑結(jié)構(gòu)及構(gòu)件在荷載和其他因素影響的 工作狀況,也就是建筑的強(qiáng)度,剛度,穩(wěn)定性。在載荷作用下,承受載荷和傳遞載荷的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)和構(gòu)件會(huì)引起周圍的物體對(duì)它們的作用,同時(shí)物件本身受載荷作用而 產(chǎn)生變形,并且存在著被
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