電動(dòng)叉車設(shè)計(jì)【電動(dòng)裝卸叉車】【載重兩噸的單級(jí)電動(dòng)叉車】
電動(dòng)叉車設(shè)計(jì)【電動(dòng)裝卸叉車】【載重兩噸的單級(jí)電動(dòng)叉車】,電動(dòng)裝卸叉車,載重兩噸的單級(jí)電動(dòng)叉車,電動(dòng)叉車設(shè)計(jì)【電動(dòng)裝卸叉車】【載重兩噸的單級(jí)電動(dòng)叉車】,電動(dòng)叉車,設(shè)計(jì),電動(dòng),裝卸,叉車,載重
附錄ATray selection and with the shelves, forklift matchFirst, the selected tray Size:When used plastic pallets, according to the requirements of the project, the selected size will be different.1. First, consider the specifications and packaging of goods placed in the plastic tray method.For example: the European standard turnover box size is 600 * 400mm, 1200 * 1000mm pallet in place a layer of 5 in 1200 * 800mm layer placed on the tray 4, the general stacking 5 layers.2. Consider the pallet loading tools (such as containers, trucks, etc.).For example: If you are working round-trip or one-time use, you need to give priority to the width of 2300mm of integrated container shipping, for 1200 * 1000mm pallet, length 1200mm and width 1000mm to use a combination of place, must be selected to enter the fork 4.The tray on the 1200 * 800mm, 800mm width direction with two side by side.The pallet of 1100 * 1100mm width by 1100mm, placed 2, 2, or 4 to enter the fork into the fork can be.3. If used in the warehouse shelves, shelves to consider the size of width and depth, usually select the shelves each placed two trays of each cargo space, and allow access to the space of about 200mm.In depth direction as far as possible to give large size, this does not produce plastic pallets carrying capacity of the stringent requirements in order to save procurement costs.4. If the use of automated warehouse shelves, in addition to meet the above requirements, but also take into account the slip coefficient of the tray, the tray bottom with transmission equipment and chain, into the fork height, carrying capacity on the shelves, permanent deformation,length of surface deflection, the position of bar coding and RFID chips placed on other factors.5. Use plastic trays should also consider the size of generality, the size of the domestic common international standard for the 1210, 1208 European standard and T11 Japanese standard tray.Second, the choice of single and double-sided:1. Single use plastic pallets only one side, the surface grid of two peace-plate, the bottom of Sichuan fonts, font, or nine square field pad feet, according to carrying capacity and the use of different occasions into shelf series,standard series and ultra-light series of three standards.2. Sided plastic tray that the same structure on both sides of the tray, the surface grid plate of peace are two sides to exchange used, based on carrying capacity and the use of different occasions, the shelves are divided into two series and standard series standards.3. Use double-sided tray or trays should be based on the appropriate storage, loading and unloading equipment and state (such as the library type, rack type, stacking or placing the state, etc.) to determine.4. For the small footprint of the ASRS or high shelves, or electric stacker forklift to move vertically oriented occasion, single-sided double-sided shelf series shelf series of trays and trays can be chosen.5. If the three-dimensional library or load up on the shelves of 1T, but there is no ceiling shelves, the proposed shelf tray with built-in pipe.Steel structure steel tray built an effective solution to the product on the shelf load the greater the greater the weight, the old problem of high cost, more importantly, about the use of square steel tube wall thickness of 2mm rigid, reaching the shelves(ASRS) are horizontal and vertical deflection 10mm stringent requirements, while reducing the permanent deformation and reduce costs.6. For the area, mainly the large and the level of the occasion, if the manual handling hydraulic pallet truck is suitable for use single-sided tray.For stacking of goods to the bottom of the tray above and below the cargo coincide, the swastika with the end of double-sided tray or tray-type side is better.If using self-moving motorized pallet trucks are suitable for articles not connected with the bottom of the nine feet single tray.Third, the load requirements1. Dynamic load refers to the use of electric forklift or a manual hydraulic pallet truck can lift the maximum weight allowed.General shelf tray to load-bearing 1.5T-2T, the standard load-bearing pallet can 1T, lightweight tray dynamic load 0.5T.2. Static load refers to the stacking, the bottom of the plastic tray can bear maximum weight.General shelf tray to load-bearing 6T-8T, the standard load-bearing pallet can 4T, lightweight tray static 1T.3. Shelf load refers to the plastic tray packaging on the shelves when the maximum allowable weight.Must pay attention to dynamic load, static load, load library shelf load and establish the difference between carrying capacity and shelves of different structures, closely related to ambient temperature and storage period.General heavy trays on a shelf in load-bearing beams 0.7T-1T, standard tray loading 0.4T-0.6T.4. Shelf load permanent deformation of the plastic tray and deflection have certain requirements, national standards for the maximum deflection 30mm, but this was partial width.We recommend using the deflection on the shelf no more than 20mm of plastic pallets.If the automatic warehouse, the requirements of the degree of deflection even more stringent, generally require less than 10mm.Cheng Machinery silver mesh)附錄B電動(dòng)平衡叉車是以直流電源(電瓶)為動(dòng)力的裝卸及搬運(yùn)車輛。據(jù)國(guó)外資料統(tǒng)計(jì),日本1992年電動(dòng)叉車產(chǎn)量就已經(jīng)超過(guò)了叉車總量的1/3。在德國(guó)、意大利等一些西歐國(guó)家,電動(dòng)叉車所占的比例達(dá)到50%左右。電動(dòng)叉車的迅速發(fā)展主要得益于各生產(chǎn)廠家的不斷進(jìn)步。產(chǎn)品外形大多采用了流線型設(shè)計(jì),造型更加美觀。主要生產(chǎn)廠家實(shí)現(xiàn)了規(guī)模生產(chǎn)和零部件專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)和裝配流水線作業(yè)。加工精度、自動(dòng)化程度都提高了。在新材料、新工藝方面,最重要的體現(xiàn)是晶體管控制器(SCR和MOS管)應(yīng)用。它的出現(xiàn)使電動(dòng)叉車的使用性能得到很大的提高,從總體上說(shuō),電動(dòng)叉車的耐用性、可靠性和適用性都得到顯著提高,完全可以與內(nèi)燃機(jī)叉車相抗衡。 本文主要評(píng)述市場(chǎng)上銷量較大的四支點(diǎn)電動(dòng)平衡叉車的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)及發(fā)展。車體是叉車的主體結(jié)構(gòu),一般都是由5mm以上鋼板制成,其特點(diǎn)是無(wú)大梁,車體強(qiáng)度高,可承受重載。 就電瓶在叉車車體上的放置位置而言,有兩種不同的制造技術(shù)。即電瓶安置于前后橋之間或后橋之上。 這兩種技術(shù)代表了叉車設(shè)計(jì)的兩種最優(yōu)選擇,且各有優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),穩(wěn)定性好,但是車體內(nèi)的可利用空間較小,因此限制了電瓶的容量,這對(duì)于載重量不超過(guò)3t的叉車并不突出,但對(duì)于那些運(yùn)動(dòng)情況復(fù)雜,8h工作時(shí)間內(nèi)電瓶容量要求高的大噸位叉車就變得嚴(yán)重了。 采用大容量電瓶,以延長(zhǎng)電動(dòng)叉車的持續(xù)工作時(shí)間,從而擴(kuò)大電動(dòng)叉車的使用范圍,這是各叉車制造商共同追求的目標(biāo)。 例如,STILL公司的R60/40系統(tǒng)叉車,由于采用了第一種技術(shù),其最大的電瓶容量為80V,870A.h;69.6kW.h,而CARER公司的R40叉車由于采用第二種技術(shù),電瓶容量達(dá)到960A.h;76.8kW.h(高出了10.35%)。在LINDE公司采用第一種技術(shù)的E40系列叉車上可安裝電瓶的最大容量為735A.h,58.8kW.h。同樣規(guī)格的CARER公司叉車,由于采用了第二種技術(shù),可安裝電瓶的最大容量增加30.6%。 第二種情況,當(dāng)電瓶布置在叉車后橋上時(shí),叉車的重心提高了,整機(jī)穩(wěn)定性受到影響,由于叉車的高度增加,司機(jī)的座位提高,因而司機(jī)在操作時(shí)視野更開(kāi)闊,特別是搬運(yùn)體積大的貨物時(shí)就更適用了。當(dāng)電瓶安置在后橋上,電機(jī)和液壓泵的維修更方便,因?yàn)椴鹱唠娖亢湍_踏板后,電機(jī)和液壓泵便一目了然。 目前,國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)生產(chǎn)的電動(dòng)叉車,大多采用的是第二種技術(shù),而國(guó)外企業(yè)則兩種情況都有。 2 門架 目前,國(guó)內(nèi)外電動(dòng)叉車大部分已經(jīng)采用寬視野門架,起升液壓缸由中間放置改為兩側(cè)放置。液壓缸的放置位置有兩種:一種是液壓缸位于門架后面,如撫順叉車廠和TOYOTA的電動(dòng)叉車;另一種是液壓缸位于門架外測(cè),如南京華瑞電動(dòng)叉車和BALKANCAR叉車。CARER公司的R40/45系列電動(dòng)叉車的液壓缸位于門架外側(cè),R50/60/70系列叉車的液壓缸則位于門架后面。 門架一般分為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)型、兩節(jié)型或三節(jié)型。國(guó)內(nèi)叉車的起升高度一般在25m之間,且以3m及3m以下的居多,而國(guó)外電動(dòng)叉車的起升高度一般在26m之間,由于倉(cāng)庫(kù)的立體化程度高,因此起升高度3m以上,電動(dòng)叉車的需求量比國(guó)內(nèi)高得多。 3 駕駛室 由于多數(shù)電動(dòng)叉車用于室內(nèi)搬運(yùn),因此一般沒(méi)有封閉的駕駛室,只安裝起防護(hù)作用的護(hù)頂架。世界上比較先進(jìn)的電動(dòng)叉車,如:LINDE的E20新型叉車駕駛室,按先進(jìn)的人機(jī)工程學(xué)原理開(kāi)發(fā)研制,采用舒適的液壓減振懸掛式座椅,能夠根據(jù)駕駛員的身高和體重進(jìn)行調(diào)整。雙踏板加速系統(tǒng)在叉車改變行駛方向時(shí)無(wú)需轉(zhuǎn)向,方向盤立柱的傾角可根據(jù)駕駛員的要求進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)。中心液壓操縱桿集門架的升降和前后于一體。所以這些新設(shè)計(jì)都大大地減輕了駕駛員的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度。 4 驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng) 驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)是電動(dòng)叉車的關(guān)鍵部件之一。各種叉車在驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)上存在很大的差別,有單電機(jī)布置形式上也存在差別,如國(guó)內(nèi)撫順產(chǎn)的叉車,其電機(jī)軸與驅(qū)動(dòng)橋?yàn)槎∽中徒Y(jié)構(gòu),而國(guó)外TOYOTA和BALKANCAR叉車的驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)軸與驅(qū)動(dòng)橋卻是布置的,結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。LINDE的E20電動(dòng)叉車和CARER的P50叉車的前輪驅(qū)動(dòng)是由兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的電機(jī)來(lái)完成的,電機(jī)與驅(qū)動(dòng)軸平行放置,結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。由于是雙電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng),加速和爬坡性能好,牽引力大,采用了電子整速系統(tǒng),替代原來(lái)的機(jī)械差速系統(tǒng),使用性得到了很大的提高。 5 液壓系統(tǒng) 電動(dòng)叉車一般都采用單獨(dú)的電機(jī),帶動(dòng)齒輪泵,從而為其門架工作系統(tǒng)的提升和傾斜提供液壓動(dòng)力。目前國(guó)產(chǎn)叉車,由于沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)液壓電機(jī)的調(diào)速,液壓電機(jī)在啟動(dòng)后,只能高速轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),不會(huì)隨著功能和壓力的改變而自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié),多余的流量只能通過(guò)溢流閥流回油箱,造成能量浪費(fèi)。國(guó)外新型叉車,如LINDE的E20電動(dòng)叉車,采用了先進(jìn)的液壓脈沖控制技術(shù),液壓泵脈沖控制器能夠根據(jù)液壓回路的反應(yīng),自動(dòng)平衡電機(jī)速度與用油量,從而節(jié)約電能,這種控制的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是電源利用率高,無(wú)電壓峰值,液壓系統(tǒng)的噪聲低,液壓元件的磨損也低,從而大大地提高了整車的可靠性和使用壽命。 6 制動(dòng)系統(tǒng) 一般的電動(dòng)叉車主要采用機(jī)械式停車制動(dòng)和液壓式行車制動(dòng)。停車采用手制動(dòng),行車采用腳制動(dòng)。 NISSAN公司BX系列電動(dòng)叉車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)裝有一個(gè)主導(dǎo)真空增壓器,可保證任何時(shí)候都有足夠的主動(dòng)壓力,既增加了制動(dòng)的安全性,又減輕了駕駛員的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度。 CARER電動(dòng)叉車采用液壓制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。膨脹型制動(dòng)有外部控制,并采用動(dòng)力輔助制動(dòng)(與動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)力形式相同)。 SCR 和MOS管的使用,使電瓶叉車的制動(dòng)能量再生成為可能。能量再生過(guò)程也就是一個(gè)電子制動(dòng)過(guò)程,電子制動(dòng)在以下三種情況下產(chǎn)生: (1)松開(kāi)加速器控制踏板時(shí)。 (2)踏下反向的加速器踏板時(shí)。 (3)踏下液壓制動(dòng)踏板的第一級(jí)時(shí)。 對(duì)于LINDE的E20和CARER的P50電動(dòng)叉車,當(dāng)初次或者輕輕踏下制動(dòng)器時(shí),牽引電機(jī)將變成一臺(tái)發(fā)電機(jī),將電能補(bǔ)送回電瓶,而不象一般叉車制動(dòng)時(shí)將能量白白地浪費(fèi)掉。只有在進(jìn)一步制動(dòng)時(shí),液壓制動(dòng)才真正起作用。這種制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是延長(zhǎng)了每次充電后的工作時(shí)間,減少了制動(dòng)系及傳動(dòng)元件的磨損,也減少了維修的停工時(shí)間,因而降低了使用成本。 7 轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng) 平衡叉車都采用后輪轉(zhuǎn)向,且工作范圍小,轉(zhuǎn)向運(yùn)動(dòng)頻繁。如果采用機(jī)械轉(zhuǎn)向,則駕駛員的工作強(qiáng)度會(huì)很高。如果采用液壓動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向,則勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度會(huì)大大降低。因此,現(xiàn)在市場(chǎng)上銷售的叉車基本上實(shí)現(xiàn)了動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向。國(guó)內(nèi)電瓶叉車的液壓轉(zhuǎn)向一般是轉(zhuǎn)向電機(jī)在叉車工作過(guò)程中不停地滿負(fù)荷運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),因此造成了不必要的能量浪費(fèi),以及電機(jī)和液壓減的磨損。但是,LINDE 和NISSAN等公司的電瓶叉車,其動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向則更進(jìn)了一步,即通過(guò)方向盤不動(dòng)時(shí),則轉(zhuǎn)向電機(jī)不工作。此功能不但節(jié)約能量,還延長(zhǎng)了再次充電后的可工作時(shí)間,縮短了轉(zhuǎn)向電機(jī)的空轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)間,因此也減少了電機(jī)和液壓泵的磨損。 日本小松公司的電瓶叉車采用EPS速度傳感器動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向。該系統(tǒng)是“負(fù)荷感應(yīng)型”轉(zhuǎn)向,帶有一個(gè)伺服制動(dòng)和動(dòng)力液壓轉(zhuǎn)向型優(yōu)先配給閥。動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)使用提升電機(jī)的動(dòng)力,能自動(dòng)選擇轉(zhuǎn)向所需的最佳力。 8 電控及其自我診斷和液晶顯示系統(tǒng) 電氣控制是顯示電動(dòng)叉車技術(shù)水平的一個(gè)重要因素。因此,隨著電子技術(shù)的發(fā)展,電瓶叉車的電控也日趨完善。電動(dòng)機(jī)控制器的發(fā)展主要經(jīng)歷了以下幾個(gè)階段: (1)電池直接啟動(dòng),僅靠復(fù)雜的調(diào)整或電池的放電控制。 (2)電阻器啟動(dòng)。控制能量損失大,只可有限地分解速度。 (3)晶閘管控制器(也叫可控硅控制器)控制。 晶體管控制使可靠性大大提高。 (4)雙極晶體管控制。與晶閘管相比,使用更加簡(jiǎn)單,但是電路的可靠性要求比較高。 (5)MOS場(chǎng)效應(yīng)管(即金屬-氧化物-半導(dǎo)體場(chǎng)效應(yīng)管)控制。門極驅(qū)動(dòng)電流小,并聯(lián)控制特性好,正向電壓降較小,開(kāi)關(guān)損失降低,MOS場(chǎng)效應(yīng)管比雙極晶體管的控制特性更好。由于減少了元器件,并采用全封閉裝置,可靠性大大提高。通常SCR(可控硅)控制器的插座電壓為11.5V,而MOS場(chǎng)效應(yīng)管控制器的插座電壓0.25V。MOS管場(chǎng)效應(yīng)管的工作效率更高,允許的最高速度更大,操作噪聲更小,保護(hù)措施更強(qiáng),所以的用戶電源都有防短路保護(hù)裝置,并且具有獨(dú)特的三項(xiàng)安全保護(hù)措施,即軟件自動(dòng)保護(hù)措施,硬件自動(dòng)保護(hù)和硬件自我診斷保護(hù)。 晶體管斬波器在叉車上的成功應(yīng)用,除了實(shí)現(xiàn)無(wú)級(jí)調(diào)速和再生性制動(dòng)外,還增加了自我故障診斷和液晶數(shù)字顯示功能。 日本小松公司電動(dòng)叉車裝有液晶顯示控制器,用各種符號(hào)作代表,具有可讀性。指示器對(duì)可能出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤向駕駛員發(fā)出警報(bào),包括松開(kāi)和鎖定停車制動(dòng)器,安全空擋聯(lián)鎖裝置和電瓶的過(guò)量放電,顯示出各種數(shù)據(jù)包括電瓶放電量,電解液量,工作時(shí)間和行駛速度等,可以隨時(shí)向駕駛員報(bào)告可能出現(xiàn)的故障,大大方便了叉車的維護(hù)與保養(yǎng)。同時(shí),可以向駕駛員提供行駛速度和叉車載重量等參數(shù),也為駕駛員的科學(xué)操作提供了依據(jù),從而延長(zhǎng)叉車的使用壽命。8
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