英語專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文 從合作原則角度看英漢習(xí)語文化與翻譯 Study on Culture and Translation of English and Chinese idioms from the Perspective of Cooperative Principle

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1、 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(論文) 設(shè)計（論文）題目：Study on Culture and Translation of English and Chinese idioms from the Perspective of Cooperative Principle 從合作原則角度看英漢習(xí)語文化與翻譯

2、 學(xué) 院 名 稱： 外國語學(xué)院 專 業(yè)： 英語 班 級： 072 姓 名： 陳俊杰 學(xué) 號 07407010245 指 導(dǎo) 教 師： 周雙娥 職 稱

3、 副教授 ABSTRACT With the growing of economic globalization, the world is more connected with cultural exchanges increased all over the world. People are eager to learn new things from foreign countries. However, People can communicate with others in an effective way by spoken or written th

4、e same language. As idioms are important as component parts of languages, it become more important in language study. Therefore, there are many differences between China and English-speaking countries in cultural background, customs, geography , style of language, religions belief and so on. Researc

5、h of Cultural and Translation between English and Chinese is particularly important. This paper is devoted to make a study of English and Chinese cultural differences and idioms' translation through the cooperative principles, in order to understand English and Chinese culture better, and this s

6、tudy may be benefit to translation of English and Chinese idioms.。 摘 要 隨著經(jīng)濟全球化的發(fā)展，各國間的聯(lián)系日益加深，文化間的交流也日益緊密。人們開始迫切地想要了解國外的一切新奇的事物，作為人們彼此了解交往最直接最有效的手段當(dāng)然非語言莫屬，而習(xí)語作為語言中的一個重要組成部分，自然成為語言研究的一個要點。由于各國間文化背景、生活習(xí)俗、地理環(huán)境、語言風(fēng)格、宗教信仰等不盡相同，英漢習(xí)語文化對比與翻譯的相關(guān)研究就顯得尤為重要了。本文試圖借助語用學(xué)合作原則的相關(guān)理論，對英漢習(xí)語的文化差異與翻譯作一些探索，以期能更好地理解英漢習(xí)

7、語文化，更貼切地進行英漢習(xí)語的翻譯。 Key words: Idiom, translation, cooperative principles 關(guān)鍵詞: 英漢習(xí)語, 翻譯， 合作原則 CONTENTS Introduction……………………………………………………………..1 1.Concept of Language and Culture…………………………………...2 1.1 The Definition of Grice’s Cooperative Principle………………………

8、…….2 1.2 The Definition of Language…………………………………………………...3 1.3 The Definition of Culture……………………………………………………...3 1.4 Interactive Relationship of Language and Culture………………………….4 1.5 Divergences of Language and Culture ………………………………………4 2.Culture of English and Chinese idioms……………………………...6 2.1.

9、 Idioms and Culture……………………………………………………. ……..6 2.2 The Fundamental Features of English and Chinese Idioms………………...6 2.2.1 National Characteristics…………………………………………………………….6 2.2.2 Different Geographical Conditions…………………………………………………6 2.2.3 Different Historical Backgrounds…………………………………………………..7 2.

10、2.4 Different Cultural Heritages………………………………………………………..7 2.2.5 Different Religious Beliefs…………………………………………………………..8 2.2.6 Different Social Customs……………………………………………………………8 3.Translation of English and Chinese idioms with the Cooperative Principle………………………………………………………………...10 3.1 Translation of En

11、glish and Chinese idioms with the Quality Maxim........10 3.2 Translation of English and Chinese idioms with the Quantity Maxim.....10 3.3 Translation of English and Chinese idioms with the Relation Maxim..…11 3.4 Translation of English and Chinese idioms with the Manner Maxim.......11 Conclusio

12、n……………………………………………………………...13 References ……………………………………………………………...14 Introduction As the world is more connected with cultural exchanges increased all over the world. people are eager to learn new things from foreign countries. However, to communicate with others the first thing we should le

13、arn is language. Idioms is one important part of language, and learn the idioms may be benefit to the study of language. Therefore, there are many differences between China and English-speaking countries in cultural background, customs, geography , style of language, religions belief and so on. rese

14、arch of Cultural and Translation between English and Chinese is particularly important. This paper attempts to cooperate with English and cultural differences and translation for some exploration through the principles of cooperative pragmatic theories, in order to better understand English and Chin

15、ese culture, and benefine for translation of English and Chinese idioms. This thesis falls into five parts. The first part is introduction, which gives a brief introduction to the whole paper, including the the purpose of the thesis and the framework of it .The second part is devoted to introduce

16、some concept about cultural and translation. The third part is devoted to introduce the culture of English and Chinese idioms. The fourth part is devoted to introduce the translation of English and Chinese idioms. The last part is conclusion which gives summary to the main idea and the conclusion of

17、 the whole paper. 1.Concept of Language and Culture 1.1. The Definition of Grice’s Cooperative Principle In order to examine the Cooperative Principle,we will first outline briefly the basic concepts behind the CP and Maxims.Previous work by Austin(

18、1962)and Searle(1969)had largely been concerned with the relationship between direct and indirect speech acts,and the concept that you could‘do’things with words:language is as much of an action as opening a door or closing a window.These proponents of the Use theory had moved away from the truth va

19、lues approach,and the reliance on sense and reference as the source of meaning(e.g. Frege&Russell).There was also a growing interest in the meaning of utterances rather than just sentences.It had been noted that at the discourse level there is no one-to-one mapping between linguistic form and ut

20、terance meaning.A particular intended meaning (which could be produced via a direct speech act)can in fact be conveyed by any number of indirect speech acts.Grice is concerned with this distinction between saying and meaning.How do speakers know how to generate these implicit meanings,and how can th

21、ey assume that their addressees will reliably understand their intended meaning?His aim is to discover the mechanism behind this process. (1)A:Is there another pint of milk? B:I’m going to the supermarket in five minutes. In the above example,a competent speaker of English would have little troub

22、le inferring the meaning that there is no more milk at the moment,but that some will be bought from the supermarket shortly.Grice posits the CP and its attendant four maxims as a way of explaining this implication process: The Cooperative Principle “Make your contribution such as required,at the s

23、tage at which it occurs,by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged”. Grice(1975:45) The Maxims Quantity Make your contribution as informative as is required Do not make your contribution more informative than is required Quality Do not say what you be

24、lieve to be false Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence Relation Be relevant Manner Avoid obscurity of expression Avoid ambiguity Be brief(avoid unnecessary prolixity) Be orderly Grice(1975:45-46) He suggests that there is an accepted way of speaking which we all accept as

25、 standard behaviour.When we produce,or hear,an utterance,we assume that it will generally be true,have the right amount of information,be relevant,and will be couched in understandable terms.If an utterance does not appear to conform to this model(e.g. B’s utterance in above),then we do not assu

26、me that the utterance is nonsense;rather, we assume that an appropriate meaning is there to be inferred.In Grice’s terms,a maxim has been flouted,and an implicature generated.Without such an assumption,it would not be worth a co-interactant investing the effort needed to interpret an indirect spe

27、ech act. 1.2The Definition of Language It is generally accepted that the possession of language distinguishes man from other animals. Definitions of language are not difficult to f nd, but usually scholars make a point of one or two aspects of the language. So far no completely satisfactory defi

28、nition seems to have been given. Below are some often quoted ones. Wardhaugh (1977:3) thought that the commonly accepted definition of language was: "Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication." According to Sapir (1921: 8}, "language is a purely hum

29、an and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols." Homers&Blanc (1989:116, quoted from Xu Lin 1999:9) stated, "Language is a component of culture along with other entities like, for example, values, beliefs and norms.&q

30、uot; On the basis of the above-mentioned points, we may fnd that human language is not an isolated phenomenon but a social activity closely related to social culture, and the existence of language is mainly for the purpose of human communication. It is actually a specific social action and a carrier

31、 of information. Words and phrases in daily communication not only refer to the form of some concept but also are a condensed prototype of huge psychological capacity and emotional coloring, a concentrated deposit of history and culture. There is no doubt that language is inseparable from human soci

32、ety and its culture, It comprises people's approach to life and their way of living and thinking. La other words, language is often culture-loaded and acts as a transmitter of history and culture. It grows and develops with the growth and development of a society. 1.3The Definition of Cultur

33、e The concept of culture is faced with similar, if not more complicated problems. Different scholars define "culture" from different angles, so it is difficult to give a widely accepted definition. What has been termed the classic definition of culture was provided by the l9th centu

34、ry English anthropologist Edward Barnet Tylor, who declared that: "Culture...is that complex whole which included knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." That is to say, culture is a kind of life style that

35、 the members of a community maintain and pass as relics from generation to generation. With the increasing maturity of anthropological science, further reflections upon the nature ol`their subject matter and concepts led to a multiplication and diversification of definition of culture. The

36、 definitions of culture ranges from "learned behavior" to"ideas in the mind," "a logical construct,""a statistical fiction," "a psychic defense mechanism,"and so on (A.L,Krveher&Clyde Kluckhohn, 1978). In the broad sense, culture refers to all m

37、aterial and spiritual treasure human beings have created in their practice. In the narrow sense, culture refers to social ideology and values, experiences and knowledge, language and education, association and government, morals and hierarchy, and so on. (The New Encyclopaedia Britannica,1993). Defi

38、nition of "culture" has varied a great deal ever since the emergence of anthropology in the 19th Century, and no unanimous conelu5ion has been drawn so far. 1.4 Interactive Relationship of Language and Culture Language does not develop in a vacuum (Lado, 1964:23). It is both a comp

39、onent of culture and a central network through which other components are expressed. On one hand, language is crucial in interpreting and classifying human's experience and perception of the world known as culture. Language, as a system of symbols and a vehicle of conveying and exchanging messag

40、e, bears the task of recording, transmitting and shaping culture. With language, human experience, religion, patterns of values etc, can be handed dawn from one generation to the next. On the other hand, language is influenced and shaped by culture and meanwhile reflects culture. As the fiuit of cul

41、ture, language grows, extends and flourishes with the enrichment of culture. "Any language, especially the words and the expressions, is influenced and controlled by various cultural elements like social states, religious beliefs, politics, geographical setting, customs and kinship relationship

42、." (Xing, 1990:24). Juri Lotman made an excellent remark about the intimate relationship between language and culture: "No language can exist unless it is steeped in the context of culture, and no culture can exist which does not have at its center, the structure of natural language."

43、 (Quoted from Ke wenli, 1993:41). Language and culture interact with each other, so the understanding of a culture requires the understanding of the corresponding language (the bearer of the very culture) and vice versa. 1.5 Divergences of Language and Culture Philologists and linguists have b

44、een interested in the diversity of human language and their cultures since the 18th century (The New Encyclopaedia, 1993). The scholars put forward the idea that different people speak differently because they think differently, and that they think. differently because their language offers them dif

45、ferent ways of expressing the world they are in. Common attitudes, beliefs and values are reflected in the way members of the group use language (Kramasch, 2000}. Language is not a culture-free code, distinct from the way people think and behave, but rather, it plays a major role in the perpetu

46、ation of culture, particularly in its printed form. Different people have different cultural patterns.The people sharing the same cultural pattern are attracted to live together. E.H.Hall said in his book The Silence Language that culture differed from each other. Their ways of self-presentati

47、on and feeling expressing are not the same. "Culture is the unique Life style of a particular group of people..."(Harris and. Ivloran, 1987). This means culture and cultural patterns vary and change. Every ethnic group has its shared culture and this shared culture passes from generation

48、 to generation. But divergences exist in accordance with different geographic areas, different social status, personal characteristics and time. "Culture is the context within which we exist, think, feel, and relate to others. It is the ‘glue' that binds a group of people together..."(

49、Brawn, 1987). It indicated that culture functions as a label indicating an individual's ethnic identity and social status as well as a blueprint that guides the behavior of people in group, helped people to know how far they could go as individuals and wlxat their responsibilities were to the gr

50、oup (Claire Kramsch, 2000). The Chinese culture and English-related culture mentioned in this thesis is thus different cultures. Just as cultures are diverse, languages are inevitably diverse. Because of the differences in both cultures and languages, there often arise difficulties in communica

51、tion between cultures and across cultures. There always exist obstacles in mutual understanding between the participants who belong to different cultures and speak different languages. Thus, communication, especially cultural communication or cultural exchange, is by no means easy. From the a

52、nalysis of interactive relationship and divergences between language and culture, we can come to conclusion that language and culture are interdependent and inseparable. On one hand, the using and understanding of a language are based on its cultural background. On the other hand, each culture neces

53、sarily has some reflection in its language. The difference in culture will be inevitably embodied in different levels of language system. One cannot separate the two without losing the significance of either language or culture. 2. Culture of En

54、glish and Chinese idioms Both English and Chinese are rich in idiomatic expressions,which are peculiar to the language in question and loaded with the native cultures and ideas. Therefore, idioms are colorful, forcible and thought-provoking. However, divergence of language and culture exists betwee

55、n English and Chinese idioms, which often results in obstacles in mutual understanding between the English and the Chinese people. This chapter will make a comparison on cultural aspects of English and Chinese idioms. 2.1. Idioms and Culture Just as language and culture are inseparable from each o

56、ther, so are idioms from a language and culture from which they stern. As the fruit of wisdom, idioms are an effective device for expression. They are often described as a form of speech peculiar to a nation. They are attributed to people's observation of the world and their participation in gre

57、garious activities; they’re culture-bound, "essentially national in character, and taste of the soil from which they grew"(Smith,1943:278). Accordingly, idioms, born in the soil of a certain culture, are mirrors of that culture. They are indicators of national character, the way people ob

58、serve, evaluate, and approach nature. So to learn idioms is a must to learn its culture. The acknowledgement of the culture background that gave birth to idioms will help to solve the problem of misunderstanding of idioms in different language systems such as Chinese and English. As comparative stud

59、ies on cultural aspects make their differences clear, we can learn languages better from culture, and learn culture better from languages. 2.2 The Fundamental Features of English and Chinese Idioms 2.2.1 National Characteristics English and Chinese idioms are essentially national in character. Th

60、eir formation sketches the picture of the cultural environment where they were born: historical development, geographical features, religious beliefs, life experiences, science, arts, customs, folkways, etc. The components of English and Chinese idioms are mostly native elements yr account of their

61、respective cultural environment. "idioms are just like a mirror which can reflect the characteristics of a nation or a culture". (Jiang Lei, 2000: 75). The following is a comparison of national characteristics of English and Chinese idioms. 2.2.2Different Geographical Conditions Geograph

62、ical conditions have much to do with the national characteristics of idioms. Every nation is living in a certain natural environment. Therefore, same idioms were born according with the geographical conditions and ecological environments. For example,Britain is an island country, which has a long hi

63、story of navigation and therefore a large number of idioms are derived from the sea such as "all at sea", "all hands to the pumps", "hang in the wind", "a big fish in a little pond" and so on. China has long been a large agricultural country, and an overwhelmi

64、ng majority of the people lives in the rural area, so that a large number of proverbial sayings grow from agricultural activities. For example,“瓜熟蒂落，'things will be easily settled when conditions are ripe).“種瓜得瓜，種豆得豆”(as a man sows, so shall be reap),“四體不勤，五谷不分”scan neither do physical work nor

65、distinguish rice from wheat. Many figurative images of English and Chinese idioms are distinctive because of the different geographical conditions and ecological environments. When people express the waste of money, the idiom "spend money like water" is used in English, while“揮金如土”(“土”Ban

66、s soil) is used in Chinese.English idiom "spring up like rrrushroom" expresses the same meaning as Chinese idiom“雨后春筍”(“筍”means bamboo shoots). 2.2.3 Different Historical Backgrounds The different historical backgrounds of the English and Chinese people with their different legends and a

67、necdotes about historical figures have provided rich and varied materials for their idioms, and have consequently given a national color to idioms in the two languages. For example, Rome and Denmark once occupied England for a fang time, the conquest influenced the English to a certain extent:"Do in Rome as the Romans do" comes from Rome and "Six of one acrd half a daaen of the other" comes from Denmark( Ping Hong&Zhang Guoyang, 1999:28-33). In China,“三顧茅廬”has the m