多功能康復(fù)椅虛擬樣機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)含SW三維及6張CAD圖
多功能康復(fù)椅虛擬樣機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)含SW三維及6張CAD圖,多功能,康復(fù),痊愈,虛擬,樣機(jī),設(shè)計(jì),sw,三維,cad
Rehabilitation_Robot(康復(fù)機(jī)器人)的翻譯
康復(fù)機(jī)器人技術(shù)發(fā)展領(lǐng)域的機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)幫助有殘疾的人提供必要的活動(dòng),
或提供治療對(duì)人尋求改進(jìn)物理或認(rèn)知函數(shù)。本章將討論這兩個(gè)
這些域和提供描述主要的該領(lǐng)域的成就在其短暫歷史。具體來說,在提供背景資
料在世界人口(例如 53 1 2)和歷史(例如 53 1 3)的領(lǐng)域,例如 53 2 描述了物理治療
和訓(xùn)練機(jī)器人,和教派。53.3 描述了機(jī)器人艾滋病患者殘疾。53.4 節(jié)然后簡(jiǎn)要討
論了最近智能假肢和矯形器的進(jìn)步相關(guān)的康復(fù)機(jī)器人。最后,教派。53.5 概述近
期的工作診斷和監(jiān)測(cè)以及康復(fù)其他醫(yī)療問題。在結(jié)論的這一章,讀者將會(huì)熟悉康
復(fù)機(jī)器人技術(shù)和其歷史主要的成就,并將理解的挑戰(zhàn)在未來的領(lǐng)域面臨尋求
改善衛(wèi)生保健和健康的人殘疾人。在這一章,我們將描述一個(gè)應(yīng)用程序的機(jī)器人,
可以在未來聯(lián)系我們中的許多人在一個(gè)強(qiáng)烈的個(gè)人方法。
53.1 概述
當(dāng)我們變得無法互動(dòng)與身體我們的直接環(huán)境我們渴望為了實(shí)現(xiàn)我們的個(gè)人目標(biāo)
通過傷害或疾病,或當(dāng)我們的一位家庭成員,朋友或鄰居在這種情況下,我們尋求
基于技術(shù)的解決方案嗎幫助我們重新學(xué)習(xí)如何完成我們的活動(dòng)日常生活的關(guān)系
或協(xié)助我們實(shí)際上如果我們不能做他們重新學(xué)習(xí)。而人類治療師和服務(wù)員確實(shí)可
以提供類型的援助要求,預(yù)計(jì)短期人口的中國(guó)、日本和北歐日益短缺的國(guó)家顯示
的年齡成年人。與年齡相關(guān)的障礙將會(huì)很快占據(jù)了服務(wù)部門的就業(yè)市場(chǎng),把許多
年長(zhǎng)的和殘疾人們?cè)陲L(fēng)險(xiǎn),增加需要制度化當(dāng)沒有可行的以家庭為基礎(chǔ)的解決方
案。國(guó)家計(jì)劃來開發(fā)個(gè)人機(jī)器人,機(jī)器人治療、智能假肢,智能床,智能家居,和康復(fù)
服務(wù)已經(jīng)加速過去的十年,將需要繼續(xù)用
不斷增長(zhǎng)的醫(yī)療保健的能力允許人們長(zhǎng)壽通過鎮(zhèn)壓疾病和改善
在手術(shù)和藥物干預(yù)??祻?fù)機(jī)器人技術(shù),雖然只有一個(gè) 40 歲的紀(jì)律
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(53.1 - 3),預(yù)計(jì)將迅速增長(zhǎng)的未來幾十年??祻?fù)機(jī)器人技術(shù)領(lǐng)域通常是分裂的到類
別的治療和幫助機(jī)器人。在另外,康復(fù)機(jī)器人包括方面的人工肢(假肢)開發(fā)、功能
性神經(jīng)刺激(FNS)和技術(shù)診斷和監(jiān)控的人在 ADLs。治療機(jī)器人一般至少有兩個(gè)主
要的用戶同時(shí),殘疾人的人誰是接受了治療和臨床醫(yī)學(xué)家設(shè)置嗎和顯示器和機(jī)器
人的交互。類型的
治療,受益于機(jī)器人援助上-和下肢運(yùn)動(dòng)療法,使溝通對(duì)于自閉癥兒童,使勘探(教育)
對(duì)腦癱兒童(CP)或其他發(fā)育障礙。
一個(gè)機(jī)器人可以一個(gè)好的替代物理或職業(yè)治療師對(duì)于實(shí)際的動(dòng)手干預(yù)有幾個(gè)
原因:(1)一旦適當(dāng)?shù)脑O(shè)置,自動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)可以持續(xù)應(yīng)用治療長(zhǎng)時(shí)間嗎沒有累;(2)機(jī)器
人的傳感器可以測(cè)量所執(zhí)行的工作耐心和量化,在某種程度上也許沒有可測(cè)量的
臨床鱗片,任何復(fù)蘇可能發(fā)生的功能,這可能被高度激勵(lì)一個(gè)人繼續(xù)治療;(3)機(jī)器
人可以吸引病人在類型的療法習(xí)一個(gè)治療師不能做,如放大運(yùn)動(dòng)誤差引起的適應(yīng)
[53.4,5]。輔助機(jī)器人通常按是否關(guān)注操作,移動(dòng),或認(rèn)知。操縱艾滋病進(jìn)一步劃分
成固定平臺(tái)、移動(dòng)式平臺(tái)和移動(dòng)自治的類型。固定平臺(tái)機(jī)器人執(zhí)行函數(shù)在廚房里,
在桌面上,或者床上。便攜式類型是附加到一個(gè)電動(dòng)機(jī)械手臂輪椅去把握和移動(dòng)
對(duì)象和互動(dòng)與其他設(shè)備和設(shè)備,如打開一扇門。
移動(dòng)自主機(jī)器人能夠控制的聲音或其他手段進(jìn)行操縱和其他雜事在家里或工
場(chǎng)所。流動(dòng)艾滋病分為在電動(dòng)輪椅與導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)和移動(dòng)機(jī)器人作為智能、機(jī)動(dòng)步行
者,允許人行動(dòng)困難的依靠他們預(yù)防跌倒并提供穩(wěn)定性。其它的類型、認(rèn)知艾滋
病、協(xié)助人癡呆,自閉癥或其他障礙,影響通信和身體健康。領(lǐng)域的假肢和 FNS 緊
密聯(lián)合與康復(fù)機(jī)器人。假肢是人工的手、胳膊、腿和腳,穿的是用戶取代截肢。
彌補(bǔ)越來越將機(jī)器人特征。FNS 系統(tǒng)尋求鼓舞了肢體運(yùn)動(dòng)弱或癱瘓人們受到電刺
激神經(jīng)和肌肉。FNS 控制系統(tǒng)類似于機(jī)器人控制系統(tǒng),除了執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)被控制人類的
肌肉。另一個(gè)相關(guān)的字段是技術(shù)監(jiān)測(cè)和診斷醫(yī)療問題作為一個(gè)人 ADLs 執(zhí)行。這
一章是組織根據(jù)這個(gè)分類。提供背景信息后在世界人口和歷史的領(lǐng)域,教派。53.2
描述了物理治療和訓(xùn)練機(jī)器人,和教派。53.3 描述了機(jī)器人艾滋病對(duì)殘疾人。53.4
節(jié)然后評(píng)論近年來智能假肢和矯形器,康復(fù)機(jī)器人技術(shù)相關(guān)。最后,教派。53.5 概
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述了最近的工作,在診斷和監(jiān)測(cè)康復(fù)以及其他衛(wèi)生保健問題。
各種領(lǐng)域的康復(fù)機(jī)器人技術(shù)重點(diǎn)不同的用戶群體,而是一個(gè)共同特征這些數(shù)
量是,他們有一個(gè)殘疾。殘疾是定義在美國(guó)殘疾人作為“一個(gè)身體或心理障礙,大
大限制一個(gè)或多個(gè)主要的生命活動(dòng)”。在工業(yè)化國(guó)家(如日本、美國(guó)、加拿大、和
歐洲),殘疾的發(fā)生率有所不同 8%和 20%,差異可能主要是由于定義不同的殘疾和
報(bào)告約定(表 53.1)。年齡是一個(gè)殘疾的危險(xiǎn)因素,低出生率和延長(zhǎng)壽命的衛(wèi)生保健
的主導(dǎo)因素老化的人口和一個(gè)伴隨增加殘疾。在中國(guó),人口控制政策的 1970 年代
創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)缺乏工作經(jīng)歷的成年人來支持經(jīng)濟(jì)。這個(gè)不成比例的殘疾老年人發(fā)病
率人口明確表示,開發(fā)商的康復(fù)機(jī)器人也將面對(duì)用戶,為一個(gè)人口組,一般有低水
平的感覺和運(yùn)動(dòng)能力,并有可能受損認(rèn)知》。的緊迫性使進(jìn)展這個(gè)字段是增加符合
這些人口的變化。
康復(fù)機(jī)器人技術(shù)的歷史幾乎一樣古老,機(jī)器人本身,盡管來自非常不同來源。幾
本書,章節(jié),和報(bào)紙被寫在了歷史的康復(fù)機(jī)器人在
更多的細(xì)節(jié)比本節(jié)[53.1,7、8),和眾多論文在《美國(guó)電子和電子工程師協(xié)會(huì)(IEEE)
國(guó)際會(huì)議在康復(fù)機(jī)器人還提供更多歷史視角的接地。這個(gè)年表特別注意以下工作
和早期 projectswith 顯著的臨床和/或商業(yè)影響。早期的機(jī)器人技術(shù),從 1950 年代
后期開始,集中在大機(jī)械手代替工人在工廠骯臟的、危險(xiǎn)的、不受歡迎的任務(wù)。
最早的康復(fù)機(jī)器人來自現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的假肢和矯正術(shù)(P&O)。西方大學(xué)的案例臂(1960 年代)
和牧場(chǎng)洛杉磯朋友金手臂(1970 年代初)(綜述[53.7])都適更換機(jī)械手臂意味著作
為動(dòng)力矯形器[53.1]。 用戶把金臂與一組的舌頭操作開關(guān)、接頭,接頭,一個(gè)艱巨
的控制的手段,端點(diǎn)在 1970 年代中期,該部門退伍軍人事務(wù)開始資助一個(gè)小組
應(yīng)用物理實(shí)驗(yàn)室 Seamone 的指導(dǎo)下和施邁瑟式的電腦化安裝在一個(gè)矯正法一個(gè)
工作站做日常生活活動(dòng)(ADL)任務(wù)比如喂人,把頁面[53.9]。對(duì)于第一次,一個(gè)康復(fù)機(jī)
器人有一個(gè)命令類型接口,而不只是一個(gè)關(guān)節(jié)關(guān)節(jié)運(yùn)動(dòng)控制器。1970 年代可看到
法國(guó)斯巴達(dá)克斯系統(tǒng)發(fā)達(dá),視覺引導(dǎo)下的瓊 Vertut,使用高級(jí)脊髓損傷的人一樣
作為腦癱兒童[53.10]。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)確實(shí)不脫離 P&O 場(chǎng)但是由法國(guó)原子能委員會(huì)(CEA)
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使用大型 telemanipulators 核燃料棒處理。其中一個(gè)是讓用戶適應(yīng)
運(yùn)動(dòng)損傷可以控制它通過操縱桿對(duì)于選擇和地點(diǎn)的任務(wù)。十年后,研究者之一在
斯巴達(dá)克斯的項(xiàng)目,Hok Kwee,開始了馬努斯項(xiàng)目,專業(yè)致力于開發(fā)第一輪椅安裝
機(jī)械手設(shè)計(jì)明確作為一個(gè)康復(fù)機(jī)器人,而不是改編自一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)另一個(gè)領(lǐng)域。然而,
在之間,其他幾個(gè)主要項(xiàng)目是開始。1978 年,斯坦福大學(xué),然后與數(shù)十年從美國(guó)能源
部資助退伍軍人事務(wù)部,拉里 Leifer 開始職業(yè)助理機(jī)器人程序,最終在幾個(gè)臨床
測(cè)試版本的桌面職業(yè)助理機(jī)器人(DeVAR)[53.3,11、12),移動(dòng)版本,來自其它移動(dòng)職
業(yè)助理機(jī)器人(MoVAR)[53.13],最后專業(yè)的職業(yè)助理機(jī)器人(ProVAR)擁有先進(jìn)的能
力為用戶程序的任務(wù)嗎一個(gè)易于使用的瀏覽器下到市場(chǎng)在 1990 年代早期,多站點(diǎn)
的用戶測(cè)試顯示它還過于昂貴的功能它有:ProVAR 發(fā)展隨之而來,然后繼續(xù)
Machiel Van der 廁所。 所有這些版本為基礎(chǔ)在彪馬- 260 工業(yè)機(jī)械手實(shí)現(xiàn)魯棒,
安全操作。研究 2006 年轉(zhuǎn)移 VeteransAffairs(VA)在錫拉丘茲,紐約,集成傳感和自
治功能和探索新的、更具有成本效益的機(jī)械手選項(xiàng)。
在1980年代中期,從觀測(cè)的不適合現(xiàn)有的工業(yè)、教育和矯正法導(dǎo)出為康復(fù)機(jī)械
手應(yīng)用,蒂姆·瓊斯在通用機(jī)器智能(后來牛津智能機(jī)器,肟)在英國(guó)開始集中精力努
力提供康復(fù)機(jī)器人技術(shù)社區(qū)提供第一主力系統(tǒng)專門設(shè)計(jì)的從地面為人類服務(wù)的
任務(wù)。超過十年,一系列的系統(tǒng),從theRTXmodel,被用在許多研究實(shí)驗(yàn)室和世界各
地的診所。最廣泛的努力使用肟臂是在法國(guó),和一套研究項(xiàng)目,由法國(guó)政府和歐洲
研究委員會(huì),開始隨著機(jī)器人幫助殘疾人的集成(RAID),然后是主[53.15],基于工作
站的開發(fā)和臨床驗(yàn)證輔助系統(tǒng)基于RTX和隨后的肟武器。當(dāng)肟停止建設(shè)它的手臂,
法國(guó)companyAfma機(jī)器人[53.16]接管theMASTERsystem商業(yè)化的努力,它繼續(xù)做今
天(2007年)。英國(guó)也是這個(gè)網(wǎng)站的第一個(gè)商用喂養(yǎng)機(jī)器人,方便的我,一個(gè)便宜的
和受歡迎的設(shè)備首先設(shè)計(jì)了邁克超過然后商業(yè)化的康復(fù)機(jī)器人技術(shù)公司在1990
年代[53.17]。主要目的是使人與腦癱達(dá)到一定程度的獨(dú)立在喂養(yǎng)自己,任務(wù)環(huán)境
之后還包括洗過臉和化妝品的應(yīng)用,需求旺盛的地區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)了它的用戶。移動(dòng)機(jī)械
手的應(yīng)用程序的歷史開始于1980年代,教育和工業(yè)機(jī)器人的適應(yīng)性,實(shí)現(xiàn)了提高與
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資金的theUSNational殘疾andRehabilitationResearch研究所(NIDRR)為康復(fù)工程研
究中心在康復(fù)機(jī)器人(RERC)在阿爾弗雷德·i杜邦醫(yī)院從1993年- 1997年在特拉華
州。因?yàn)樗芑饠?shù)十個(gè)研究在歐洲,最重要的移動(dòng)機(jī)械手項(xiàng)目是馬努斯項(xiàng)目
[53.19]前面提到的。與大部分工作的指導(dǎo)下Kwee Hok康復(fù)研究和發(fā)展中心(隨著)
在荷蘭,這個(gè)項(xiàng)目最終以機(jī)器人專為輪椅安裝,控制通過操縱桿和反饋由一個(gè)小型
顯示在臂本身。這個(gè)項(xiàng)目已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致了許多后續(xù)研究項(xiàng)目,以及最重要的是,商業(yè)化
系統(tǒng)精確動(dòng)力學(xué)BV,在荷蘭。它是目前上免費(fèi)醫(yī)生處方由荷蘭政府限定殘疾人如
腦癱或四肢麻痹從脊髓損傷。自主導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)在電動(dòng)輪椅也始于1980年代,最初從
發(fā)展中獲益,寶麗來公司為其相機(jī)的測(cè)距儀使用超聲波傳感器。他們是廉價(jià)的,足
夠小,直徑30毫米,其中有很多可以放置的外圍輪椅來援助中程導(dǎo)航(≈10 - 500厘
米)。在1990年代和2000年代早期,隨著應(yīng)用的伺服和激光測(cè)距掃描儀,算法更快,
更聰明,更少出錯(cuò)導(dǎo)航和避障研究進(jìn)展在這個(gè)部門主導(dǎo)。InKorea,例如,駛?cè)腠n國(guó)好
先進(jìn)科學(xué)技術(shù)研究所(KAIST)HumanWelfare機(jī)器人中心開始發(fā)展韓科院康復(fù)工程
系統(tǒng)(KARES)行輪椅建立導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)在1990年代末[53.20]和NavChair項(xiàng)目在密歇根
大學(xué)的開始開發(fā)線導(dǎo)致商業(yè)化火神赫菲斯托斯系統(tǒng)在匹茲堡大學(xué) [53.21,22]。治
療機(jī)器人有一個(gè)比輔助機(jī)器人研究起步較晚,早期的運(yùn)動(dòng)設(shè)備如BioDex[53.23]的
第一步可編程,控制力。 認(rèn)知機(jī)器人有一個(gè)開始在1980年代早期toaid兒童溝通障
礙和物理障礙來達(dá)到某種程度的控制他們的物理空間。主要是利用教育的操縱者,
幾個(gè)演示系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)。在2000年代早
期,科琳娜萊瑟姆Anthrotronix的公
司。商業(yè)化以使孩子小機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)與
身體殘疾的玩游戲和簡(jiǎn)單的界面后,
小 型 移 動(dòng) 機(jī) 器 人 被 用 于 診 所 的
Dautenhahn克爾集團(tuán)[53.26]與兒童
自閉癥,因?yàn)闄C(jī)器人有這樣簡(jiǎn)單的接
口,與他們溝通沒有出現(xiàn)不能與其他人類一樣具有挑戰(zhàn)性。2000年代初也看到出
現(xiàn)的寵物機(jī)器人,如帕羅海豹機(jī)器人開發(fā)的柴田et al。[53.27],作為同伴對(duì)于兒童
和老年人誰是局限于診所和有限的應(yīng)用程序真正陪伴機(jī)器人繼續(xù)增長(zhǎng)數(shù)隨著材
59
料、控制軟件、高魯棒性和減少大小的傳感器和執(zhí)行器允許設(shè)計(jì)師嘗試新的方式
利用機(jī)電一體化技術(shù),進(jìn)一步造福殘疾人的。
人類的神經(jīng)肌肉系統(tǒng)的展品usedependent可塑性,也就是說使用改變的性質(zhì),包
括神經(jīng)元和肌肉的圖案連接,因此其功能[-30 - 53.28]。神經(jīng)康復(fù)的過程中試圖利
用這種使用依賴性可塑性為了幫助人們學(xué)習(xí)如何移動(dòng)神經(jīng)肌肉損傷或疾病后。神
經(jīng)康復(fù)通常提供由熟練的治療師,包括物理、職業(yè)和言語治療師。這個(gè)過程是費(fèi)
時(shí)的,涉及日常,密集的運(yùn)動(dòng)manyweeks實(shí)踐。它也是勞動(dòng)密集型,需要?jiǎng)邮謳椭?
療師。對(duì)于一些任務(wù),如教學(xué)人以可憐的平衡和弱腿走路,他親手協(xié)助要求治療師
有實(shí)質(zhì)性的力量和敏捷性。
人類的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)表現(xiàn)出usedependent可塑性,也就是說,使用改變神經(jīng)元和肌
肉的特性,包括他們的連接的模式,因而其功能53.28–[ 30 ]。神經(jīng)康復(fù)的過程
中尋求利用這種使用依賴性的可塑性,以幫助人們學(xué)習(xí)如何神經(jīng)肌肉損傷或疾病
后移動(dòng)。神經(jīng)恢復(fù)通常是由熟練的治療師,包括身體上和言語治療師,職業(yè)。此
過程是費(fèi)時(shí)的,涉及日常的,密集的運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練,manyweeks。也正是勞動(dòng)密集型
的,需要從治療師有幫助。對(duì)于一些任務(wù),如不平衡,弱腿走路的人教,他親手
協(xié)助要求治療師有很大的力量和敏捷性。
因?yàn)樯窠?jīng)恢復(fù)時(shí)間和勞動(dòng)密集型,近年來醫(yī)療保健付款人有限制的治療量,
他們將支付,為了努力控制醫(yī)療保健成本。具有諷刺意味的是,在同一時(shí)間,已
經(jīng)有越來越多的科學(xué)證據(jù)表明,更多的治療可以在某些情況下,增加運(yùn)動(dòng)恢復(fù)通
過使用依賴的可塑性。機(jī)器人技術(shù)與康復(fù)研究者開始認(rèn)識(shí)到在20世紀(jì)80年代后期
開始,神經(jīng)康復(fù)是自動(dòng)化的邏輯目標(biāo)由于其勞動(dòng)密集型,機(jī)械性質(zhì),因?yàn)榛厥盏?
數(shù)量和金額與重復(fù)。機(jī)器人可以在較低的成本比人類治療師提供至少運(yùn)動(dòng)治療的
重復(fù)部分,使患者接受更多的治療。自動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)治療的一大挑戰(zhàn)是確定如何優(yōu)化使
用依賴的可塑性。是的,在這一領(lǐng)域的研究人員必須決定什么應(yīng)該做的機(jī)器人與
患者自身的運(yùn)動(dòng)的嘗試,以最大限度地合作
提高運(yùn)動(dòng)能力。應(yīng)對(duì)這些挑戰(zhàn)需要解決的兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵問題:確定適當(dāng)?shù)倪\(yùn)動(dòng)任
60
務(wù)(什么運(yùn)動(dòng)應(yīng)患者練習(xí)和反饋他們應(yīng)該接受對(duì)他們的表現(xiàn)),并確定在這些運(yùn)
動(dòng)的任務(wù),一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)臋C(jī)械輸入模式對(duì)患者(什么力量的機(jī)器人應(yīng)該適用于患者
的肢體引起的可塑性)。處方的運(yùn)動(dòng)任務(wù)和機(jī)械輸入從根本上制約機(jī)器人治療裝
置的機(jī)械和控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)。有兩個(gè)主要的障礙,實(shí)現(xiàn)大挑戰(zhàn)。第一個(gè)是一個(gè)科
學(xué)的障礙:無論是最佳的運(yùn)動(dòng)任務(wù)也不是最佳的機(jī)械輸入已知。神經(jīng)康復(fù)的科學(xué)
基礎(chǔ)仍然不明確,與學(xué)校的思想競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。大型的,隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)的數(shù)量,嚴(yán)格比較
不同治療技術(shù)仍然是小的,部分是因?yàn)檫@些試驗(yàn)是昂貴的和難以控制。因此,第
一個(gè)問題,一個(gè)機(jī)器人工程師會(huì)相遇的時(shí)候,打造了一個(gè)機(jī)器人的治療設(shè)備,仍
然有大量的不確定性,究竟應(yīng)該做的裝置。這種不確定性對(duì)應(yīng)一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)使用機(jī)器
人的治療設(shè)備的科學(xué)工具本身。機(jī)器人的治療設(shè)備有可能幫助確定究竟會(huì)在運(yùn)動(dòng)
康復(fù)的可塑性,因?yàn)樗鼈兛梢蕴峁┖芎玫目刂颇J降闹委?。他們也可以同時(shí)測(cè)量,
治療結(jié)果。更好地控制治療的遞送和改善患者改善量化評(píng)價(jià),往往缺乏在過去的
臨床試驗(yàn)兩個(gè)理想的特性。機(jī)器人運(yùn)動(dòng)的訓(xùn)練設(shè)備,最近的工作是領(lǐng)先的,例如,
以適應(yīng)基礎(chǔ)計(jì)算電機(jī)的特性,進(jìn)而提升策略基于優(yōu)化的適應(yīng)
方法[ 53.5,31 ]。第二個(gè)障礙是一個(gè)技術(shù):
機(jī)器人的治療設(shè)備經(jīng)常作為自己的目標(biāo),
協(xié)助治療許多機(jī)構(gòu)的自由度(例如,為達(dá)
到,手臂和軀干、骨盆和腿走)。設(shè)備還
要求寬動(dòng)態(tài)的帶寬,他們可以,例如,一
個(gè)病人誰是癱瘓的實(shí)施所需的運(yùn)動(dòng),但也
完全消失,病人恢復(fù)。此外,使器件的光
可以穿戴是可取的,讓病人參與康復(fù)在自
然的環(huán)境中(例如,走在地面或在廚房的
柜臺(tái)工作),甚至在正常的日常生活活動(dòng)課程。高自由度,可穿戴式的發(fā)展,高
帶寬的外骨骼機(jī)器人是機(jī)器人學(xué)中的一個(gè)未解決的問題。
人類的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)表現(xiàn)出usedependent可塑性,也就是說,使用改變神經(jīng)元和
61
肌肉的特性,包括他們的連接的模式,因而其功能53.28–[ 30 ]。神經(jīng)康復(fù)的過
程中尋求利用這種使用依賴性的可塑性,以幫助人們學(xué)習(xí)如何神經(jīng)肌肉損傷或疾
病后移動(dòng)。神經(jīng)恢復(fù)通常是由熟練的治療師,包括身體上和言語治療師,職業(yè)。
此過程是費(fèi)時(shí)的,涉及日常的,密集的運(yùn)動(dòng)訓(xùn)練,manyweeks。也正是勞動(dòng)密集
型的,需要從治療師有幫助。對(duì)于一些任務(wù),如不平衡,弱腿走路的人教,他親
手協(xié)助要求治療師有很大的力量和敏捷性。
因?yàn)樯窠?jīng)恢復(fù)時(shí)間和勞動(dòng)密集型,近年來醫(yī)療保健付款人有限制的治療量,
他們將支付,為了努力控制醫(yī)療保健成本。具有諷刺意味的是,在同一時(shí)間,已
經(jīng)有越來越多的科學(xué)證據(jù)表明,更多的治療可以在某些情況下,增加運(yùn)動(dòng)恢復(fù)通
過使用依賴的可塑性。機(jī)器人技術(shù)與康復(fù)研究者開始認(rèn)識(shí)到在20世紀(jì)80年代后期
開始,神經(jīng)康復(fù)是自動(dòng)化的邏輯目標(biāo)由于其勞動(dòng)密集型,機(jī)械性質(zhì),因?yàn)榛厥盏?
數(shù)量和金額與重復(fù)。機(jī)器人可以在較低的成本比人類治療師提供至少運(yùn)動(dòng)治療的
重復(fù)部分,使患者接受更多的治療。自動(dòng)運(yùn)動(dòng)治療的一大挑戰(zhàn)是確定如何優(yōu)化使
用依賴的可塑性。是的,在這一領(lǐng)域的研究人員必須決定什么應(yīng)該做的機(jī)器人與
患者自身的運(yùn)動(dòng)的嘗試,以最大限度地合作
提高運(yùn)動(dòng)能力。應(yīng)對(duì)這些挑戰(zhàn)需要解決的兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵問題:確定適當(dāng)?shù)倪\(yùn)動(dòng)任
務(wù)(什么運(yùn)動(dòng)應(yīng)患者練習(xí)和反饋他們應(yīng)該接受對(duì)他們的表現(xiàn)),并確定在這些運(yùn)
動(dòng)的任務(wù),一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)臋C(jī)械輸入模式對(duì)患者(什么力量的機(jī)器人應(yīng)該適用于患者
的肢體引起的可塑性)。處方的運(yùn)動(dòng)任務(wù)和機(jī)械輸入從根本上制約機(jī)器人治療裝
置的機(jī)械和控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)。有兩個(gè)主要的障礙,實(shí)現(xiàn)大挑戰(zhàn)。第一個(gè)是一個(gè)科
學(xué)的障礙:無論是最佳的運(yùn)動(dòng)任務(wù)也不是最佳的機(jī)械輸入已知。神經(jīng)康復(fù)的科學(xué)
基礎(chǔ)仍然不明確,與學(xué)校的思想競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。大型的,隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)的數(shù)量,嚴(yán)格比較
不同治療技術(shù)仍然是小的,部分是因?yàn)檫@些試驗(yàn)是昂貴的和難以控制。因此,第
一個(gè)問題,一個(gè)機(jī)器人工程師會(huì)相遇的時(shí)候,打造了一個(gè)機(jī)器人的治療設(shè)備,仍
然有大量的不確定性,究竟應(yīng)該做的裝置。這種不確定性對(duì)應(yīng)一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)使用機(jī)器
人的治療設(shè)備的科學(xué)工具本身。機(jī)器人的治療設(shè)備有可能幫助確定究竟會(huì)在運(yùn)動(dòng)
康復(fù)的可塑性,因?yàn)樗鼈兛梢蕴峁┖芎玫目刂颇J降闹委?。他們也可以同時(shí)測(cè)量,
治療結(jié)果。更好地控制治療的遞送和改善患者改善量化評(píng)價(jià),往往缺乏在過去的
62
臨床試驗(yàn)兩個(gè)理想的特性。機(jī)器人運(yùn)動(dòng)的訓(xùn)練設(shè)備,最近的工作是領(lǐng)先的,例如,
以適應(yīng)基礎(chǔ)計(jì)算電機(jī)的特性,進(jìn)而提升策略基于優(yōu)化的適應(yīng)。
翻譯原文
The field of rehabilitation robotics develops roboticsystems that assist persons who
have a disabilitywith necessary activities, or that provide therapyfor persons seeking
to improve physical or cognitivefunction. This chapter will discuss both ofthese
domains and provide descriptions of the majorachievements of the field over its short
history.Specifically, after providing background informationon world demographics
(Sect. 53.1.2) and thehistory (Sect. 53.1.3) of the field, Sect.53.2 describesphysical
therapy and training robots, andSect. 53.3 describes robotic aids for people
withdisabilities. Section 53.4 then briefly discusses recentadvances in smart
prostheses and orthosesthat are related to rehabilitation robotics. Finally,Sect. 53.5
provides an overview of recent work indiagnosis and monitoring for rehabilitation as
wellas other health-care issues. At the conclusion ofthis chapter, the reader will be
familiar with thehistory of rehabilitation robotics and its primaryaccomplishments,
and will understand the challengesthe field faces in the future as it seeks toimprove
health care and the well-being of personswith disabilities. In this chapter, we will
describean application of robotics that may in the futuretouch many of us in an
acutely personal way.
When we become unable to interact physically withour immediate environment as we
desire in order toachieve our personal goals through injury or disease, orwhen one of
our family members, friends or neighborsis in this situation, we seek
technology-based solutionsto assist us in relearning how to complete our activi-ties of
daily living (ADLs), or to assist us in actuallydoing them if we are unable to relearn.
While humantherapists and attendants can indeed provide thetypes of assistance
required, the projected short-termdemographics of China, Japan, and the
Scandinaviancountries show a growing shortage of working-ageadults. Age-related
63
disabilities will soon dominate theservice sector job market, put many older and
disabledpeople at risk, and increase the need for institutionalizationwhen there is no
viable home-based solution.National programs to develop personal robots,
robotictherapy, smart prostheses, smart beds, smart homes,and tele-rehabilitation
services have accelerated in thepast ten years and will need to continue apace with
theever-increasing ability of health care to allow people tolive longer through the
repression of disease and improvementsin surgical and medication
interventions.Rehabilitation robotics, although only a 40-year-old discipline[53.1–3],
is projected to grow quickly in thecoming decades.
The field of rehabilitation robotics is generally dividedinto the categories of therapy
and assistance robots. Inaddition, rehabilitation robotics includes aspects of
artificiallimb (prosthetics) development, functional neuralstimulation, (FNS) and
technology for the diagnosis andmonitoring of people during ADLs.Therapy robots
generally have at least two mainusers simultaneously, the person with a disability
whois receiving the therapy and the therapist who sets upand monitors the interaction
with the robot. Types oftherapy that have benefited from robotic assistance areupper-
and lower-extremity movement therapy, enablingcommunication for children with
autism, and enablingexploration (education) for children with cerebral palsyCP) or
other developmental disabilities.A robot may bea good alternative to a physical or
occupational therapistfor the actual hands-on intervention for several reasons:(1) once
properly set up, an automated exercise machinecan consistently apply therapy over
long periods of timewithout tiring; (2) the robot’s sensors can measure thework
performed by the patient and quantify, to an extentperhaps not yet measurable by
clinical scales, any recoveryof function that may have occurred, which maybe highly
motivating for a person to continue with thetherapy; and (3) the robot may be able to
engage thepatient in types of therapy exercises that a therapist cannotdo, such as
magnifying movement errors to provokeadaptation [53.4, 5].
Assistive robots are generally grouped accordingto whether they focus on
64
manipulation, mobility,or cognition. Manipulation aids are further classifiedinto
fixed-platform, portable-platform, and mobileautonomous types. Fixed-platform
robots perform functionsin the kitchen, on the desktop, or by the bed.Portable types
are manipulator arms attached to an electricwheelchair to hold and move objects and
to interact with other devices and equipment, as in opening a door.Mobile autonomous
robots can be controlled by voice or other means to carry out manipulation and other
errands in the home or workplace. Mobility aids are divided into electric
wheelchairs with navigation systems and mobile robots that act as smart, motorized
walkers, allowing people with mobility impairments to lean on them to prevent falls
and provide stability. The thirdmain type, cognitive aids, assist people who have
dementia autism or other disorders that affect communication and physical
well-being.The fields of prosthetics and FNS are closely alliedwith rehabilitation
robotics. Prostheses are artificial hands, arms, legs, and feet that are worn by the user
to replace amputated limbs. Prostheses are increasingly incorporating robotic features.
FNS systems seek to reanimate the limb movements of weak or paralyzed people by
electrically stimulating nerve and muscle. FNS control systems are analogous to
robotic control ystems, except that the actuators being controlled are human muscles.
Another related field is technology for monitoring and diagnosing health care issues
as a person performs ADLs. The chapter is organized according to this taxonomy.
After providing background information on world demographics (Sect. 53.1.2) and
the history (Sect. 53.1.3) of the field, Sect. 53.2 describes physical therapy and
training robots, and Sect. 53.3 describes robotic aids for people with disabilities.
Section 53.4 then review recent advances in smart prostheses and orthoses tha are
related to rehabilitation robotics. Finally, Sect. 53.5 provides an overview of recent
work in diagnosis an monitoring for rehabilitation as well as other health car ssues.
The various areas of rehabilitation robotics focus on different user populations, but a
common characteristic of these populations is that they have a disability. Disability is
defined in the Americans with Disabilities Act as “a physical or mental impairment
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that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities.”
In the industrialized countries (e.g., Japan, US, Canada,and Europe), the incidence of
disability varies between8% and 20%, with differences likely due primarily tovarying
definitions of disability and reporting conventions(Table 53.1). Age is a risk factor for
disability, andlower birth rates and life-extending health care are thedominant factors
contributing to the aging of the populationand a concomitant rise in disability. In
China,the population control policies of the 1970s have createda lack ofworking-age
adults to support the economy. Thedisproportionate incidence of disability in the
elderlypopulation makes it clear that developers of rehabilitationrobotics will also be
faced with users who, asa demographic group, generally have lower levels ofsensory
and motor capability, and may have impairecognition as well. The urgency of making
advances inthis field is increasing in line with these demographic changes.The history
of rehabilitation robotics is almost as old asthat of robotics itself, although emanating
from very differentsources. Several books, chapters, and papers havebeen written on
the history of rehabilitation robotics inmore detail than this section [53.1, 7, 8], and
numerouspapers in the proceedings of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE) International Conference on Rehabilitation Robotics also provide
more grounding for historical perspective. The chronology below pays particular
attention to early work and to projectswith notable clinical and/or commercial impact.
Early robotics, starting in the late 1950s, focused on large manipulators to replace
workers in factories for dirty, dangerous, and undesirable tasks. The earliest
rehabilitation robots came from the field of prosthetics and orthotics (P&O). The Case
Western University arm (1960s) and the Rancho Los Amigos Golden Arm(early 1970s)
(reviewed in [53.7]) were both adaptations of replacement mechanical arms meant as
powered orthoses [53.1]. The user drove the Golden Arm with a set of
tongue-operated switches, joint-by-joint, an arduous means of endpoint control. In the
mid 1970s, the Department of Veterans Affairs began funding a group at the Applied
Physics Lab under the guidance of Seamone and Schmeisser to computerize an
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orthosis mounted on a workstation to do activities of daily living (ADL) tasks such as
feeding a person and turning pages [53.9]. For the first time, a rehabilitation robot had
a command-type interface, not just a joint-by-joint motion controller. The 1970s
also saw the French Spartacus system being developed, guided by the vision of Jean
Vertut, for use by people with high-level spinal cord injury as well as children with
cerebral palsy [53.10]. This system did not emerge from the P&O field but was
developed by the French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), which used large
telemanipulators for nuclear fuel rod handling. One of these was adapted so that
people with movement impairment could control it using a joystick for pick-and-place
tasks. A decade later, one of the researchers on the Spartacus project,Hok Kwee,
began the MANUS project, a dedicated effort to develop the first wheelchair-mounted
manipulator designed expressly as rehabilitation robot, not adapted from a design
from another field. However, in between, several other major programs were begun.
In 1978, at Stanford University, and then with decades-long funding from the US
Department of Veterans Affairs, Larry Leifer started the vocational assistant robot
program, culminating in several clinically tested versions of the desktop vocational
assistant robot (DeVAR) [53.3,11,12], amobile version, themobile vocational assistant
robot (MoVAR) [53.13], and finally the professional vocational assistant robot
(ProVAR), which had the advanced ability for the user to program tasks in an
easy-to-use browser-type environment [53.14]. This step was made since, although
DeVAR made it briefly onto the market in the early 1990s, multisite user testing
revealed it was still too costly for the functionality it had: ProVAR development
ensued, then continued by Machiel Van der Loos. All these versions were based on the
Puma-260 industrial manipulator to achieve robust, safe operation. Research shifted in
2006 to the VeteransAffairs (VA) in Syracuse, NY, to integrate sensing and
autonomous features and explore new, more cost-effective manipulator options.
In the mid 1980s, from observations on the unsuitability of existing industrial,
educational, and orthosis-derived manipulators for rehabilitation applications, Tim
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Jones at Universal Machine Intelligence (later Oxford Intelligent Machines, OxIM) in
the UK began an intensive effort to provide the rehabilitation robotics community
with its first workhorse system specially designed from the ground up for human
service tasks. Over ten years, a series of systems, starting with theRTXmodel, were
used in numerous research labs and clinics around the world. The most extensive
effort to use the OxIM arm was in France, and a suite of research projects, funded by
the French government and the European Research Commission, starting as the robot
for assisting the integration of the disabled (RAID), then as MASTER [53.15],
developed and clinically tested workstation-based assistive systems based on the RTX
and subsequent OxIM arms. When OxIM ceased building its arms, the French
companyAfma Robotics [53.16]took over efforts to commercialize
theMASTERsystem, which it continues to do today
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