水解塔設(shè)計(jì)（全套CAD圖+說(shuō)明書+開題報(bào)告+翻譯）

水解塔設(shè)計(jì)（全套CAD圖+說(shuō)明書+開題報(bào)告+翻譯）,水解,設(shè)計(jì),全套,cad,說(shuō)明書,仿單,開題,報(bào)告,講演,呈文,翻譯 DD 大 學(xué) 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）任務(wù)書 學(xué) 院： 機(jī)械工程學(xué)院 題 目： 水解塔設(shè)計(jì) 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書 設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容及要求： 一． 已知設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)： 操作壓力 5.5Mpa（絕） 操作溫度 255℃ 入塔物料 油脂 水 出塔物料 脂肪酸 甜水 密度 750kg/m3 塔高 37.5， 塔徑 1.2米 環(huán)境 衡陽(yáng)室外 二． 設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容及設(shè)計(jì)工作量要求： （1） 按所給設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)完成水解塔的設(shè)計(jì)； （2） 繪制設(shè)計(jì)圖紙總計(jì)3張零號(hào)以上，其中要求手工繪制1張壹號(hào)以上； （3） 設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書字?jǐn)?shù)不少于1.5萬(wàn)字，并要求統(tǒng)一用A4紙打??； （4） 翻譯3千左右漢字量的與畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)有關(guān)的英文資料； （5） 撰寫相當(dāng)于3百漢字的英文摘要。 三． 完成日期： 2009年1月5日——2009年6月5日。 四． 主要參考文獻(xiàn)： 《化工設(shè)備設(shè)計(jì)全書（塔設(shè)備）》 《化工原理》 《化工工藝設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》 GB150-1998《鋼制壓力容器》 指導(dǎo)教師： 年 月 日  畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）開題報(bào)告 設(shè)計(jì)（論文）題目 水解塔設(shè)計(jì) 設(shè)計(jì)（論文）題目來(lái)源 自選題目 設(shè)計(jì)（論文）題目類型　 工程設(shè)計(jì)類 起止時(shí)間 一、設(shè)計(jì)（論文）依據(jù)及研究意義： 1.設(shè)計(jì)依據(jù)：根據(jù)老師提供的設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書的規(guī)定，結(jié)合自己所學(xué)知識(shí)，參照國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，查閱相關(guān)資料，科學(xué)合理地完成設(shè)計(jì)。 2.研究意義：隨著我國(guó)洗滌用品工業(yè)、表面活性劑工業(yè)、化工助劑工業(yè)的發(fā)展，油脂水解技術(shù)日益重要。脂肪酸行業(yè)近年發(fā)展較快，據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計(jì)，我國(guó)目前天然脂肪酸年產(chǎn)量達(dá)60余萬(wàn)噸，預(yù)計(jì)天然脂肪酸產(chǎn)量和需求量將隨著各種工業(yè)助劑和表面活性劑的開發(fā)、推廣、應(yīng)用，還要相應(yīng)增大，而脂肪酸生產(chǎn)的前提是油脂水解。 二、 設(shè)計(jì)（論文）主要研究的內(nèi)容、預(yù)期目標(biāo)：（技術(shù)方案、路線） 1. 研究?jī)?nèi)容： （1）進(jìn)行水解塔及其部件的設(shè)計(jì)方案論證； （2）進(jìn)行水解塔及其部件的設(shè)計(jì)總圖設(shè)計(jì)； （3）設(shè)計(jì)水解塔設(shè)備的部件； （4）編寫畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書； （5）進(jìn)行畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)答辯。 2.預(yù)期目標(biāo)： （1）設(shè)計(jì)水解塔及其部件圖紙工作量在3張零號(hào)圖以上。 （2）編寫畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書，說(shuō)明書的字?jǐn)?shù)不少于1.5萬(wàn)字. 三、 設(shè)計(jì)（論文）的研究重點(diǎn)及難點(diǎn)： 1. 研究的重點(diǎn)： （1） 水解塔的塔形設(shè)計(jì)及塔板數(shù)的計(jì)算； （2） 水解塔的具體計(jì)算及設(shè)計(jì)； （3） 其他附件及組件的選擇； （4） 圖紙的繪制。 2. 研究的難點(diǎn)： （1） 系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)； （2） 各部件的設(shè)計(jì)； （3） 圖紙的繪制。 四、 設(shè)計(jì)（論文）研究方法及步驟（進(jìn)度安排）： 1. 2009.1.5——2009.3.20 根據(jù)任務(wù)書給定的相關(guān)參數(shù)選擇水解塔最優(yōu)的流程方案； 2. 2009.3.20——2009.4.10根據(jù)所選方案及給定的參數(shù)進(jìn)行機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算； 3. 2009.4.10——2009.5.10進(jìn)行水解塔的具體結(jié)構(gòu)分析與設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算，畫出部件及零件的圖紙； 4. 2009.5.10——2009.5.30設(shè)計(jì)浮閥，根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)得出的參數(shù)進(jìn)行繪圖，對(duì)人孔、法蘭、裙座等部件進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單分析及選型； 5. 2009.5.30——2009.6.5完成中英文摘要、外文翻譯，完善設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書。 五、 進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)（論文）所需條件： 1. 進(jìn)行參觀實(shí)習(xí)：通過(guò)實(shí)地考察，了解水解塔具體的結(jié)構(gòu)和其流程的相關(guān)參數(shù)，實(shí)際運(yùn)行時(shí)應(yīng)該要考慮的各相關(guān)因素； 2. 準(zhǔn)備相關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)資料：到圖書館、院資料室、教研室借閱與水解塔相關(guān)的資料、圖紙等。 3. 收集機(jī)組各附件的資料信息：從指導(dǎo)老師處獲得一些機(jī)組附屬件的具體廠家的參數(shù)資料，同時(shí)上網(wǎng)下載水解塔生產(chǎn)廠家的參數(shù)資料和學(xué)術(shù)界相關(guān)論文； 4. 設(shè)計(jì)所需場(chǎng)地：學(xué)校提供討論研究以及繪制圖紙的設(shè)計(jì)教室； 5. 設(shè)計(jì)所需設(shè)備：計(jì)算機(jī)（能夠進(jìn)行CAD繪圖及上網(wǎng)查閱相關(guān)資料）。 六、 指導(dǎo)教師意見： 簽名： 年 月 日 摘要：本次設(shè)計(jì)的是油脂和水生成脂肪酸的水解塔。根據(jù)工藝條件選用板式塔來(lái)完成此任務(wù)。板式塔的設(shè)計(jì)包括的主要內(nèi)容：物料衡算、熱量衡算、塔設(shè)備的工藝設(shè)計(jì)（塔內(nèi)徑、塔高、封頭、填料、進(jìn)出口接管及裙座等）等。并對(duì)其進(jìn)行強(qiáng)度計(jì)算以及校核，繪制圖紙等。技術(shù)方案及路線：首先進(jìn)行物料衡算和熱量衡算，然后進(jìn)行塔設(shè)備的尺寸計(jì)算，主要包括塔的高度確定和板層高度的計(jì)算，以及對(duì)塔附件（吊柱、液體分布器、人孔、封頭、裙座等）的計(jì)算與選擇，最后進(jìn)行強(qiáng)度計(jì)算和校核。 關(guān)鍵詞： 油脂水解；水解塔；物料衡算；強(qiáng)度計(jì)算 Abstract：What this design is the fat and aquatic becomes the fatty acid the hydrolisis tower. Selects the plate tower according to the technological conditions to complete this task. The plate tower design includes primary coverage: The material balance, the thermal graduated arm calculated that the tower equipment's technological design (tower inside diameter, tower are high, shell cover, padding, import and export control and skirt and so on) and so on. And carries on the strength calculation as well as the examination to it, the plan blueprint and so on. Technical program and route: First carries on the material balance and the thermal graduated arm calculated that then carries on the tower equipment's size computation, mainly includes the tower the high determination and the flag high computation, as well as to tower appendix (pylon, liquid spreader, person hole, shell cover, skirt and so on) the computation and the choice, carry on the strength calculation and the examination finally. Key word ：Fat hydrolisis; Hydrolisis tower; Material balance; Strength calculation; 前 言 隨著我國(guó)洗滌用品工業(yè)、表面活性劑工業(yè)、化工助劑工業(yè)的發(fā)展，油脂水解技術(shù)日益重要。本設(shè)計(jì)是在水解塔中將油脂生成脂肪酸的塔設(shè)備的設(shè)計(jì)。水解塔屬于板式塔。 從2013年1月份開始著手設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)以來(lái)，本人從圖書館及網(wǎng)上資源查閱了大量的相關(guān)資料，對(duì)本設(shè)備的基本原理有了更進(jìn)一步的了解，在和同組同學(xué)討論以及任務(wù)分工后進(jìn)行了總體方案論證、總圖設(shè)計(jì)、主要部件設(shè)計(jì)和設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書的編寫工作。 本次設(shè)計(jì)是對(duì)我們四年來(lái)所學(xué)的專業(yè)知識(shí)的總結(jié)，旨在培養(yǎng)我們綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)、專業(yè)知識(shí)去分析和解決生產(chǎn)實(shí)際問(wèn)題的能力及培養(yǎng)正確的設(shè)計(jì)思想，并通過(guò)運(yùn)用設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、規(guī)范、手冊(cè)、圖冊(cè)、和查閱有關(guān)技術(shù)資料去進(jìn)行理論計(jì)算、結(jié)構(gòu)思考、繪制圖樣、寫相關(guān)說(shuō)明性材料，培養(yǎng)我們機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的基本技能和工程設(shè)計(jì)工作者的基本素質(zhì)，為我們走上工作崗位打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。 由于本人水平有限，實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足，再加上時(shí)間不允許非常深入的研究，以致設(shè)計(jì)中難免會(huì)出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤和不當(dāng)之處，還請(qǐng)各位老師多提寶貴意見，深表感謝！ 目 錄 第1章 簡(jiǎn)述……………………………………………………………………… 1 1.1油脂水解方法…………………………………………………………………1 1.2高、中壓水解技術(shù)的對(duì)比……………………………………………………2 1.3高壓連續(xù)水解工藝…………………………………………………………3 1.4兩種中壓水解裝置技術(shù)性能的對(duì)比…………………………………………4 第2章 《鋼制塔式容器》標(biāo)準(zhǔn)……………………………………………………6 2.1準(zhǔn)則……………………………………………………………………………6 2.2安全系數(shù)………………………………………………………………6 2.3適用范圍 ……………………………………………………………6 2.4設(shè)計(jì)壓力與穩(wěn)定 ………………………………………………………7 2.5腐蝕裕量………………………………………………………………8 2.6最小厚度…………………………………………………………………8 2.7結(jié)構(gòu)………………………………………………………………………9 第3章 強(qiáng)度、剛度、穩(wěn)定性的計(jì)算……………………………………………12 3.1設(shè)計(jì)條件………………………………………………………………………12 3.2選材……………………………………………………………………………13 3.3塔體和封頭的壁厚計(jì)算………………………………………………………14 3.4塔設(shè)備的載荷分析和設(shè)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則………………………………………………14 3.5塔設(shè)備質(zhì)量載荷計(jì)算…………………………………………………………19 3.6自振周期………………………………………………………………………20 3.7地震載荷……………………………………………………………………20 3.8風(fēng)載荷與風(fēng)彎矩………………………………………………………………26 3.9偏心彎矩與最大彎矩………………………………………………………30 3.10圓筒軸向應(yīng)力校核 ……………………………………………………32 3.11塔設(shè)備壓力實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)的應(yīng)力校核 ……………………………………34 3.12裙座軸向應(yīng)力的校核…………………………………………………38 3.13地腳螺栓…………………………………………………………………42 參考文獻(xiàn)……………………………………………………………………………52 英文翻譯………………………………………………………………………54 謝辭…………………………………………………………………………………70 v 英文文獻(xiàn) 1英文原文 Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pressure Vessel Steels in High-Temperature Caustic Aluminate Solutions SU'E LIU, ZIYONG ZHU, HUI GUAN, and WEI KE Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of three kinds of low alloy pressure vessel steels in high temperature (200 ℃ to 300℃ ) caustic aluminate (AlO2-) solutions has been studied by slow strain rate tests (SSRT). The results indicate that these pressure vessel steels are susceptible to SCC in caustic alnminate solution and that the SCC susceptibility increases with increasing temperature between 200 ℃ to 300 ℃ Sulfide content and stringered sulfide inclusions severely and anisotropically affect the caustic SCC of these low alloy steels. The inclusions in the rare-earth-treated steel are predominantly globular rare-earth sulfides or oxysulfides, resulting in improved transverse properties. The effect of inclusions on SCC behavior correlates with the projected area of inclusions per unit volume at the crack tip, Av, on the plane perpendicular to the tensile direction. The susceptibility to SCC increases with increasing A v. I. INTRODUCTION LOW alloy pressure vessel steels are the common structural materials for welded reaction vessels (e.g., digesters, precipitators, and evaporators) in the Bayer process for extraction of alumina from hydrated oxide ores (e.g., bauxite). These low alloy reaction vessels are in contact with high temperature concentrated caustic alnminate solutions and frequently suffer from stress corrosion cracking (SCC) during service. 1,2 Although SCC of steels in simple NaOH solutions has been the subject of numerous studies, f3,41 little work has been done in caustic aluminate solutions at 92 oc.t5,61 To purify alumina from lower quality ores, the extracting temperature has been elevated. However, there are no data on SCC susceptibility of steels used in the alumina industry at higher temperatures. The objective of the present work is to study the SCC behavior of low alloy pressure vessel steels with different sulfur contents in an imitative Bayer process at 200 ℃ to 300℃ Over the past few years, a number of research works 7,8,9 have shown that nonmetallic sulfide inclusions can cause environmentally assisted cracking to occur in high-temperature water related primarily to Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) and Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) environments. The effect of MnS inclusions on caustic SCC property is also discussed in this article to give recommendations for improving SCC resistance of materials used in the alumina industry. II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Studies were conducted on three kinds of low alloy steels: 16MnR, A48CPR, and rare-earth-treated 16MnRE. The pressure vessel quality rolling steel plates used in this work were 50-mm thick and were annealed at 650 ℃ The chemical compositions and mechanical properties of these steels were similar (Tables I and II), although the sulfur contents were very different. The cylindrical tensile specimens were 24 mm in gage length and 5 mm in diameter with threads at each end to fit tensile grips. Two kinds of tensile test pieces were sectioned from the steel plates parallel (L specimen) and perpendicular (T specimen) to the rolling direction to investigate specimen orientation effects. All specimens were polished with a 1000 grit emery paper and then cleaned with alcohol and acetone before testing. The test environment imitated the industrial Bayer process, and the temperature was varied from 200℃ to 300℃ The initial molal (M) concentration (Table III) in imitative Bayer solutions (IBS) was 7.42M NaOH, 1.32M A1203 3H20, and some impurities: carbonate, sulfate, and chloride. The test solution was prepared from distilled water and analytical grade chemicals. The resulting concentrations of anions are based on stoichiometric formation of aluminate species (AlOe-) according to Eq. 1: The slow strain rate tests were performed on an SERT-5000DP-9L machine in a static autoclave at an initial strain rate of 3.3*10-6/s. To protect the autoclave from caustic solution, a loose-fitting nickel liner, which held the corrosive media, was placed within it. A small amount of water was injected into the crevice between the autoclave and the liner to improve heat transfer and to prevent the formation of a concentrated caustic solution in this crevice. After sealing, the system was overpressured with 2.0 MPa nitrogen to prevent boiling and to minimize the transfer of corrosive media to the crevice. At the start of each test, specimens were initially loaded to 50 MPa and then strained to fracture. The tensile specimens were at the natural corrosion potential during straining. The results obtained in IBS were compared with those in an inert environment of 2.0 MPa nitrogen. The time to failure (TTF), the percent reduction of crosssectional area (pet ROA), and the elongation (E) were the main parameters used to evaluate SCC susceptibility. One-half of the specimen was mounted with epoxy resin, ground, and given a final metallographic polish to observe the secondary cracks along the gage length by optical microscopy. Table I. Analyses of Composition (Weight Percent) Steels C Si Mn P S Al Cu Mo Ni RE 16MnR 0.16 0.47 1.53 0.014 0.018 -- 0.055 -- -- -- A48CPR 0.175 0.34 1.35 0.012 0.006 -- -- 0.045 0.058 -- 16MnRE 0.16 0.40 1.38 0.018 0.009 -- - -- -- 0.020 Table II. Mechanical Properties of Steels Steels Ultimate Strengt（ MPA ） Yield Strength（ MPA ） Elongation （Pct） Impact Strength（J/cm , by Charpy Test） 25℃ 260℃ L Specimen T Specimen L Specimen T Specimen 16MnR 530.0 350.0 32.0 159 — 172 77 75 97 142 — 169 85 81 76 A48CPR 528.9 316.1 31.6 209 — 240 187 — 233 298 — 317 231 258 272 16MnRE 535.0 338.0 32.5 169 172 172 156 129 122 — — — — — — Table III. Composition of IBS (M) NaOH Al2O33H2O Na2CO3 Na2SO4 NaCl 7.42 1.32 0.3 0.14 0.14 Ill. RESULTS A. The Effect of Temperature on Caustic SCC Behavior Figure 1 shows the effect of temperature on SCC behavior for L specimens of 16MnR steel in IBS at 260 ℃ The pct ROA is reduced by the corrosive solution as compared with that in nitrogen. Also the TTF, pct ROA, and E of specimens in IBS decrease with increasing test temperature. The results indicate that 16MnR steel is susceptible to SCC in IBS and that the susceptibility increases with an increase in temperature from 200 ℃ to 300 ℃ B. Comparison of SCC Susceptibility between 16MnR, A48CPR, and 16MnRE Steels The pet ROA data of L specimens for both steels shown in Figure 2 are the average values of duplicate specimens in each test condition, and the results can be reproduced as follows. For A48CPR steel, the pct ROA data are 66.0 and 64.2 at 260 ℃ and 63.6 and 61.1 at 280 ℃ For 16MnR steel, the pct ROA data (as shown in Figure 1) are 57.2 and 55.0 at 260 ℃ and 49.6 and 47.0 at 280 ℃ The results (Figure 2) of L specimens for both steels indicate that A48CPR steel is also susceptible to SCC under the test conditions and that the susceptibility may increase slightly with increasing temperature from 260 ℃ to 280℃ The L specimens of 16MnR steel are inferior to those of A48CPR steel. The effects of specimen orientation on SCC behavior ar shown in Figure 3. The T specimens of 16MnR steel ar obviously more susceptible to SCC than its L specimens However, the SCC behavior for A48CPR steel of T specmens is similar to the L specimens. The SCC resistanc for the T specimen of rare-earth-treated steel 16MnRE improved, and the extent of anisotropy of 16MnRE decreases as compared with 16MnR. The large number of cracks observed on an L specimen of 16MnR steel after testing in IBS at 280 ℃ is shown in Figure 4. The cracking path of a typical specimen is shown in Figure 5. The cracks predominantly propagated in intergranular path, but there are also some transgranular cracks. IV. DISCUSSION Caustic SCC of low alloy pressure vessel steels in IBS at elevated temperatures is predominately intergranular (Figure 5) as at 92 ℃ The SCC susceptibility increases at high temperatures between 200 ℃ and 300 ℃ (Figures1 and 2). In comparison to the conventional (25 ℃ Pourbaix diagram, the most noticeable change at higher temperature diagrams is the larger area of stability for the HFeOi ion. An association between caustic cracking and the formation of HFeO2 ion has been previously suggested, vq Simultaneously, the reaction rate of the anodic and cathodic reactions increases at the elevated temperature. The orientation effect on SCC behavior (Figure 3) is considered to be related to inclusions in the steels. The volume fraction, shape, and distribution of manganese sulfide inclusions in 16MnR and A48CPR steels are very different,as shown in Figures 6(a) and (b). The volume fraction of inclusions in 16MnR steel is greater than in A48CPR steel because the sulfur content is higher. The inclusions in A48CPR steel are globular and well distributed, whereas those in 16MnR steel are predominantly elongated and in bands parallel to the rolling direction. The SCC process is the brittle or quasibrittle fracture of a material under the conjoint actions of stress and corrosive environments. The detrimental effects of nonmetallic inclusions on the mechanical properties of steels are now well established, tg] Considering the mechanical fracture aspect during the SCC process, the effect of inclusion on SCC behavior correlates with the total projected area, Aw, of inclusions per unit volume at the crack tip on the plane perpendicular to the tensile direction, i. The crack propagation rate is accelerated by cracking in or around the inclusions near the crack tip and is more severe with increasing A w. If the shape of inclusion is assumed to be triaxial ellipsoids (Figure 7), it is possible to calculate the magnitude of A vi in the following equation: Avi=6Vv/(Πdi) [2] where Vv is the volume fraction of inclusion and di is the average dimensions of inclusion in the tensile direction, i.There are more inclusions in 16MnR steel than in A48CPR steel. The value of Vv for 16MnR steel is therefore larger. But the average dimension of the elongated inclusions on the longitudinal section, for L specimens of 16MnR steel is also larger. However, the value of Aw on the plane perpendicular to the tensile direction, for the L specimen, is similar for both steels. So the difference in SCC susceptibility of L specimens between 16MnR and A48CPR steels is slight (Figure 2). The results indicate that the amount and shape of inclusion have no significant effect on the SCC behavior for L specimens. However, the shape and distribution of inclusion in steels severely affect the transverse properties such as the impact strength of Charpy tests (Table II) and SCC susceptibility (Figure 3). Even though a steel contains the same amount of inclusion, in a given steel, the volume fracture of inclusion should be the same, but the inclusion length dimension di and A w on the different fracture plane may be different according to the shape of inclusion. Because inclusions in 16MnR steel are stringered bands parallel to the rolling direction, the average length dimension of inclusions in the longitudinal direction, is much larger than that in the transverse direction, d2, and the average projected area on the transverse plane for the longitudinal specimen, Aw, is correspondingly smaller than that on the longitudinal plane for the transverse specimen, A v2. The elongated inclusionsin the 16MnR steel cause anisotropy in its SCC resistance(Figure 3). In comparison with the 16MnR steel, the value of Art is equal to that of At2 for globular inclusions in the A48CPR steel, so the SCC behavior is isotropic. On the other hand, SCC is also an electrochemical process. The pre-existing active-path theories tl31 have been applied primarily to intergranular cracking of ductile alloys in aqueous environments and relate the propagation process to the preferential dissolution of chemically active regions in the grain boundaries. The recent investigations indicate that the MnS inclusions dissolve readily in high-temperature water, presumably forming HS- and H2S. These species strongly affect the crack growth rate during SCC or corrosion fatigue processesYl In areas containing a dense distribution of elongated MnS inclusions, the crack tip can propagate much faster than in the surrounding area. So inclusions in steels have an influence on SCC behavior. The results of rare-earth-treated steel 16MnRE under the same test conditions further confirmed the inclusion effect. The inclusions in 16MnRE steels are predominately globular rare-earth sulfides or oxysulfides (Figure 6(c)) which are hard particles and difficult to be deformed and elon- gated. The SCC results shown in Figures 3 and 8 indicate that the ratio of pct ROA for T specimens, ROA(T), to that for L specimens, ROA(L), increases in comparison with that for 16MnR steel. The transverse SCC resistance obviously improves with inclusion shape, controlled by adding rare-earth elements in the low alloy steel 16MnR. But there are still a few stringered inclusions (Figure 6(c)) in 16MnRE, so the transverse SCC resistance of 16MnRE is not as good as that of A48CPR. Nevertheless, it is hoped that 16MnRE steel can have the same SCC resistance as that of A48CPR used in the alumina industry by controlling the amount of rare-earth elements added and the rolling process. V. CONCLUSIONS 1. Both 16MnR and A48CPR steels exhibit caustic SCC susceptibility in the IBS. The SCC susceptibility of 16MnR steel increases with increasing temperature from 200 ℃ to 300℃ 2. The volume fraction, shape, and distribution of inclusions in steels affect the caustic SCC of low alloy pressure vessel steels, especially in steels with stringered sulfide inclusions where the transverse SCC resistance is severely reduced. Adding rare-earth elements to the steel improves transverse SCC resistance by controlling the shape and dis tribution of inclusions. 3. The effects of inclusion on SCC behavior correlate with the projected area of inclusions at the crack tip, Av, on the plane perpendicular to the tensile direction. The SCC susceptibility increases with A v. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Contract No. 59271049) and the State Key Laboratory of Corrosion and Protection, Academia Sinica. REFERENCES 1. Caustic Stress Corrosion Symposium, Alcan Jamaica Company (Aljam), Mandeville, Jamaica, Mar. 1982. 2. V.I. Artem'ev, V.I. Seregin, E.P. Zholoboya, and V.P. Belyaev: Zashch. Met., 1979, vol. 15, p. 62-65. 3. M.F. Maday, A. Mignone, and A. Borello: Corrosion, 1989, vol. 45, pp. 273-82. 4. D. Singbeil and D. Tromans: Metall. Trans. A, 1982, vol. 13A, pp. 1091-98. 5. Huy Ha Le and Edward Ghali: Corros. Sci., 1990, vol. 30, pp. 117- 34. 6. R. Sriram and D. Tromans: Corrosion, 1985, vol. 41, pp. 381-85. 7. F.P. Ford: Proc. 2nd Int. Atomic Energy Agency Specialists Meeting on Subcritical Crack Growth, Sendai, Japan, May 15-17, 1985, W.H. Cullen, ed., NUREG CP-0067, vol. 2, pp. 3-72. 8. H. Hanninen, K. Torronen, M. Kemppainen, and S. Salonen: Corros. Sci., 1983, vol. 23 (6), pp. 663-79. 9. J.H. Bulloch: Proc. 3rd lnt. Symp. on Environmental Degradation of Materials in Nuclear Power Systems-Water Reactors, TMS, Warrendale, PA, 1988, pp. 261-68. 10. H.E. Townsend: Corros. Sci., 1970, vol. 10, pp. 343-58. 11. M.J. Humphries and R.N. Parkins: Syrup. Fundamental Aspects of Stress-Corrosion Cracking, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, Sept. 11 15, 1967, R.W. Stache, A.J. Forty, and D. Van Rooyen, eds., NACE, Houston, TX, 1969, pp. 384-95. 12. W.A. Spitzig: Metall. Trans. A, 1984, vol. 15A, pp. 1259-64. 13. Shinobu Matsushima, Yasuyuki Katada, Shunji Sato, and Norio Nagata: Corrosion Control, Proc. 7th Asian-Pacific Corrosion Control Conf., International Academic Publisher, Beijing, 1991, pp. 112-17 2譯文 鋼制壓力容器在高溫腐蝕性鋁酸溶液中的應(yīng)力腐蝕裂紋研究 劉舒 朱自勇 關(guān)慧 魏柯 通過(guò)慢應(yīng)變速率（SSRT）的測(cè)試，對(duì)三種低合金壓力容器用鋼在高溫（ 200 ℃-300℃）腐蝕性鋁酸（AlO2-）溶液中的應(yīng)力腐蝕開裂（SCC）情況進(jìn)行了研究。結(jié)果表明，這類壓力容器鋼在該類溶液中SCC較敏感，并隨溫度升高SCC會(huì)加劇。另外，硫化物及其它雜質(zhì)的混入也會(huì)引起鋼的腐蝕。稀土處理過(guò)的鋼中主要含球狀的硫化稀土和硫氧化合稀土，這就導(dǎo)致其加大了橫向斷裂特性，包括在延伸區(qū)域應(yīng)力腐蝕斷裂點(diǎn)Av，也就是在垂直與平面的伸長(zhǎng)方向，隨著Av值的變大，應(yīng)力腐蝕特性較為明顯。 一．引言 低合金鋼是比較常見的焊接反應(yīng)容器的材料（例如沼氣池， 除塵器，蒸發(fā)器等） ，通過(guò)貝爾反應(yīng)從含氧的水合物中將AlO2-提取出來(lái)。這類低合金反應(yīng)容器與具腐蝕性的高溫鋁酸溶液接觸并立刻出現(xiàn)腐蝕現(xiàn)象。在此期間，鋼材在純NaOH溶液中的應(yīng)力腐蝕已經(jīng)有過(guò)大量的研究，在92℃腐蝕性鋁酸溶液中也做了小規(guī)模的實(shí)驗(yàn)。為了將氧化鋁從雜質(zhì)礦石中提取出來(lái)，提取時(shí)的溫度大大高于92℃。然而，很難預(yù)知SCC的敏感性在更高溫度下的鋁酸鹽工業(yè)中的情況。目前的主要工作就是研究低合金壓力容器用鋼與不同硫化物模擬在200 ℃- 300℃時(shí)的貝爾反應(yīng)情形下的應(yīng)力腐蝕斷裂。在過(guò)去的幾年里，大量的研究工作表明，能引起非金屬硫化物在沸水中對(duì)容器的腐蝕，主要與反應(yīng)器和壓水器的環(huán)境有關(guān)，包括含腐蝕性的MnS的影響，這一點(diǎn)在本文也將提到，并介紹抗SCC材料在鋁酸鹽工業(yè)中的應(yīng)用。 二．實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟 三種低合金鋼處理方式的研究:16MnR鋼， A48CPR ，稀土處理過(guò)的16MnRE 。進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)的壓力容器軋制鋼板厚50毫米， 650 ℃退火處理。這類鋼材的化學(xué)成分和力學(xué)性能（表一和表二）較為相似，但硫的含量大不相同。取可伸長(zhǎng)的圓柱形樣本原長(zhǎng)24毫米，直徑5毫米，且均帶螺紋便于裝緊。從鋼材的橫斷面和縱斷面方向分別切割，這種張力實(shí)驗(yàn)研究樣本的向性能力，所有樣本用硬度為1000的砂輪拋光并且測(cè)試前用酒精和丙酮液清洗。 測(cè)試環(huán)境模仿工業(yè)上的貝爾過(guò)程，溫度持續(xù)在200 ℃到 300℃之間 。初始摩爾（M）濃度（表三）類似貝爾溶液：7.42M的NaOH， 1.32M的Al2O3 3H2O，并含有雜質(zhì)碳酸鹽、硫酸鹽、氯化物。待測(cè)液由蒸餾水和分析化學(xué)藥物組成。此化學(xué)反應(yīng)根據(jù)反應(yīng)前后負(fù)離子（AlO2-）濃度相等得到公式： 在一個(gè)SERT- 5000DP-9L型機(jī)器中進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)，應(yīng)變速率為3.3 *10-6 /秒。為避免腐蝕性溶液腐蝕反應(yīng)容器，內(nèi)置一個(gè)裝有抗腐蝕介質(zhì)的密合式鎳墊片。將少量的水注入反應(yīng)容器和墊片之間的縫隙，以提高傳熱和防止縫隙中形成腐蝕性的濃堿溶液。密封后，該系統(tǒng)充入2.0 MPa氮，以防止沸騰并最大限度地減小縫隙的腐蝕。在每次試驗(yàn)之前，樣本先被加壓到50MPa，然后將裂縫張緊。受拉樣本在被拉時(shí)處于自然腐蝕的狀態(tài)。在IBS情況下獲得的結(jié)果與在2.0 MPa氮的情況下作比較。其失效期（TTF） ，伸縮率（pct ROA） ，伸長(zhǎng)率（ E ）是用來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)SCC敏感性的主要參數(shù)。其中一半的樣本加上環(huán)氧樹脂，并做最后的磨光處理，使其有金屬光澤，觀察沿?cái)嗝娣较虻亩螖嗔选? 表一 分析成分（重量百分比） 鋼材 C Si Mn P S Al Cu Mo Ni RE 16MnR 0.16 0.47 1.53 0.014 0.018 -- 0.055 -- -- -- A48CPR 0.175 0.34 1.35 0.012 0.006 -- -- 0.045 0.058 -- 16MnRE 0.16 0.40 1.38 0.018 0.009 -- -- -- -- 0.020 表二 鋼的力學(xué)性能 鋼材 極限強(qiáng)度（ MPA ） 屈服強(qiáng)度（ MPA ） 伸縮率 （Pct） 沖擊強(qiáng)度（焦耳/厘米2 ，貝爾試驗(yàn)） 25℃ 260℃ L樣本 T樣本 L樣本 T樣本 16MnR 530.0 350.0 32.0 159 — 172 77 75 97 142 — 169 85 81 76 A48CPR 528.9 316.1 31.6 209 — 240 187 — 233 298 — 317 231 258 272 16MnRE 535.0 338.0 32.5 169 172 172 156 129 122 — — — — — — 表三. 組成IBS的成分（摩爾） NaOH Al2O33H2O Na2CO3 Na2SO4 NaCl 7.42 1.32 0.3 0.14 0.14 三．實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果 A.溫度對(duì)SCC性能的影響。 圖1表明溫度為260 ℃時(shí)，在IBS中16MnR鋼的SCC狀況。在腐蝕性溶液中其收縮率與在氮?dú)庵邢啾容^而言變小了。樣本在IBS中，其失效率、伸縮率、伸長(zhǎng)率隨測(cè)試溫度的升高也減小了。結(jié)果表明，在IBS中，16MnR鋼極易發(fā)生應(yīng)力腐蝕斷裂，而且隨著溫度的升高，SCC也變的更為明顯。 圖1 圖2 B.16MnR、A48CPR、16MnRE之間SCC敏感性對(duì)比。 圖2表示同種鋼材L樣本的伸縮率在同一條件下其數(shù)據(jù)的平均值，以下可重復(fù)利用此結(jié)果。對(duì)于A48CPR鋼材，伸縮率在260 ℃時(shí)是66.0和64.2 ，在280℃ 時(shí)是63.6和61.1。對(duì)于16MnR鋼材，伸縮率在260℃時(shí)是（如圖1所示）57.2和55.0，在 280℃時(shí)是49.6和47.0 ,其結(jié)果和圖2 相吻合。表明A48CPR鋼材在測(cè)試條件下也極易發(fā)生SCC現(xiàn)象。隨著溫度的升高，從260 ℃到280 ℃，其SCC現(xiàn)象更為明顯，不難看出, 16MnR鋼的L樣本性能比A48CPR鋼的性能差。 圖3表示樣本對(duì)SCC特性的影響。由圖可知，16MnR鋼材的T樣本比L樣本更易出現(xiàn)SCC現(xiàn)象。然而， A48CPR鋼材的T樣本與L樣本SCC程度是一樣的。稀土處理過(guò)的16MnRE鋼材的T樣本抗SCC能力強(qiáng)些，同16MnR鋼材相比，16MnRE的性能較低。 圖4表示經(jīng)280 ℃的IBS測(cè)試后，16MnR鋼的L樣本有大量的裂痕。圖5表示的是一個(gè)典型的樣本裂口，裂縫多出現(xiàn)在樣本中間，粒狀，也有穿晶裂紋。 圖3 圖4 圖5 四.討論 在低合金壓力容器用鋼的SCC圖中，隨著溫度的升高，在92℃時(shí)，腐蝕性較明顯（圖5）。在高溫200℃ ? 300 ℃之間，SCC不斷增加（圖1和2） 。與常溫（25 ℃） 相比較，高溫下最顯著的變化是HFeO2-離子大面積是穩(wěn)定的。腐蝕性裂紋與HFeO2-離子間關(guān)系在前文已述。同時(shí)，陽(yáng)極的反應(yīng)速率隨溫度的升高而加快。 鋼中的雜質(zhì)會(huì)影響應(yīng)力腐蝕開裂的方向。16MnR鋼和A48CPR鋼的體積、外形、錳硫化物的含量均不同，如圖6（ a ）和（ b ）所示 。同體積的兩種鋼材，16MnR鋼雜質(zhì)含量大于A48CPR鋼，因?yàn)?6MnR鋼材硫含量較高。雜質(zhì)在A48CPR鋼中呈球形且均勻分布，在16MnR鋼中主要是延伸的纖維狀，平行于軋制方向。 在SCC過(guò)程中，應(yīng)力活動(dòng)結(jié)點(diǎn)和腐蝕環(huán)境在材料脆性和偽脆性部分，鋼中非金屬雜質(zhì)對(duì)其機(jī)械性能的影響是有害的，目前已進(jìn)行了很詳細(xì)的研究。雜質(zhì)對(duì)SCC性能的影響是與整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)面積Avi（即在裂紋尖端與延伸方向相垂直的每單元體積）是相關(guān)聯(lián)的。在裂紋尖端的雜質(zhì)周圍，裂紋的生長(zhǎng)速度增加，若增加Avi，裂紋會(huì)加快生長(zhǎng)。 如果假定雜質(zhì)的外形是三維橢球形（圖7） ，即可通過(guò)公式： Avi=6V