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陜 西 科 技 大 學(xué)
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)任務(wù)書
機(jī)電工程學(xué)院機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化專業(yè)機(jī)械03 班級(jí) 學(xué)生郭慶
題目: 全自動(dòng)顆粒包裝機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)從 2007 年 3 月 6 日起到 2007 年 6 月 15 日
課題的意義及培養(yǎng)目標(biāo):
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是在校學(xué)習(xí)課程中一個(gè)很重要的環(huán)節(jié),通過讓學(xué)生對(duì)全自動(dòng)顆粒包裝機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì),把學(xué)生在校所學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)和專業(yè)知識(shí)綜合地進(jìn)行應(yīng)用。使學(xué)生在學(xué)完全部理論課程和專業(yè)課程以后,進(jìn)一步地鞏固和擴(kuò)大專業(yè)知識(shí),鍛煉學(xué)生實(shí)際動(dòng)手能力。培養(yǎng)學(xué)生從接到一項(xiàng)設(shè)計(jì)課題開始到設(shè)計(jì)出完整的全套圖紙及設(shè)計(jì)說明書為止整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)步驟的具體操作(收集資料、寫開題報(bào)告、進(jìn)行方案比較并確定設(shè)計(jì)方案、設(shè)計(jì)總裝圖、部裝圖及零件圖、撰寫設(shè)計(jì)說明書),為學(xué)生畢業(yè)后的實(shí)際工作能力打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。
設(shè)計(jì)(論文)所需收集的原始數(shù)據(jù)與資料:
需收集與本課題同類型的塑料薄膜包裝機(jī)的有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)和資料。如傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)、料缸結(jié)構(gòu)、及聚乙烯塑料薄膜的牽引系統(tǒng)、成型與墊封機(jī)構(gòu)(橫封與豎封)。1. 生產(chǎn)能力:35袋/分鐘;2. 包裝容量:5~25ml(連續(xù)可條);
3. 精度;4. 包裝材料厚度0.08~0.mm,寬度60~140mm?! ?
5. 外形尺寸應(yīng)盡量小。
課題的主要任務(wù)(需附有技術(shù)指標(biāo)分析):
該生主要負(fù)責(zé)以下幾部分工作:
1. 通過畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí),收集所需要的有關(guān)設(shè)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)、資料。
2. 整理所收集的設(shè)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)及資料,經(jīng)分析比較后確定自己的設(shè)計(jì)方案。
3. 方案確定后,進(jìn)行參數(shù)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算。
4. 設(shè)計(jì)裝配圖和部裝圖。
5.設(shè)計(jì)零件圖?! ?
6.整理并打印設(shè)計(jì)說明書。
設(shè)計(jì)(論文)進(jìn)度安排及完成的相關(guān)任務(wù)(以教學(xué)周為單位):
周 次
設(shè)計(jì)(論文)任務(wù)及要求
第1~4周
畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí),收集所需要的數(shù)據(jù)及資料
第5周
整理資料,經(jīng)分析比較后,確定設(shè)計(jì)方案
第6~7周
進(jìn)行參數(shù)設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算
第8~10周
進(jìn)行總體裝配圖的設(shè)計(jì)
第11~12周
進(jìn)行部裝圖的設(shè)計(jì)
第13~15周
進(jìn)行零件圖的設(shè)計(jì)
第16~17周
整理并打印設(shè)計(jì)說明書
學(xué)生簽名: 日期:
指導(dǎo)教師: 日期:
教研室主任: 日期:
畢 業(yè) 論 文
題目: 全自動(dòng)顆粒包裝機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)
學(xué) 生: 郭 慶
學(xué) 號(hào): 51403608
院 (系): 機(jī)電工程學(xué)院
專 業(yè):機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化
指導(dǎo)教師: 吳春英
200 年 月 日
全自動(dòng)顆粒包裝機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)
機(jī)械036班:郭慶 指導(dǎo)教師:吳春英
(陜西科技大學(xué)機(jī)電學(xué)院 陜 西 咸 陽 712081)
摘 要: 本文主要介紹了一種包裝機(jī)械——自動(dòng)顆粒包裝機(jī)的工作原理及其設(shè)計(jì)過程,對(duì)其傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的參數(shù)進(jìn)行計(jì)算和傳動(dòng)部件的強(qiáng)度校核,對(duì)其整體外觀,箱體以及支架進(jìn)行合理的改進(jìn)。自動(dòng)顆粒包裝機(jī)主要適合于包裝食品、茶葉、醫(yī)藥、化工等產(chǎn)品的松散狀、無粘性細(xì)小顆粒物品的小劑量自動(dòng)包裝。其包裝材料 為復(fù)合材料,在高溫下粘合。
本機(jī)主要有橫封機(jī)構(gòu)、縱封機(jī)構(gòu)、供料機(jī)構(gòu)、剪切機(jī)構(gòu)、傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)及電器控制系統(tǒng)。在本次設(shè)計(jì)中,我們的主要任務(wù)是對(duì)其傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的支架,整機(jī)的箱體進(jìn)行改進(jìn),使其滿足設(shè)計(jì)要求,以達(dá)到所要求的生產(chǎn)效率。
本機(jī)的特點(diǎn)是能自動(dòng)完成制袋,可調(diào)量杯計(jì)算、充填、打印日期、封合部位打口、記數(shù)等功能。本機(jī)還采用了無機(jī)調(diào)整制袋長度機(jī)構(gòu)和智能型商標(biāo)定位裝置。
關(guān)鍵詞:工作原理,傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu),支架
Automatic Granular Packaging Machine
ABSTRACT:This article mainly introduces the principle and course of the design of the packging machinery (the type of DXDK40-II),and the author calculates the parameter of the transmission system, collates the drive parts and improves the appearance, the box and the bracket. This machine mainly packs the relaxed, small granule without glutimosity in food、tea、medicine and chemical industry. The material is compodite and agglutinated in high temperature.
This machine is mainly made up of the thwart and the vertical framework which encapsulate the edge of the bags, the framework which supply the materials、the transmission system and the electrcity control system. The main task in this work is to improve the bracket in the transmission system and the box of the machine to meet the needs of the design and reach the efficiency we need.
It can make bags、adjust the measure of the measuring cup、filling、mimeograph the date、make the space in the enveloped parts and count automatically. It also can adjust the length of the bags and orient the position of the mark.
KEY WORDS: the principle of the work,transmission parts,the bracke
一、引言
自動(dòng)顆粒包裝機(jī)由于功能較少應(yīng)用范圍小所以生產(chǎn)效率較高 本次設(shè)計(jì)的主要對(duì)象是包裝機(jī)的動(dòng)力系統(tǒng),介紹了包裝機(jī)的橫封機(jī)構(gòu)、縱封機(jī)構(gòu)和供料機(jī)構(gòu),并簡單介紹了它的電氣控制部分。其機(jī)械部分主要有無級(jí)調(diào)速機(jī)構(gòu)、偏心輪機(jī)構(gòu)、行星差動(dòng)輪系和可調(diào)量杯機(jī)構(gòu):電氣部分主要有光電開關(guān)、凸輪接近開關(guān)控制機(jī)構(gòu)和減速機(jī)構(gòu)和減速電機(jī)。
在包裝機(jī)械電動(dòng)化中,光電技術(shù)愈來愈起著重要作用。例如,可采用來自動(dòng)檢測流水線上包裝容器的形體、口徑傷痕污垢缺蓋,以及箱體的外廓尺寸、排列間距、移動(dòng)速度、裝入個(gè)數(shù)、封條有無等;還可以像混合物料按色澤逐個(gè)自動(dòng)分選,斗槽那的自動(dòng)控制,大型,大型物件多道捆扎的自動(dòng)定位,卷筒商標(biāo)的自動(dòng)對(duì)位切割,沖料軟管的自動(dòng)定向封口,以及其他類似的情況。
二、自動(dòng)顆粒包裝機(jī)的工作原理
本設(shè)計(jì)主要介紹了一種包裝機(jī)――自動(dòng)顆粒包裝機(jī)的工作原理及其設(shè)計(jì)過程,對(duì)其傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行計(jì)算和傳動(dòng)部件的強(qiáng)度校核。自動(dòng)顆粒包裝即主要適合于包裝食品、茶葉、醫(yī)藥、化工等產(chǎn)品中松散狀、顆粒性細(xì)小物品的小劑量的自動(dòng)包裝。其包裝材料位復(fù)合材料,在高溫下粘合。
三、機(jī)械的主要部件
1.本機(jī)主要有橫封機(jī)構(gòu)、縱封機(jī)構(gòu)、供料機(jī)構(gòu)、剪切機(jī)構(gòu)和傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)。在本次設(shè)計(jì)中。我們的 主要任務(wù)似對(duì)其傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì),對(duì)齒輪傳動(dòng)和帶傳動(dòng)的計(jì)算選擇使其滿足設(shè)計(jì)要求,以達(dá)到所要求的生產(chǎn)率。
2.無極調(diào)速機(jī)構(gòu)是用來調(diào)整機(jī)器包裝速度的。調(diào)整速度時(shí)首先松開鎖母;當(dāng)順時(shí)針旋轉(zhuǎn)手柄時(shí),動(dòng)輪外移,主動(dòng)輪一邊的動(dòng)輪在彈簧作用下,使得三角皮帶向皮帶輪外邊移動(dòng),實(shí)現(xiàn)了增速運(yùn)動(dòng)。當(dāng)翻轉(zhuǎn)手柄時(shí),動(dòng)輪壓緊三角帶,迫使三角帶克服彈簧的壓力,向主動(dòng)皮帶輪小徑方向移動(dòng),實(shí)現(xiàn)了減速運(yùn)動(dòng)。間隔齒輪的作用時(shí)為了改變包裝袋長而設(shè)置的,從傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)原理圖來看它的運(yùn)動(dòng)關(guān)系時(shí)主軸每轉(zhuǎn)一周,縱封棍送進(jìn)薄紙前進(jìn)一個(gè)袋長,二橫封棍旋轉(zhuǎn)半圈封合一次,因此當(dāng)改變包裝袋袋長時(shí),必須與其相適應(yīng)的齒輪咬合,它的特點(diǎn)是:間隔齒輪的持?jǐn)?shù),即相當(dāng)于袋長額尺寸。錐棍無極調(diào)速機(jī)構(gòu)與間隔齒輪配合使用,其作用在于調(diào)整以定袋長的幅度,這對(duì)于提高光跟蹤的準(zhǔn)確性起到了可靠的保障。
3.本機(jī)能源采用JY7134電容啟動(dòng)單向電源電動(dòng)機(jī),功率70W電壓220V,轉(zhuǎn)速1400轉(zhuǎn)/分,外線電源由于機(jī)器下放電源插座引進(jìn),轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)電源開關(guān)電源指示燈亮,撥動(dòng)電機(jī)開關(guān)啟動(dòng)電機(jī),電機(jī)指示燈亮,電機(jī)接入時(shí)通過電機(jī)保險(xiǎn)絲。、
4.熱封系統(tǒng)是采用電阻絲加熱連續(xù)封合,縱封棍采用兩個(gè)環(huán)型加熱器,每個(gè)250W,110W;橫封是兩個(gè)棒型加熱器,每個(gè)250W、110W安裝在橫封棍內(nèi),縱封棍內(nèi),縱封加熱器是鎖母固定在基板上,均可以直接與電源相接。
接熱的溫度是預(yù)先調(diào)到給定溫度,有兩臺(tái)DET-4301位式溫度調(diào)節(jié)儀分別對(duì)縱封及橫封進(jìn)行自動(dòng)溫度控制,即控制他們各自的續(xù)電器。從而使他們的加熱器通電或斷電。溫度調(diào)節(jié)儀的信號(hào)分別來自他們的熱敏電阻,將溫度的變化轉(zhuǎn)換成信號(hào)的變化進(jìn)行自動(dòng)控制。
5.在自動(dòng)包裝中必須保持商標(biāo)位置正確,這是對(duì)包裝質(zhì)量的基礎(chǔ)要求,為此必須使縱、橫封棍速度與包裝商標(biāo)間隔長度一致,然而,包裝紙商標(biāo)實(shí)際速度有可能與預(yù)計(jì)的有誤差,此誤差積累起來就會(huì)使商標(biāo)位置改變,以至超出允差,造成廢電氣部分凸輪接近開關(guān)控制機(jī)構(gòu)。
單一的光電控制,只能使伺服電機(jī)作出一種動(dòng)作,而包裝機(jī)卻需要如下三種動(dòng)作:
a)縱封速度不需要修正,在光電信號(hào)下,伺服電機(jī)不動(dòng)。
b)縱封棍速度偏低,商標(biāo)后移,要求在光電信號(hào)下,縱封棍增速,以實(shí)現(xiàn)“同步”
c)縱封棍速度偏高,商標(biāo)遷移。要求在光電信號(hào)下,伺服電機(jī)反轉(zhuǎn),縱封棍減速
為此,在本機(jī)主軸上裝有凸輪機(jī)構(gòu)及接近開關(guān)。以實(shí)現(xiàn)以上三種動(dòng)作,本系統(tǒng)采用電感式NPN輸出,常開型接近開關(guān)精確調(diào)節(jié)接近開關(guān)與凸輪接近距離,再凸輪接近開關(guān)的全過程中,接近開關(guān)指示燈應(yīng)保持亮度,不能有閃動(dòng),接近開關(guān)與凸輪間距離應(yīng)為2-3mm。
為使操作方便,將卷筒支架設(shè)置在機(jī)器上方。利用象鼻成型器折彎成型式充填封口機(jī),平張卷筒薄膜經(jīng)導(dǎo)棍引至象鼻成型器被折彎成圓筒狀,然后借等速回轉(zhuǎn)的縱封棍加壓熱合并連續(xù)向下牽引。物料經(jīng)計(jì)量裝置計(jì)量后,由加料斗落入已封底的袋筒內(nèi)。要求自動(dòng)顆粒包裝機(jī)的生產(chǎn)效率達(dá)到50-100袋/分,袋長為55-110毫米。因此,設(shè)置了間隔齒輪和錐滾無級(jí)調(diào)速機(jī)構(gòu),采用兩級(jí)降速機(jī)構(gòu),第一節(jié)用寬三角帶無級(jí)變速,第二節(jié)用錐滾無級(jí)變速。
6.機(jī)械式切斷包裝袋的方法大體上有熱切和冷切兩種??筛鶕?jù)具體條件,如包裝材料的材質(zhì)、厚度、材袋的牽引運(yùn)動(dòng)形式、切割方法和切口形狀等來適當(dāng)選用。
熱切是將薄膜局部加熱熔化并用熱切元件向熔化部分施加一定壓力而使其分離的一種方法。熱切元件多采用電加熱刀或電加熱絲,常與橫封裝置組合在一起,使熱封與切割同時(shí)完成。其中高頻加熱刀既是一只具有刀口的電極,使用間歇式袋裝機(jī)熱切聚氯乙烯薄膜材料。脈沖加熱電熱絲,既是一根直徑為2mm的圓云電熱絲,根據(jù)需要可選用間歇或連續(xù)通電進(jìn)行分割,因其表面不能覆蓋聚氯乙烯編制物,故分割用圓絲與封口用扁絲往往不安裝在同一熱封體上。冷切是借助鋒利的金屬刀刃使薄膜在橫截面上受剪切力而分離料袋的一種方法。冷切工具常用滾刀、鐮刀、鋸齒刀等。由于機(jī)器是連續(xù)工作的,所以采用滾刀式,它有兩種組合方式,1)滾刀與定刀、2)慢轉(zhuǎn)滾刀與快轉(zhuǎn)滾刀。前者多用于低速有少切削的場合,因此本機(jī)采用第一種組合方式。
四、機(jī)械故障及處理方法
任何機(jī)器都有可能出現(xiàn)故障,我們的機(jī)器也不例外。
部分機(jī)構(gòu)不能開動(dòng)
原因:(一)電動(dòng)機(jī)及接線切斷:將短線處接通,如果市電動(dòng)機(jī)故障應(yīng)更換電機(jī)。
原因:(二)保險(xiǎn)絲燒斷:更換安培值相當(dāng)?shù)谋kU(xiǎn)絲。
原因:(三)齒輪各個(gè)連接螺絲、鍵等松動(dòng)重新緊固松動(dòng)的螺絲和鍵,應(yīng)從電動(dòng)機(jī)開始,按傳動(dòng)次序進(jìn)行檢查。
原因:(四)異物咬入齒輪和其轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)部位,此時(shí)電動(dòng)機(jī)出現(xiàn)異常聲音,不立即處理,則電動(dòng)機(jī)易燒毀,取出異物。
裝粉加入熱封合部位
原因:裝袋時(shí)間和熱封時(shí)間不協(xié)調(diào)。
解決方法:與轉(zhuǎn)盤齒輪連接的為二擋齒輪,將二擋齒輪推上,改變咬合位置,使其粉粒不在封合時(shí)間裝袋。理想的下了時(shí)間,應(yīng)在橫向封合完畢后開始,調(diào)節(jié)適當(dāng)后,不要輕易觸動(dòng)。
薄膜不能咬入上部熱棍,或是脫離熱棍或是兩端不齊。
原因:(一)薄膜裝填薄膜,縱封及橫封棍或是兩端不齊。
原因:(二)薄膜導(dǎo)槽過于靠前。
原因:(三)薄膜導(dǎo)槽過于傾斜。
原因:(四)橫封熱棍偏心鏈輪失常。
調(diào)整方法:通過上述1-4的方法仍不能解決,應(yīng)做以下調(diào)整:
1.把縱封棍壓力調(diào)節(jié)鈕的“拉鈕”向右轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),僅使眼前的薄膜厚度受拉伸。應(yīng)注意過大拉伸則不能封口。
2.降低縱封若棍的壓力,壓力過大薄膜不能夾緊,有可能被擠出。
3.縱封棍假如量要比平時(shí)多,一般為7mm應(yīng)夾入10mm。
4.通過以上調(diào)整倘兩側(cè)仍不齊時(shí),應(yīng)使薄膜超出側(cè)的導(dǎo)槽向里彎曲。
5.薄膜導(dǎo)槽中心線有誤差,造成不良或有破損情況應(yīng)給以更換。
五、注意事項(xiàng)
(1)在運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)當(dāng)中,應(yīng)注意機(jī)器聲音是否協(xié)調(diào),要迅速分清事故前的異常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)聲音。
(2)把薄膜裝入后,如長時(shí)間不開動(dòng),縱封棍熱量不斷傳至薄膜,可將薄膜燒壞,此時(shí)應(yīng)將三個(gè)螺母順時(shí)針旋轉(zhuǎn),將兩縱封棍和兩橫封棍相互離開。
(3)要經(jīng)常用銅刷清掃縱封棍、橫封棍的表面、若加熱棍表面粘著聚乙烯以及塵土等,則會(huì)引起熱封不良,并因此而引起縱封棍拉力減弱,使包裝失調(diào)。
(4)在進(jìn)行檢查、清掃、修理時(shí)應(yīng)切斷機(jī)器電源開關(guān)。
(5)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)過程中,在橫封棍和裁刀之間,不準(zhǔn)手及其他物品靠近。
(6)定時(shí)檢查機(jī)器各個(gè)緊固部位,是否有松動(dòng)、脫接現(xiàn)象。
(7)每隔一月應(yīng)在各個(gè)緊固部位涂潤滑油,減速器油第一次用油要在10日左右更換,以后每隔2000小時(shí)更換一次新油,給油量要到油標(biāo)的中心。
通過本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì),使我們掌握了機(jī)器設(shè)計(jì)的一般步驟,也是我們第一次較全面的的設(shè)計(jì)能力訓(xùn)練,在這次設(shè)計(jì)過程中,培養(yǎng)了理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際的設(shè)計(jì)思想,訓(xùn)練了綜合運(yùn)用機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)方面的知識(shí),達(dá)到了了解和掌握自動(dòng)機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)過程和方法。
由于時(shí)間和能力有限,在設(shè)計(jì)中難免存在錯(cuò)誤和缺點(diǎn),懇請老師批評(píng)指正。在本次設(shè)計(jì)過程中,得到吳老師的大力幫助和指導(dǎo),使我們得以順利完成設(shè)計(jì),在此表示忠心的感謝。
參 考 文 獻(xiàn)
[1]濮良貴,紀(jì)名剛主編. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì) 北京:高等教育出版社,1996年
[2]鄭文緯,吳克堅(jiān)主編. 機(jī)械原理。北京:高等教育出版社,1995年
[3]周開勤.機(jī)械零件手冊第四版. 北京:高等教育出版社,1994年
[4]許林成.包裝機(jī)械原理與設(shè)計(jì). 上海:上??萍汲霭嫔纾?994年
[5]龔桂義.機(jī)械課程設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)書. 北京:高等教育出版社,1990年
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(縮寫稿)
題目:全自動(dòng)顆粒包裝機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)
學(xué) 生: 郭 慶
學(xué) 號(hào): 51403608
院 (系): 機(jī)電工程學(xué)院
專 業(yè):機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化
指導(dǎo)教師: 吳 春 英
2007年06月18日
工業(yè)機(jī)器人在顆粒包裝機(jī)中的應(yīng)用
摘要:機(jī)械手是機(jī)器人的手臂,它使機(jī)器人能彎屈、延伸和旋轉(zhuǎn),提供這些運(yùn)動(dòng)的是機(jī)械手的軸,亦是所謂的機(jī)械人的自由度機(jī)械手的軸使機(jī)械手在某一區(qū)域內(nèi)執(zhí)行任務(wù),我們將這個(gè)區(qū)域?yàn)闄C(jī)器人的工作單元,該區(qū)域的大小與機(jī)械手的尺寸相對(duì)應(yīng),。由鏈、齒輪和滾珠絲杠組成的機(jī)械傳動(dòng)鏈驅(qū)動(dòng)著機(jī)器人的各軸。
機(jī)器人控制器是工作單元的核心。用于大多數(shù)機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)中的控制器代表現(xiàn)代電子學(xué)的水平,是更復(fù)雜的裝置,即它們可以使得微處理器操縱的。動(dòng)力源是給機(jī)器人和機(jī)械手提供動(dòng)力的單元。例如,如果機(jī)器人的機(jī)械手是由液壓和氣壓驅(qū)動(dòng)的,控制信號(hào)便傳送到這些裝置。
關(guān)鍵詞:工業(yè)機(jī)器人,包裝機(jī)
工業(yè)機(jī)器人是在生產(chǎn)環(huán)境中用以提高生產(chǎn)效率的工具,它能做常規(guī)乏味的裝配線工作,或能做那些對(duì)于工人說是危險(xiǎn)的工作,例如,第一代工業(yè)機(jī)器人是用來在核電站中更換核燃料棒,如果人去做這項(xiàng)工作,將會(huì)遭受有害放射線的輻射。工業(yè)機(jī)器人亦能工作在裝配線上將小元件裝配到一起,如將電子元件安放在電路印制板,這樣,工人就能從這項(xiàng)乏味的常規(guī)工作中解放出來。機(jī)器人也能按程序要求用來拆除炸彈,輔助殘疾人,在社會(huì)的很多應(yīng)用場合下履行職能。
機(jī)器人可以認(rèn)為是將手臂末端的工具、傳感器和手爪移到程序指定位置的一種機(jī)器。當(dāng)機(jī)器人到達(dá)位置后,它將執(zhí)行某種任務(wù)。這些任務(wù)可以是焊接、密封、機(jī)器裝料、拆卸以及裝配工作。除了編程以及系統(tǒng)的開停之外,一般來說這些工作可以在無人干預(yù)下完成。
如下敘述的是機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)基本術(shù)語:
1。機(jī)器人是一個(gè)可編程、多功能的機(jī)器手,通過給要完成的不同任務(wù)編制各種動(dòng)作,它可以移動(dòng)零件、材料、工具以及特殊裝置。這個(gè)基本定義引導(dǎo)出后續(xù)斷落的其他定義,從而描繪出一個(gè)完整的機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)。
2。預(yù)編程位置點(diǎn)是機(jī)器人為完成工作而必須跟蹤的軌跡。在某些位置點(diǎn)上機(jī)器人將停下來做某些操作,如裝配零件、噴涂油漆或焊接。這些預(yù)編程點(diǎn)貯存再機(jī)器人的貯存器中,并為后續(xù)的連續(xù)操作所調(diào)用,而且這些預(yù)編程點(diǎn)像其他程序數(shù)據(jù)一樣,可在日后隨工作需要而變化。因而,這正是這種可編程序的特點(diǎn),一個(gè)工業(yè)機(jī)器人很像一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī),數(shù)據(jù)可在這里儲(chǔ)存、后續(xù)調(diào)用與編輯。
3。機(jī)械手是機(jī)器人的手臂,它使機(jī)器人能彎屈、延伸和旋轉(zhuǎn),提供這些運(yùn)動(dòng)的是機(jī)械手的軸,亦是所謂的機(jī)械人的自由度。一個(gè)機(jī)械人能有3~16軸,自由度一詞總是與機(jī)器人軸數(shù)相關(guān)。
4。工具和手爪不是機(jī)器人自身組成部分,但它們是安裝再機(jī)器人手臂末端的附件。這些連在機(jī)器人手臂末端的附件可使機(jī)器人抬起工件、點(diǎn)焊、刷漆、電弧焊、鉆孔、打毛刺以及根據(jù)機(jī)器人的要求去做各種各樣的工作。
5。機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)還可以控制機(jī)器人的工作單元,工作單元是機(jī)器人執(zhí)行任務(wù)所處的整體環(huán)境,該單元包括控制器、機(jī)械手、工作平臺(tái)、安全保護(hù)裝置或者傳輸裝置。所有這些為保證機(jī)器人完成自己任務(wù)而必須的裝置都包括在這一工作單元中。另外,來自外設(shè)的信號(hào)與機(jī)器人通訊,通知機(jī)器人何時(shí)裝配工件、取工件或放工件到傳輸裝置上。
機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)有三個(gè)基本部件:機(jī)械手、控制器和動(dòng)力源。?
A.機(jī)械手
機(jī)械手做機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)中粗重工作。它包括兩個(gè)部分:機(jī)構(gòu)和附件,機(jī)械手也有聯(lián)結(jié)附件基座,表示一機(jī)器人基座與附件之間的連接情況。
機(jī)械手基座通常固定在工作區(qū)域的地基上,有時(shí)基座也可以移動(dòng),在這種情況下安裝在導(dǎo)軌或軌道上,允許機(jī)械手從一個(gè)位置移到另外一個(gè)位置。
正如前面所提到的那樣,附件從機(jī)器人基座上延伸出來,附件就是機(jī)器人的手臂,它可以是直動(dòng)型,也可以是軸節(jié)型手臂,軸節(jié)型手臂也是大家所知的關(guān)節(jié)型手臂。
機(jī)械臂使機(jī)械手產(chǎn)生各軸的運(yùn)動(dòng)。這些軸連在一個(gè)安裝基座上,然后再連到托架上,托架確保機(jī)械手停留在某一位置。
在手臂的末端上,連接著手腕,手腕由輔助軸和手腕凸緣組成,手腕是讓機(jī)器人用戶在手腕凸緣上安裝不同工具來做不同種工作。
機(jī)械手的軸使機(jī)械手在某一區(qū)域內(nèi)執(zhí)行任務(wù),我們將這個(gè)區(qū)域?yàn)闄C(jī)器人的工作單元,該區(qū)域的大小與機(jī)械手的尺寸相對(duì)應(yīng),。隨著機(jī)器人機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸的增加,工作單元的范圍也必須相應(yīng)增加。
機(jī)械手的運(yùn)動(dòng)由執(zhí)行元件或驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)來控制。執(zhí)行元件或驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)允許各軸在工作單元內(nèi)運(yùn)動(dòng)。驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)可用電氣、液壓和氣壓動(dòng)力,驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)所產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)力經(jīng)機(jī)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)闄C(jī)械能,驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)與機(jī)械傳動(dòng)鏈相匹配。由鏈、齒輪和滾珠絲杠組成的機(jī)械傳動(dòng)鏈驅(qū)動(dòng)著機(jī)器人的各軸。
B.控制器
機(jī)器人控制器是工作單元的核心。控制器儲(chǔ)存著預(yù)編程序供后續(xù)調(diào)用、控制外設(shè),及于廠內(nèi)計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行通訊以滿足產(chǎn)品經(jīng)常更新的需要。
控制器用于控制機(jī)械手運(yùn)動(dòng)和在工作單元內(nèi)控制機(jī)械人外設(shè)。用戶可通過手持的示教盒將機(jī)械手運(yùn)動(dòng)的程序編入控制器。這些信息儲(chǔ)存在控制器的儲(chǔ)存器中以備后續(xù)調(diào)用,控制器存儲(chǔ)了機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)的所有編程數(shù)據(jù),它能存儲(chǔ)幾個(gè)不同的程序,并且所有這些程序均能編輯。
控制器要求能夠在工作單元內(nèi)與外設(shè)進(jìn)行通信。例如控制器有一個(gè)輸入端,它能標(biāo)識(shí)某個(gè)機(jī)加工操作何時(shí)完成。當(dāng)該加工循環(huán)完成后,輸入端接通,告訴控制器定位機(jī)械手以便能抓取以加工工件,隨后,機(jī)械手抓取一未加工件,將其放置在機(jī)床上。接著,控制器給機(jī)床發(fā)出開始加工的信號(hào)。
控制器可以由根據(jù)事件順序而步進(jìn)的機(jī)械式輪鼓組成,這種類型的控制器可用在非常簡單的機(jī)械系統(tǒng)中。用于大多數(shù)機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)中的控制器代表現(xiàn)代電子學(xué)的水平,是更復(fù)雜的裝置,即它們可以使得微處理器操縱的。這些微處理器可以是8位,16位或32位處理器。它們可以使得控制器在操作過程中顯得非常柔性??刂破髂芡ㄟ^通信線發(fā)送電信號(hào),使它能于機(jī)械手各軸交流信息,在機(jī)器人的機(jī)械手和控制器之間的雙向交流信息可以保持系統(tǒng)操作和位置經(jīng)常更新,控制器也能控制安裝在機(jī)器人手腕上的任何工具。
控制器也有與廠內(nèi)各計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行通信的任務(wù),這種通信聯(lián)系使機(jī)器人成為計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造系統(tǒng)的一個(gè)組成部分。
存儲(chǔ)器?;谖⑻幚砥鞯南到y(tǒng)運(yùn)行時(shí)要與固態(tài)的存儲(chǔ)裝置相連,這些存儲(chǔ)裝置可以是磁泡,隨機(jī)存儲(chǔ)器、軟盤、磁帶等。每種記憶存儲(chǔ)裝置均能貯存、編輯信息以備后續(xù)調(diào)用和編輯。
C.動(dòng)力源
動(dòng)力源是給機(jī)器人和機(jī)械手提供動(dòng)力的單元。傳給機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)的動(dòng)力源有兩種,一種是用于控制器的交流電,另一種是用于驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)械手各軸的動(dòng)力源。例如,如果機(jī)器人的機(jī)械手是由液壓和氣壓驅(qū)動(dòng)的,控制信號(hào)便傳送到這些裝置
The Function of Industrial Robot in the Automatic Granular Packaging Machine
ABSTRACT:The industrial robot is a used in the manufacturing environment to increase productivity. It can be used to do routine and tesious assembly line jobs, or it can perform jobs that might be hazardous to the human worker .For example , one of the industrial robots was used to replace the nuclear fuel rods in nuclear power plants.
The basic terminology of robotic systems is introduced in the following. The robotic system has three basic components: the manipulator, the controller, and the power source.A. Manipulator The controller in the robotic system is the heart of the operation .The controller can be made from mechanically operated drums that step through a sequence of events.The controller is also required to communicate with periphral equipment within the work cell. For example, the controller has an input line that identifies when a machining operation is completed.
KEY WORDS: industrial robot , Packaging Machine
The industrial robot is a used in the manufacturing environment to increase productivity. It can be used to do routine and tesious assembly line jobs, or it can perform jobs that might be hazardous to the human worker .For example , one of the industrial robots was used to replace the nuclear fuel rods in nuclear power plants. A humsn doing this job might be exposed to harmful amounts of radiation .The industrial robot can also operate on the assembly line, putting together small components, such as placing electronic components on a printed circuit board. Thus, the human worker can be relieved of the routine operation of this tedious task.. Robots can also be programmed to defuse bombs, to serve the handicapped, and to perform functions in numerous in numerous applications in our society.
The robot can be thought of as a machine that will move an end-of-arm tool, sensor, and/or gripper to a preprogrammed location. When the robot arrives at this location, it will perform some sort of task. This task could be welding, sealing, machine loading, machine unloading,or a host od assembly jobs. Generally, this work can be accomplished without the involvement of a human being, except for programming and for turning the system on and off.
The basic terminology of robotic systems is introduced in the following:
1.A robot is a reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move parts, materials, tools, or special devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of different task. This basic definition leads to other definitions, presented in the following paragraphs, that give a complete picture of a robotic system.
2. Preprogrammed locations are paths that the robot must follow to accomplish work. At some of these locations, the robot will stop and perform some opertion ,such as assembly of parts, spray painting, or welding. These preprogrammed locations are stored in the robot’s memory and are recalled later for continuous poeration. Furthermore, these preprogrammed locations, as well as other program data, can be changed later as the work requirements change. Thus, with regard to this programming feature, an industrial robot is very much like a computer, where data can be stored and later recalled and edited.
3. The manipulator is the arm of the robot. It allows the robot to bend, and twist. This movement is provided by the manipulator’s axes, also called the degrees of freedom of the robot. A robot can have 3 to 16 axes. The term degrees of freedom will always relate to the number of axes found on robot.
4.The tooling and grippers are not part of the robotic system itself; rather, they are attachments that fit on the end of the robot’s arm. These attachments connected to the end of the robot’s arm allow the robot to lift parts, s pot-weld, paint. arc-weld, drill, deburr, and do a variety of tasks, depending on what is required of the robot.
5.The robotic system can also control the work cell of the operating robot. The work cell of the robot is the total environment in which the robot must perform its task. Included within this cell may be the controller ,the robot manipulator, a work table, safety features, or a conveyor. All the equipment that is required in order for the robot to do its job is included in the work cell. In addition ,signals from outside devices can communicate with the robot in order to tell the robot when it should assemble parts, pick up parts, or unload parts to a conveyor.
The robotic system has three basic components: the manipulator, the controller, and the power source.A. Manipulator
The manipulator, which does the physical work of the robotic system, consists of two sections: the mechanical section and the attached appendage. The manipulator also has a base to which the appendages are attached .
The base of the manipulator is usually fixed to the work area. Sometimes, though, the base may be movable. In this case, the base attached to either a rail or a track ,allowing the manipulator to be moved from one location to anther.
As, mentioned previously, the appendage extends from the base of the robot. The appendage is the arm of the robot. It can be either a straight, movable arm or a jointed arm. The jointed arm is also known as an articulated arm.
The appendages of the robot manipulator give the manipulator its various axes of motion .These axes are attached to a fixed base, which ,in turn, is secured to a mounting .This mounting ensures that the manipulator will remain in one location.
At the end of the arm, a wrist is connected. The wrist is made up of additional axes and a wrist flange. The wrist flange allows the robot user to connect different tooling to the wrist for different jobs.
The manipulator’s axes allow it to perform work within a certain area. This area is called the work cell of the robot, and its size corresponds to the size of the manipulator.Fig21-2 illustrates the work cell of a typical assembly robot. As the robot’s physical size increases, the size of the work cell must also increase.
The movement of the manipulator is controlled by actuators, or drive system. The actuators, or drive system, allows the various axes to move within the work cell. The drive system can use electric, hydraulic, r pneumatic power. The energy developed by the drive system is converted to mechanical power by various mechanical drive systems. The drive systems are coupled through mechanical linkages. These linkages, in turn, drive the different axes of the robot. The mechanical linkages may be composed of chains , gears, and ball screws.
B.Controller
The controller in the robotic system is the heart of the operation .The controller stores preprogrammed information for later recall, controls peripheral devices, and communicates with computers within the plant for constant updates in production.
The controller is used to control the robot manipulator’s movements as well as to control peripheral components within the work cell. The user can program the movements of the manipulator into the controller through the use of a hand-held teach pendant. This information is stored in the memory of the controller for later recall. The controller stores all program data for the robotic system .It can store several different programs, and of these programs can be edited.
The controller is also required to communicate with periphral equipment within the work cell. For example, the controller has an input line that identifies when a machining operation is completed. When the machine cycle is completed ,the input line turns on, telling the controller to position the manipulator so that it can pick up the finished part. Then, a new part is picked up by the manipulator and placed into the machine .Next, the controller signals the machine to start operation.
The controller can be made from mechanically operated drums that step through a sequence of events. This type of controller operates with a very simple robotic system .The controllers found on the majority of robotic systems are more complex devices and represent state-of-the-art electronics. That is ,they are microprocessor-operated. These microprocessors are either 8-bit,16bit,or 32-bit processors. This power allows the controller to be very flexible in its operation.
The controller can send electric signals over communication lines that allow it to talk with the various axes of the manipulator. This two-way communication between the robot manipulator and the controller maintains a constant update of the location and the operation of the system .The controller also controls any tooling placed on the end of the robot’s wrist.
The controller also has the job of communicating with the different plant computers. The communication link establishes the robot as part of a computer-assisted manufacruring(CAM)system.
As the basic definition stated, the robot is a reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator. Therefore, the controller must contain some type of memory storage. The microprocessor-based systems operate in conjunction with solid-state memory devices. These memory devices may be magnetic bubbles, random-access memory, floppy disks, or magnetic tape. Each memory storage device stores program information for later recall or for editing.
C.Power supply
The power supply is the unit that supplies power to the controller and the manipulator. Two types of power are delivered to the robotic system. One type of power is the AC power for operation of the controller. The other type of power is used for driving the various axes of the manipulator. for example ,if the robot manipulator is controlled by hydraulic or pneumatic drives, control signals are sent to these devices, causing motion of the robot.
For each robotic system, power is required to operate the manipulator. This power can be developed from either a hydraulic power source, a pneumatic power source, or anelectric power source. These power sources are part of the total components of the robotic work cell.
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