淬火用上下料機械手液壓系統(tǒng)設計【含5張CAD圖紙+文檔全套】

喜歡就充值下載吧。資源目錄里展示的文件全都有，請放心下載，有疑問咨詢QQ:414951605或者1304139763 = 喜歡就充值下載吧。資源目錄里展示的文件全都有，請放心下載，有疑問咨詢QQ:414951605或者1304139763 = 湖南農業(yè)大學全日制普通本科生畢業(yè)論文（設計）中 期 檢 查 表學 院： 工學院 學生姓名陳二彪學 號200940614329年級專業(yè)及班級20 09級 機械設計制造及其自動化 專業(yè) （2） 班指導教師姓名陳文凱指導教師職稱副教授論文（設計）題目淬火用上下料機械手液壓系統(tǒng)設計畢業(yè)論文（設計）工作進度已完成的主要內容尚需解決的主要問題1.查找相關文獻，并完成開題報告2.根據機械手工藝要求及部分參數初步確定液壓回路3.初步完成液壓系統(tǒng)原理圖的繪制1.液壓系統(tǒng)的功能原理設計2.油路塊的結構設計3.液壓系統(tǒng)安裝簡圖的繪制4.整理修改并編寫畢業(yè)設計說明書指導教師意見 簽 名： 年 月 日 檢查小組意見 組長簽名： 年 月 日 注：1.此表可用黑色簽字筆填寫，也可打印，但意見欄必須相應責任人親筆填寫。2.此表可從教務處網站下載中心下載。湖南農業(yè)大學全日制普通本科生畢業(yè)論文（設計）任務書學生姓名陳二彪學 號200940614329年級專業(yè)及班級2009級機械設計制造及其自動化(3)班 指導教師及職稱陳文凱副教授學 院工學院2012年12 月3 日填 寫 說 明一、畢業(yè)論文（設計）任務書是學校根據已經確定的畢業(yè)論文（設計）題目下達給學生的一種教學文件，是學生在指導教師指導下獨立從事畢業(yè)論文（設計）工作的依據。此表由指導教師填寫。二、此任務書必需針對每一位學生，不能多人共用。三、選題要恰當，任務要明確，難度要適中，份量要合理，使每個學生在規(guī)定的時限內，經過自己的努力，可以完成任務書規(guī)定的設計研究內容。四、任務書一經下達，不得隨意更改。五、各欄填寫基本要求。（一）畢業(yè)論文（設計）選題來源、選題性質和完成形式：請在合適的對應選項前的“”內打“”，科研課題請注明課題項目和名稱，項目指“國家青年基金”等。（二）主要內容和要求：1工程設計類選題明確設計具體任務，設計原始條件及主要技術指標；設計方案的形成（比較與論證）；該生的側重點；應完成的工作量，如圖紙、譯文及計算機應用等要求。2實驗研究類選題明確選題的來源，具體任務與目標，國內外相關的研究現狀及其評述；該生的研究重點，研究的實驗內容、實驗原理及實驗方案；計算機應用及工作量要求，如論文、文獻綜述報告、譯文等。3文法經管類論文明確選題的任務、方向、研究范圍和目標；對相關的研究歷史和研究現狀簡要介紹，明確該生的研究重點；要求完成的工作量，如論文、文獻綜述報告、譯文等。（三）主要中文參考資料與外文資料：在確定了畢業(yè)論文（設計）題目和明確了要求后，指導教師應給學生提供一些相關資料和相關信息，或劃定參考資料的范圍，指導學生收集反映當前研究進展的近13年參考資料和文獻。外文資料是指導老師根據選題情況明確學生需要閱讀或翻譯成中文的外文文獻。（四）畢業(yè)論文（設計）的進度安排：1設計類、實驗研究類課題實習、調研、收集資料、方案制定約占總時間的20%；主體工作，包括設計、計算、繪制圖紙、實驗及結果分析等約占總時間的50%；撰寫初稿、修改、定稿約占總時間的30%。2文法經管類論文實習、調研、資料收集、歸檔整理、形成提綱約占總時間的60%；撰寫論文初稿，修改、定稿約占總時間的40%。六、各欄填寫完整、字跡清楚。應用黑色簽字筆填寫，也可使用打印稿，但簽名欄必須相應責任人親筆簽名。畢業(yè)論文（設計）題目淬火用上下料機械手液壓系統(tǒng)設計選題來源結合科研課題 課題名稱：生產實際或社會實際 其他 選題性質基礎研究 應用研究 其他題目完成形式畢業(yè)論文 畢業(yè)設計 提交作品，并撰寫論文主要內容和要求淬火用上下料機械手液壓系統(tǒng)可以保證淬火用上下料機械手按預訂工藝過程的要求（壓力、溫度、速度、時間）和動作程序準確有效的工作。主要要求：一、進行必要的設計計算二、設計油路板三、繪制液壓系統(tǒng)圖四、繪制液壓系統(tǒng)安裝簡圖五、編寫設計說明書說明：設計工作量應至少完成折合A0號圖紙三張和一份12000字以上的設計計算說明書。注：此表如不夠填寫，可另加附頁。主要中文參考資料與外文資料1濮良貴，紀名剛主編.機械設計M.高等教育出版社，2004.22孫桓,陳作模.機械原理M.北京：高等教育出版社，19993張世亮.液壓與氣壓傳動M.北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，20064董林福.液壓與氣壓傳動M.北京：化學工業(yè)出版社，20065王積偉.液壓與氣壓傳動M.北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，20056機械工程手冊編委會.機械工程手冊M.北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，19977章宏甲，黃 誼M.北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，20058許福玲.液壓與氣壓傳動M.北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，20049張利平.現代液壓技術應用220例M.北京：化學工業(yè)出版社，200410雷天覺.液壓工程手冊M.北京：機械工業(yè)出版社，1996 工作進度安排起止日期主要工作內容2012.11.062012.12.02選題2012.12.032012.12.05接受任務書2012.12.062013.01.13撰寫開題報告和開題2013.01.142013.03.29畢業(yè)設計2013.03.302013.04.01中期考核2013.04.022013.05.06完善畢業(yè)設計與畢業(yè)設計總結2013.05.072013.05.10提交正稿與指導老師評閱2013.05.112013.05.26專業(yè)委員會評閱，答辯與修改定稿要求完成日期：20 年 月 日 指導教師簽名： 審查日期：20 年 月 日 專業(yè)委員會主任簽名： 批準日期：20 年 月 日 學院指導委員會簽名（公章）： 接受任務日期：20 年 月 日 學生本人簽名： 注：簽名欄必須由相應責任人親筆簽名。此表可從教務處網站下載中心下載。 密 級分類號編 號成 績本科生畢業(yè)設計 (論文)外 文 翻 譯原 文 標 題Hydraulic System 譯 文 標 題液壓系統(tǒng)作者所在系別機電工程學院作者所在專業(yè)車輛工程作者所在班級B13142作 者 姓 名王磊作 者 學 號201322330指導教師姓名何濤指導教師職稱教授完 成 時 間2017年4月北華航天工業(yè)學院教務處制譯文標題液壓系統(tǒng)原文標題 Hydraulic System作 者William J.Lucas譯 名威廉J.盧卡斯國 籍美國原文出處Hydraulic System摘要：液壓傳動和氣壓傳動成為流體傳動，是根據17世紀帕斯卡提出的液體靜壓力傳動原理而發(fā)展起來的一門新興技術。一個完整的液壓系統(tǒng)有五個部分組成，即動力元件、執(zhí)行元件、控制元件、輔助元件和液壓油。液壓傳動與機械傳動相比有各自的優(yōu)缺點。關鍵詞：液壓系統(tǒng) 液壓傳動設計液壓系統(tǒng)液壓傳動和氣壓傳動稱為流體傳動，是根據17世紀帕斯卡提出的液體靜壓力傳動原理而發(fā)展起來的一門新興技術，1795年英國約瑟夫布拉曼(Joseph Braman,1749-1814)，在倫敦用水作為工作介質，以水壓機的形式將其應用于工業(yè)上，誕生了世界上第一臺水壓機。1905年將工作介質水改為油，又進一步得到改善。第一次世界大戰(zhàn)(1914-1918)后液壓傳動廣泛應用，特別是1920年以后，發(fā)展更為迅速。液壓元件大約在 19 世紀末 20 世紀初的20年間，才開始進入正規(guī)的工業(yè)生產階段。1925 年維克斯(F.Vikers)發(fā)明了壓力平衡式葉片泵,為近代液壓元件工業(yè)或液壓傳動的逐步建立奠定了基礎。20 世紀初康斯坦丁尼斯克(GConstantimsco)對能量波動傳遞所進行的理論及實際研究;1910年對液力傳動(液力聯(lián)軸節(jié)、液力變矩器等)方面的貢獻，使這兩方面領域得到了發(fā)展。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)(1941-1945)期間,在美國機床中有30%應用了液壓傳動。應該指出,日本液壓傳動的發(fā)展較歐美等國家晚了近 20 多年。在 1955 年前后 , 日本迅速發(fā)展液壓傳動,1956 年成立了“液壓工業(yè)會”。近2030 年間，日本液壓傳動發(fā)展之快，居世界領先地位。液壓傳動有許多突出的優(yōu)點，因此它的應用非常廣泛，如一般工業(yè)用的塑料加工機械、壓力機械、機床等；行走機械中的工程機械、建筑機械、農業(yè)機械、汽車等；鋼鐵工業(yè)用的冶金機械、提升裝置、軋輥調整裝置等；土木水利工程用的防洪閘門及堤壩裝置、河床升降裝置、橋梁操縱機構等；發(fā)電廠渦輪機調速裝置、核發(fā)電廠等等；船舶用的甲板起重機械（絞車）、船頭門、艙壁閥、船尾推進器等；特殊技術用的巨型天線控制裝置、測量浮標、升降旋轉舞臺等；軍事工業(yè)用的火炮操縱裝置、船舶減搖裝置、飛行器仿真、飛機起落架的收放裝置和方向舵控制裝置等。一個完整的液壓系統(tǒng)由五個部分組成，即動力元件、執(zhí)行元件、控制元件、輔助元件和液壓油。 動力元件的作用是將原動機的機械能轉換成液體的壓力能，指液壓系統(tǒng)中的油泵，它向整個液壓系統(tǒng)提供動力。液壓泵的結構形式一般有齒輪泵、葉片泵和柱塞泵。 執(zhí)行元件(如液壓缸和液壓馬達)的作用是將液體的壓力能轉換為機械能，驅動負載作直線往復運動或回轉運動。 控制元件(即各種液壓閥)在液壓系統(tǒng)中控制和調節(jié)液體的壓力、流量和方向。根據控制功能的不同，液壓閥可分為壓力控制閥、流量控制閥和方向控制閥。壓力控制閥又分為益流閥(安全閥)、減壓閥、順序閥、壓力繼電器等；流量控制閥包括節(jié)流閥、調整閥、分流集流閥等；方向控制閥包括單向閥、液控單向閥、梭閥、換向閥等。根據控制方式不同，液壓閥可分為開關式控制閥、定值控制閥和比例控制閥。 輔助元件包括油箱、濾油器、油管及管接頭、密封圈、壓力表、油位油溫計等。 液壓油是液壓系統(tǒng)中傳遞能量的工作介質，有各種礦物油、乳化液和合成型液壓油等幾大類。液壓系統(tǒng)的作用就是幫助人類做工。主要是由執(zhí)行元件把壓力變成轉動或往復運動。液壓的原理：它是由兩個大小不同的液缸組成的，在液缸里充滿水或油。充水的叫“水壓機”；充油的稱“油壓機”。兩個液缸里各有一個可以滑動的活塞，如果在小活塞上加一定值的壓力，根據帕斯卡定律，小活塞將這一壓力通過液體的壓強傳遞給大活塞，將大活塞頂上去。設小活塞的橫截面積是S1，加在小活塞上的向下的壓力是F1。于是，小活塞對液體的壓強為P=F1/SI, 能夠大小不變地被液體向各個方向傳遞”。大活塞所受到的壓強必然也等于P。若大活塞的橫截面積是S2，壓強P在大活塞上所產生的向上的壓力F2=PxS2截面積是小活塞橫截面積的倍數。從上式知，在小活塞上加一較小的力，則在大活塞上會得到很大的力，為此用液壓機來壓制膠合板、榨油、提取重物、鍛壓鋼材等。 液壓系統(tǒng)由信號控制和液壓動力兩部分組成，信號控制部分用于驅動液壓動力部分中的控制閥動作。液壓動力部分采用回路圖方式表示，以表明不同功能元件之間的相互關系。液壓源含有液壓泵、電動機和液壓輔助元件；液壓控制部分含有各種控制閥，其用于控制工作油液的流量、壓力和方向；執(zhí)行部分含有液壓缸或液壓馬達，其可按實際要求來選擇。與機械傳動、電氣傳動相比，液壓傳動具有以下優(yōu)點：1、液壓傳動的各種元件，可以根據需要方便、靈活地來布置。2、重量輕、體積小、運動慣性小、反應速度快。3、操縱控制方便，可實現大范圍的無級調速（調速范圍達2000：1）。4、可自動實現過載保護。5、一般采用礦物油作為工作介質，相對運動面可自行潤滑，使用壽命長。6、很容易實現直線運動。7、很容易實現機器的自動化，當采用電液聯(lián)合控制后，不僅可實現更高程度的自動控制過程，而且可以實現遙控。液壓系統(tǒng)的缺點：1、由于流體流動的阻力和泄露較大，所以效率較低。如果處理不當，泄露不僅污染場地，而且還可能引起火災和爆炸事故。2、由于工作性能易受到溫度變化的影響，因此不宜在很高或很低的溫度條件下工作。3、液壓元件的制造精度要求較高，因而價格較貴。4、由于液體介質的泄露及可壓縮性影響，不能得到嚴格的傳動比。5、液壓傳動出故障時不易找出原因；使用和維修要求有較高的技術水平。在液壓系統(tǒng)及其系統(tǒng)中，密封裝置用來防止工作介質的泄漏及外界灰塵和異物的侵入。其中起密封作用的元件，即密封件。外漏會造成工作介質的浪費，污染機器和環(huán)境，甚至引起機械操作失靈及設備人身事故。內漏會引起液壓系統(tǒng)容積效率急劇下降，達不到所需要的工作壓力，甚至不能進行工作。侵入系統(tǒng)中的微小灰塵顆粒，會引起或加劇液壓元件摩擦副的磨損，進一步導致泄漏。因此，密封件和密封裝置是液壓設備的一個重要組成部分。它的工作的可靠性和使用壽命，是衡量液壓系統(tǒng)好壞的一個重要指標。除間隙密封外，都是利用密封件，使相鄰兩個偶合表面間的間隙控制在需要密封的液體能通過的最小間隙以下。在接觸式密封中，分為自封式壓緊型密封和自封式自緊型密封（即唇形密封）兩種。液壓系統(tǒng)的三大頑疾1、發(fā)熱 由于傳力介質（液壓油）在流動過程中存在各部位流速的不同，導致液體內部存在一定的內摩擦，同時液體和管路內壁之間也存在摩擦，這些都是導致液壓油溫度升高的原因。溫度升高將導致內外泄漏增大，降低其機械效率。同時由于較高的溫度，液壓油會發(fā)生膨脹，導致壓縮性增大，使控制動作無法很好的傳遞。解決辦法：發(fā)熱是液壓系統(tǒng)的固有特征，無法根除只能盡量減輕。使用質量好的液壓油、液壓管路的布置中應盡量避免彎頭的出現、使用高質量的管路以及管接頭、液壓閥等。2、振動 液壓系統(tǒng)的振動也是其痼疾之一。由于液壓油在管路中的高速流動而產生的沖擊以及控制閥打開關閉過程中產生的沖擊都是系統(tǒng)發(fā)生振動的原因。強的振動會導致系統(tǒng)控制動作發(fā)生錯誤，也會使系統(tǒng)中一些較為精密的儀器發(fā)生錯誤，導致系統(tǒng)故障。解決辦法：液壓管路應盡量固定，避免出現急彎。避免頻繁改變液流方向，無法避免時應做好減振措施。整個液壓系統(tǒng)應有良好的減振措施，同時還要避免外來振源對系統(tǒng)的影響。3、泄漏 液壓系統(tǒng)的泄漏分為內泄漏和外泄漏。內泄漏指泄漏過程發(fā)生在系統(tǒng)內部，例如液壓缸活塞兩邊的泄漏、控制閥閥芯與閥體之間的泄漏等。內泄漏雖然不會產生液壓油的損失，但是由于發(fā)生泄漏，既定的控制動作可能會受到影響，直至引起系統(tǒng)故障。外泄漏是指發(fā)生在系統(tǒng)和外部環(huán)境之間的泄漏。液壓油直接泄漏到環(huán)境中，除了會影響系統(tǒng)的工作環(huán)境外，還會導致系統(tǒng)壓力不夠引發(fā)故障。泄漏到環(huán)境中的液壓油還有發(fā)生火災的危險。解決辦法：采用質量較好的密封件，提高設備的加工精度。液壓元件將向高性能、高質量、高可靠性、系統(tǒng)成套方向發(fā)展；向低能耗、低噪聲、振動、無泄漏以及污染控制、應用水基介質等適應環(huán)保要求方向發(fā)展；開發(fā)高集成化高功率密度、智能化、機電一體化以及輕小型微型液壓元件；積極采用新工藝、新材料和電子、傳感等高新技術。液力偶合器向高速大功率和集成化的液力傳動裝置發(fā)展，開發(fā)水介質調速型液力偶合器和向汽車應用領域發(fā)展，開發(fā)液力減速器，提高產品可靠性和平均無故障工作時間；液力變矩器要開發(fā)大功率的產品，提高零部件的制造工藝技術，提高可靠性，推廣計算機輔助技術，開發(fā)液力變矩器與動力換檔變速箱配套使用技術；液粘調速離合器應提高產品質量，形成批量，向大功率和高轉速方向發(fā)展。 原文： Hydraulic SystemHydraulic presser drive and air pressure drive hydraulic fluid as the transmission is made according to the 17th century, Pascals principle of hydrostatic pressure to drive the development of an emerging technology, the United Kingdom in 1795 Braman Joseph (Joseph Braman ,1749-1814), in London water as a medium to form hydraulic press used in industry, the birth of the worlds first hydraulic press. Media work in 1905 will be replaced by oil-water and further improved.After the World War I (1914-1918) ,because of the extensive application of hydraulic transmission, especially after 1920, more rapid development. Hydraulic components in the late 19th century about the early 20th century, 20 years, only started to enter the formal phase of industrial production. 1925 Vickers (F. Vikers) the invention of the pressure balanced vane pump, hydraulic components for the modern industrial or hydraulic transmission of the gradual establishment of the foundation. The early 20th century G Constantimscofluct- uations of the energy carried out by passing theoretical and practical research; in 1910 on the hydraulic trans- mission (hydraulic coupling, hydraulic torque converter, etc.) contributions, so that these two areas of development.The Second World War (1941-1945) period, in the United States 30% of machine tool applications in the hydraulic transmission. It should be noted that the development of hydraulic transmission in Japan than Europe and the United States and other countries for nearly 20 years later. Before and after in 1955, the rapid development of Japans hydraulic drive, set up in 1956, Hydraulic Industry. Nearly 20 to 30 years, the development of Japans fast hydraulic transmission, a world leader.Hydraulic transmission There are many outstanding advantages, it is widely used, such as general industrial use of plastics processing machinery, the pressure of machinery, machine tools, etc.; operating machinery engineering machinery, construction machinery, agricultural machinery, automobiles, etc.; iron and steel indu-stry metallurgical machinery, lifting equipment, such as roller adjustment device; civil water projects with flood control and dam gate devices, bed lifts installations, bridges and other manipulation of institutions; speed turbine power plant installations, nuclear power plants, etc.; ship from the deck heavy machinery (winch), the bow doors, bulkhead valve, stern thruster, etc.; special antenna technology giant with control devices, measurement buoys, movements such as rotating stage; military industrial control devices used in artillery, ship antirolling devices, aircraft simulation, aircraft retractable landing gear and rudder control devices and other devices.A complete hydraulic system consists of five parts, namely, power components, the implementation of components, control components, auxiliary components and hydraulic oil. The role of dynamic components of the original motive fluid into mechanical energy to the pressure that the hydraulic system of pumps, it is to power the entire hydraulic system. The structure of the form of hydraulic pump gears are generally pump, vane pump and piston pump. Implementation of components (such as hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors) which is the pressure of the liquid can be converted to mechanical energy to drive the load for a straight line reciprocating movement or rotational movement.Control components (that is, the various hydraulic valves) in the hydraulic system to control and regulate the pressure of liquid, flow rate and direction. According to the different control functions, hydraulic pressure control valve can be divided into valves, flow control valves and directional control valve. Pressure control valves are divided into benefits flow valve (safety valve), pressure relief valve, sequence valve, pressure relays, etc.; flow control valves including throttle, adjusting the valves, flow diversion valve sets, etc.; directional control valve includes a one-way valve , one-way fluid control valve, shuttle valve, valve and so on. Under the control of different ways, can be divided into the hydraulic valve control switch valve, control valve and set the value of the ratio control valve. Auxiliary components, including fuel tanks, oil filters, tubing and pipe joints, seals, pressure gauge, oil level, such as oil dollars. Hydraulic oil in the hydraulic system is the work of the energy transfer medium, there are a variety of mineral oil, emulsion oil hydraulic molding Hop categories. The role of the hydraulic system is to help humanity work. Mainly by the implementation of components to rotate or pressure into a reciprocating motion. Hydraulic principle ：it consists of two cylinders of different sizes and composition of fluid in the fluid full of water or oil. Water is called hydraulic press; the said oilfilled hydraulic machine. Each of the two liquid a sliding piston, if the increase in the small piston on the pressure of a certain value, according to Pascals law, small piston to the pressure of the pressure through the liquid passed to the large piston, piston top will go a long way to go. Based cross-sectional area of the small piston is S1, plus a small piston in the downward pressure on the F1. Thus, a small piston on the liquid pressure to P = F1/SI, Can be the same size in all directions to the transmission of liquid. By the large piston is also equivalent to the inevitable pressure P. If the large piston is the cross-sectional area S2, the pressure P on the piston in the upward pressure generated F2 = PxS2 Cross-sectional area is a small multiple of the piston cross-sectional area. From the type known to add in a small piston of a smaller force, the piston will be in great force, for which the hydraulic machine used to suppress plywood, oil, extract heavy objects, such as forging steel. Hydraulic system and hydraulic power control signal is composed of two parts, the signal control of some parts of the hydraulic power used to drive the control valve movement. Part of the hydraulic power means that the circuit diagram used to show the different functions of the interrelationship between components. Containing the source of hydraulic pump, hydraulic motor and auxiliary components; hydraulic control part contains a variety of control valves, used to control the flow of oil, pressure and direction; operative or hydraulic cylinder with hydraulic motors, according to the actual requirements of their choice.With mechanical transmission, electrical transmission compared to the hydraulic drive has the following advantages: 1, a variety of hydraulic components, can easily and flexibly to layout. 2, light weight, small size, small inertia, fast response. 3, to facilitate manipulation of control, enabling a wide range of stepless speed regulation (speed range of 2000:1). 4, to achieve overload protection automatically. 5, the general use of mineral oil as a working medium, the relative motion can be self-lubricating surface, long service life. 6, it is easy to achieve linear motion. 7, it is easy to achieve the automation of machines, when the joint control of the use of electro-hydraulic, not only can achieve a higher degree of process automation, and remote control can be achieved.The shortcomings of the hydraulic system: 1, as a result of the resistance to fluid flow and leakage of the larger, so less efficient. If not handled properly, leakage is not only contaminated sites, but also may cause fire and explosion. 2, vulnerable performance as a result of the impact of temperature change, it would be inappropriate in the high or low temperature conditions. 3, the manufacture of precision hydraulic components require a higher, more expensive and hence the price. 4, due to the leakage of liquid medium and the compressibility and can not be strictly the transmission ratio. 5, hydraulic transmission is not easy to find out the reasons for failure; the use and maintenance requirements for a higher level of technology.In the hydraulic system and its system, the sealing device to prevent leakage of the work of media within and outside the dust and the intrusion of foreign bodies. Seals played the role of components, namely seals. Medium will result in leakage of waste, pollution and environmental machinery and even give rise to malfunctioning machinery and equipment for personal accident. Leakage within the hydraulic system will cause a sharp drop in volumetric efficiency, amounting to less than the required pressure, can not even work. Microinvasive system of dust particles, can cause or exacerbate friction hydraulic component wear, and further lead to leakage.Therefore, seals and sealing device is an important hydraulic equipment components. The reliability of its work and life, is a measure of the hydraulic system an important indicator of good or bad. In addition to the closed space, are the use of seals, so that two adjacent coupling surface of the gap between the need to control the liquid can be sealed following the smallest gap. In the contact seal, pressed into self-seal-style and self-styled self-tight seal (ie, sealed lips) two.The three hydraulic system diseases 1, as a result of heat transmission medium (hydraulic oil) in the flow velocity in various parts of the existence of different, resulting in the existence of a liquid within the internal friction of liquids and pipelines at the same time there is friction between the inner wall, which are a result of hydraulic the reasons for the oil temperature. Temperature will lead to increased internal and external leakage, reducing its mechanical efficiency. At the same time as a result of high temperature, hydraulic oil expansion will occur, resulting in increased compression, so that action can not be very good control of transmission. Solution: heat is the inherent characte -ristics of the hydraulic system, not only to minimize eradication. Use a good quality hydraulic oil, hydraulic piping arrangement should be avoided as far as possible the emergence of bend, the use of high-quality pipe and fittings, hydraulic valves, etc.2, the vibration of the vibration of the hydraulic system is also one of its malaise. As a result of hydraulic oil in the pipeline flow of high-speed impact and the control valve to open the closure of the impact of the process are the reasons for the vibration system. Strong vibration control action will cause the system to error, the system will also be some of the more sophisticated equipment error, resulting in system failures. Solutions: hydraulic pipe should be fixed to avoid sharp bends. To avoid frequent changes in flow direction, can not avoid damping measures should be doing a good job. The entire hydraulic system should have a good damping measures, while avoiding the external local oscillator on the system.3, the leakage of the hydraulic system leak into inside and outside the leakage leakage. Leakage refers to the process with the leak occurred in the system, such as hydraulic piston-cylinder on both sides of the leakage, the control valve spool and valve body, such as between the leakage. Although no internal leakage of hydraulic fluid loss, but due to leakage, the control of the established movements may be affected until the cause system failures. Outside means the occurrence of leakage in the system and the leakage between the external environment. Direct leakage of hydraulic oil into the environment, in addition to the system will affect the working environment, not enough pressure will cause the system to trigger a fault. Leakage into the environment of the hydraulic oil was also the danger of fire. Solution: the use of better quality seals to improve the machining accuracy of equipment. Hydraulic components will be high-performance, high-quality, high reliability, the system sets the direction of development; to the low power, low noise, vibration, without leakage, as well as pollution control, water based media applications to adapt to environmental requirements, such as the direction of development; the development of highly integrated high power density, intelligence, mechatronics and micro-light mini-hydraulic components; active use of new techniques, new materials and electronics, sensing and other high-tech.Hydraulic coupling to high-speed high-power and integrated development of hydraulic transmission equipment, development of water hydraulic coupling medium speed and the field of automotive applications to develop hydraulic reducer, improve product reliability and working hours MTBF; hydraulic torque converter to the development of high-power products, parts and components to improve the manufacturing process technology to improve reliability, promote computeraided technology, the development of hydraulic torque converter and power shift transmission technology supporting the use of ; Clutch fluid viscosity should increase the quality of products, the formation of bulk to the high-power and high-speed direction.9指 導 教 師 評 語 外文翻譯成績：指導教師簽字： 年 月 日注：1. 指導教師對譯文進行評閱時應注意以下幾個方面：翻譯的外文文獻與畢業(yè)設計（論文）的主題是否高度相關，并作為外文參考文獻列入畢業(yè)設計（論文）的參考文獻；翻譯的外文文獻字數是否達到規(guī)定數量（3 000字以上）；譯文語言是否準確、通順、具有參考價值。2. 外文原文應以附件的方式置于譯文之后。