《同等學(xué)力寫作》PPT課件.ppt

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1、1,1,寫 作 福建醫(yī)科大學(xué) 吳 臻,英語寫作的內(nèi)容,考試大綱對(duì)寫作的要求 作文的題材 作文的題型 作文的體裁（以論說文為主） 解釋說明類 對(duì)比類 比較類 立論類,作文的題材,工作學(xué)習(xí) (97) The Problems I Have in My English Study (98) Why We Work 業(yè)余活動(dòng) Positive and Negative Aspects of Sports 交通 (95) On Automobiles 科技 (01) The Greatest Invention in the Past Century 人生觀 (00) W

2、hich is More Important, Wealth or Health? 社會(huì)熱點(diǎn) (96) The Role of Migrant Workers (99) The Qualities of the Cross-Century Talents 文化及風(fēng)俗 Should Fireworks Be Banned? 諺語類 Haste Makes Waste,,作文的題型,提綱式作文 情景作文 根據(jù)所給的圖表進(jìn)行描寫和評(píng)論 看圖作文 寫文章摘要,,作文的體裁,解釋說明類 (97) The Problems I Have in My English Study My F

3、avorite Program We Need to Broaden Our Knowledge 對(duì)比類 (00) Which is More Important, Wealth or Health? Reading Selectively or Extensively? 比較類 (95) On Automobiles (98) Why We Work Positive and Negative Aspects of Sports 立論類 Bicycle An Important Means of Transport in China,,如何進(jìn)行英語寫作 I (提綱式作文),如何

4、審題 如何擬提綱 如何寫開頭段 (Introduction) 如何寫正文 (Body) 如何寫結(jié)尾段 (Conclusion) 寫作的模式 整體性和連貫性 如何使句子多樣化 檢查,審 題,注意閱讀標(biāo)題和提綱 審題時(shí)易犯的錯(cuò)誤： I 偏離主題 Ex.1 Title: Advantages of a Job Interview Outline: 1、現(xiàn)在找工作一般都要進(jìn)行面試，通過面試，面試者和應(yīng)試者可以互相了解情況。 2、面試者可以向應(yīng)試者介紹情況，如工作性質(zhì)、條件、待遇等。 3、應(yīng)試者也有機(jī)會(huì)給對(duì)方留下

5、一個(gè)好的印象， 如可以表現(xiàn)自信心，可以介紹教育背景、工作能力等。 Ex.2 Title: Bicycle An Important Means of Transport in China Outline: 1、為什么自行車在中國(guó)很普及。 2、和汽車的比較。 3、自行車在中國(guó)的前途。,,II 忽略提綱之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系 Ex.3 Title: We Need to Broaden Our Knowledge Outline: 1、科學(xué)技術(shù)是社會(huì)發(fā)展所不可缺少的。 2、社會(huì)科學(xué)和自然科學(xué)相互滲透。 3、現(xiàn)代大學(xué)生需

6、要廣博的知識(shí)。 審題三步驟 1、題目是什么？（topic) 2、需要回答什么問題？（論述的角度） a. wh/how question b. yes/no question 3、提綱各條內(nèi)容之間是什么關(guān)系？如何布局？ 引言或開頭段（introduction)：提出問題 正文(body)：分析問題 結(jié)尾段(conclusion)：解決問題,,擬 提 綱,Ex.1 Title: Bicycle An Important Means of Transport in Chin

7、a Topic: bicycles Question: Why are bicycles an important means of transport in China? Introduction: China is popular for its emperor of bicycles. a.cheap, affordable b. traffic condition Body: Riding a bicycles has a lot of advantages over driving

8、a car. a. a physical exercise to ride a bicycle, gain weight in a car b. more economical to ride a bicycle than a car c. no need for much parking space d. no pollution Conclusion: Bicycles will still be a popular means of transport in China for quite a long time.,,Ex.2

9、 Title: Advantages of a Job Interview Topic: job interview Question: What are the advantages of a job interview? Introduction: A job interview is advantageous both to the interviewer and to the interviewee. Body 1: It is advantageous to the interviewer. a. get first impression of the interv

10、iewee b. let the interviewee know about the job c. get the interviewees ambition Body 2: It is also advantageous to the interviewee. a. make a good impression on the interviewer b. introduce his qualifications c. demonstrate his abilities Conclusion(增加部分): The job

11、 interview is important.,,如何寫開頭段 (Introduction),在開頭段中應(yīng)引出主題, 提出從何角度討論這一問題, 并確立論點(diǎn)。 Ex.1 Title: Advantages of a Job Interview (1) Nowadays, when one applies for a job, he will be interviewed before he can be employed. (2) A job interview is advantageous to both the interviewer and the interviewee

12、. (3) Its an effective way for the interviewer to know about applicant and the interviewee to know about the job he is applying for. Ex.2 Title: We Need to Broaden Our Knowledge (1) Knowledge is power. (2) Scientific and technological knowledge is especially the case. 寫開頭段的方法 常用于開頭的句型,,,開門見山法 E

13、x. The cross-century talents should possess the following qualities. They should have profound knowledge, creative ability, good command of a foreign language and proficient skill in computer. 背景導(dǎo)入法 Ex.1 A total of 11.5 million workers had been laid off from the state-owned bankrupt enterprises by

14、 the end of last year, and the figure is expected to continue to rise as technology becomes more advanced. Ex.2 With the development of industry and increase of employment in cities, more people are swarming into cities. As a result, accommodations have become very difficult.

15、 設(shè)問法 Ex. How should we read? Should we read selectively or extensively? Everyone has his own view. 定義法 Ex. Patriotism is love of ones country. 引語法,,如何寫正文 (Body),一般寫成一段或兩段 每個(gè)正文段落包括二至三部分： 1、主題句 (topic sentence) 一般位于句首, 表達(dá)全段的中心思想，句子盡量簡(jiǎn)潔，無語言錯(cuò)誤。 2、 擴(kuò)展句 (supporting sentence) 圍 繞主題句展開，闡述主題句觀點(diǎn)，可應(yīng)用不同的方式來擴(kuò)

16、展主題句。 3、 結(jié)尾句 (concluding sentence) 總結(jié)全段的內(nèi)容，與主題句相呼應(yīng)。有時(shí)可以無結(jié)尾句。 常用的銜接詞和短語,擴(kuò)展主題句的方式,列舉法 (Listing): first, second, lastly, finally,one, another, for one thing, for another, in addition, to begin with, etc 舉例法 (Example): for example, for instance, such as, also, that is, besides, moreover, additionally, n

17、amely, etc 因果法 (Cause and Effect): as a result, therefore, thus, so, consequently, owing to, due to, because of, for this reason, on account of, since, as, accordingly, result in/from, etc 比較和對(duì)比法 (Comparison and Contrast): in contrast, on the contrary, in comparison, just as, likewise, while, etc 分類

18、法 (Classification): divide/classify into 定義法 (Definition): mean, be defined as 類比法 (Analogy): be like, equal, be compared to,,Ex.1 Title: My Favorite TV Program Body1: (1) World Report aims at keeping audiences informed about the international situation. (2) It introduces the important events

19、which happen recently all around the world, for example, international conferences, new scientific discoveries and armed conflicts. (3) It reports serious accidents, such as air-crashes, train derailments. (4) It also reports natural disasters, for instance, earthquake, volcanic eruption, flood and

20、drought which occur in various countries. Body2: (1) There are several factors which may account for my preference of the program.(2) First, the information is not only new but just and objective.(3) Besides, the news announcers broadcasting quality as well as their facial expressions

21、 is excellent. (4) Finally, the video quality of this program is also wonderful.,,Ex.2 (1) Different people hold different attitudes towards a failure. (2) When faced with it, some can stand up to it, learn valuable things from it and try their best to fulfil what they are determined to do. (3) Oth

22、ers, on the contrary, lose heart and give in. They do nothing but complain about themselves and the objective conditions. Ex.3 Substances can be divided into three kinds:: solid, liquid and gas. (topic sentence) Ex.4 We all declare for liberty, but using the same word we do not mean the same thing

23、. (topic sentence) Ex.5 A friend is a safe port in a storm.,,如何寫結(jié)尾段 (Conclusion),總結(jié)全文 與開頭段相呼應(yīng) 如果提綱明確要求闡述“我的看法”，在結(jié)尾段一定要具體闡述建議或希望。 Ex.1 Title: Advantages of a Job Interview Introduction: Nowadays, when one applies for a job, he will be interviewed before he can be employed. A job interview is ad

24、vantageous to both the interviewer and the interviewee. Its an effective way for the interviewer to know about applicant and the interviewee to know about the job he is applying for. Conclusion: In conclusion, the job interview is significant. Both the interviewer and the interviewee can be

25、nefit from it.,,Ex.2 Title: Reading Selectively or Extensively? Conclusion: In my opinion, we should read both selectively and extensively. We ought to distinguish good books from indecent and vulgar books. The latter should never be touched, but the significance of good reading cannot be overvalu

26、ed. Our contact with good books should never fail to give us enjoyment, and there is no such thing as “too many” in reading good books. 常用于結(jié)尾的詞組和句型,,寫作的模式,模式一： 開頭段：第一段：（兩句） S1：寫出文章所要圍繞的大致話題； S2：確立文章主題。 正文：第二段：（七句） S3：引出作者持有此觀點(diǎn)的理由； S4：理由1 S5：支持理由

27、1的細(xì)節(jié)1 S6：支持理由1的細(xì)節(jié)2 S7：理由2 S8：支持理由2的細(xì)節(jié)1 S9：支持理由2的細(xì)節(jié)2 結(jié)尾段：第三段：（兩句） S10、S11：總結(jié)全文，與文章主題相呼應(yīng)。,,模式二： 開頭段：第一段：（兩句） S1：寫出文章所要圍繞的大致話題； S2：寫出兩種不同觀點(diǎn)。 正文：第二段：（三句） S3：寫出正方觀點(diǎn)的理由； S4：支持正方理由的細(xì)節(jié)1

28、 S5：支持正方理由的細(xì)節(jié)2 第三段：（三句） S6：寫出反方觀點(diǎn)的理由； S7：支持反方理由的細(xì)節(jié)1 S8：支持反方理由的細(xì)節(jié)2 結(jié)尾段：第四段：（兩句） S9： 明確作者的觀點(diǎn)； S10：總結(jié)全文，與其中一觀點(diǎn)相呼應(yīng)，強(qiáng)化主題。,,整體性和連貫性,整體性：各個(gè)段落均圍繞文章主題。 連貫性：段落之間以合乎邏輯的方式排列，讀起來通順流暢。 1、運(yùn)用代詞 2、重復(fù)關(guān)鍵詞 3、采用同義詞 4、使用過

29、渡詞（啟承轉(zhuǎn)合） Ex. Giant pandas are facing extinction. For one thing, they often suffer from hunger because bamboo blossoms and dies. For another thing, the birth rate of these rare animals is so low that they can not successfully reproduce themselves. The greatest threat to these endangered animals, how

30、ever, is from human beings. Some hunt them for their furs; others cultivate their natural habitat for more farmland. In a word, food shortage, low birth rate and human intervention lead to the decreasing number of giant pandas.,,,改變句子結(jié)構(gòu) Ex.1 More and more people finally got to know th

31、e fact. Ex.2 We were absorbed in the beautiful scenery and forgot the time. Ex.3 They heard the noise and immediately rushed out of the room. Ex.4 We had to wait in the rain for an hour to meet the chairman. Ex.5 They broke into loud cheers when they heard the news. Ex.6 Stormy applause bro

32、ke forth when the champion athletes appeared on the stage. Ex.7 The young representatives fondest hope was that the legislature would pass the anti-smoking bill. Ex.8 Linda, normally a timid girl, argued heatedly with them about the air pollution. 交替使用長(zhǎng)、短句 Ex. (1) Ad

33、vertising can be a service to the customer. (2) This is true when ads give reliable information about the goods advertised. (3) Such information is needed if the customer is to make a sensible choice when he goes shopping. (4) It is useful in that it lets him know of the kinds of goods in the shop

34、s. (5) Printed ads do this job best. (6) Customers can collect them and compare them. (7) They can be taken along to shops and checked against the actual goods in the shops.,,,檢查拼寫、大小寫、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào) 檢查語法錯(cuò)誤 1、時(shí)態(tài)： Ex.1 You can pass the exam easily if you will work hard at these books. Ex.2 She pl

35、anned to finish the work at 5, and then she changes her mind. 2、語態(tài)： Ex.3 All the windows in the house are said to break last night. Ex.4 The accident was happened when he was away. 3、主謂一致： Ex.5 Half of the fruit are bad. Ex.6 The team are composed of twenty young men. Ex.7 A s

36、eries of lectures on computer science have been scheduled. Ex.8 The young is usually interested in this film. 4、非謂語動(dòng)詞： Ex.9 Surrounding by the police he had no choice but to give up. Ex.10 Weather permits, the bus will leave the city at 10.,,檢查詞匯錯(cuò)誤 1、詞性誤用： Ex.1 Li Yong

37、is very humor. Ex.2 I watch the program everyday. success--succeed; affect--effect; rise--raise; sometime--sometimes; adopt--adapt; custom--customer; etc. 2、贅述： Ex.3 The technology is advancing forward. completely eliminate; combine together; fall down; enter into; in the modern world

38、of today; new innovation; return back; true facts; etc. 3、關(guān)鍵詞遺漏： Ex.4 I hate self-centered people. Ex.5 This novel tells us his life in childhood. 寫作中常見的其它錯(cuò)誤： 1、串句： Ex.1 Mary decided to stop smoking, she didnt want to die of lung cancer. Ex.2 I took lots of vitamin C, however I still ca

39、me down with the flu. Ex.3 Even you do it now, you cant make it in time.,,2、從句獨(dú)立成句： Ex.4 There are many ways to improve city traffic. For example, widening the streets, building subways and so on. Ex.5 Marys mother was ill. So she didnt attend Toms birthday party. 3、平

40、行結(jié)構(gòu)： Ex.6 While we reduce the number of vehicles, the speed of traffic can be increased. Ex.7 People not only want to eat enough food, but also7want to eat better. Ex.8 The price of milk isnt higher than grain. Ex.9 But other people argue that everyone has a certain opportunit

41、y and a wise man will never lose it whenever it arises. 4、連詞： Ex.10 Smoking is harmful to health. On the one hand, it can cause lung cancer. On the other hand, it can increase the chances of having a miscarriage if a woman is pregnant.,,5、搭配： Ex.11 However, the speed of a car is much faster than th

42、at of a bicycle. Ex.12 We students should study/learn as much knowledge as possible so that we can be fully prepared for the future. 6、贅言 (簡(jiǎn)潔問題)： Ex.13 In my opinion, I believe the free medical system is in need of reform. Ex.14 We must cooperate together to make our cities greener

43、 and cleaner. Ex.15 The number of film-goers has decreased, and it is due to the reason why they find it more convenient to watch TV at home. Ex.16 In spite of the fact that his initial experiments had failed, he persisted in his research. 7、殘缺句： Ex.17 Is that middle

44、 school where you studied two years ago?,,8、There be 結(jié)構(gòu)： Ex.18 There are many people like to go to the movies. 9、more and more 結(jié)構(gòu)：Ex.19 Nowadays young people who seek to go abroad are becoming more and more. 10、“眾所周知”的句型： Ex.20 As is known to all that China has the largest population in the world.

45、11、邏輯錯(cuò)誤： Ex.21 They should spend their holidays to have a long trip. 12、中式英語： Ex.22 The reason for brain drain has three respects. Ex.23 The cause of the traffic accidents mostly is peoples carelessness. Ex.24 Mike has left for half an hour. Ex.25 I helped him

46、as possible as I could. Ex.26 Please come at six if you are convenient. Ex.27 We are impossible to finish it by tomorrow.,,如何進(jìn)行英語寫作 II (情景作文),分析提示， 認(rèn)真審題， 選擇自己的觀點(diǎn) 草擬提綱， 確定短文的布局結(jié)構(gòu) 開頭段：根據(jù)題目中給出的情景，簡(jiǎn)要敘述主題產(chǎn)生的背景，提出自己的觀點(diǎn)。 正文：提出充分的理由來支持自己的觀點(diǎn)。 結(jié)尾段：總結(jié)全文， 強(qiáng)調(diào)主題。 Ex. Migrant workers have made a great cont

47、ribution to the prosperity of cities. In this part, you are to write about “The Role of Migrant Workers”. You can agree or disagree, completely or partially to the above statement. But no matter which position you take, you should give sound supporting reasons. Introduction: Migrant workers have m

48、ade a great contribution to the prosperity of cities.,,Body: 1、take up dangerous, strenuous jobs 2、clean and beautify the cities 3、offer labor: free women from heavy housework Conclusion: Migrant workers promote the development of cities. Migrant workers leave their homeland for better cha

49、nces, Some want to change their destiny; some want to make a fortune. Whatever purposes they cherish, they have made a great contribution to the prosperity of cities. Most of the migrant workers are hard working and unafraid of hardships. They take up the dirtiest, the most dangerous or strenuous

50、 jobs which city laborers are unwilling to do. With lots of buildings they have set up and streets they have kept clean, they have helped modernize and beautify the cities. Not only have they become the main work force in the construction sectors, they also have helped liberate city women from heavy

51、 housework chores by taking care of the babies, cleaning houses or providing any other service citizens need. Although some of the citizens complain about the increasing number of the problems such as theft, robbery a few of migrant workers have committed, most of the citizens agree that their co

52、ntribution is obvious, and they do promote the development of cities.,Why People Work?,Introduction: Work is part of mans life. Body: 1. Work is indispensible to mans existence. It provides material things of life. 2. Work is beneficial to mans health. The mo

53、re the work, the more active the mind. 3. Work offers ambitious people chances to realize their value. e.g. A writer or a scientist Conclusion: We should regard work not only as means of making a living but also means of living a more fruitful life. Some people live to work. ( for ple

54、asure and satisfaction) Other people work to live. ( for money) In my opinion,,如何進(jìn)行英語寫作 III (圖表作文),圖表種類 分析圖表 描繪圖表，得出結(jié)論 (Introduction) 分析原因，發(fā)表議論 (Body) 總結(jié)全文，提出建議 (Conclusion) 應(yīng)注意的問題：圖表有無時(shí)間參照,,table: 表示多種事物相互之間的關(guān)系 Ex. Changes in Peoples Diet bar graph: 比較幾種事物在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的增減情況 Ex. F

55、ilm are Giving Way to TV line graph: 表示一種事物的上升或下降趨勢(shì) Ex. Air Pollution and Cancer pie graph: 表示各種事物在總數(shù)中所占的比例 Ex. Major Causes of Road Accidents,,,了解清楚表格、圖形、數(shù)據(jù)、百分比、分類、橫線、縱線等所代表的含義。 從整體看圖表有何發(fā)展變化，找出特點(diǎn)、規(guī)律。 分析數(shù)字，從眾多的數(shù)字中抓住所反映的問題和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)?？山Y(jié)合所給的標(biāo)題和提綱進(jìn)行分析。,,,抓典型：并不需要描述、引用所有的數(shù)字，只就典型數(shù)字說明原因及關(guān)系。 按情理得出結(jié)論：基于圖形所給事實(shí)

56、，得出合乎情理的結(jié)論，做到自圓其說，具有說服力。結(jié)論可以放在段首，也可以放在段尾。 熟悉描繪圖表常用的表達(dá)法。,,如何進(jìn)行英語寫作 IV (摘要),仔細(xì)閱讀，正確理解作者的觀點(diǎn)或文章的主要內(nèi)容，可在原文中劃出將采用的要點(diǎn)。 簡(jiǎn)要地在草稿上列出這些要點(diǎn)。 根據(jù)所列內(nèi)容組織成文，其順序應(yīng)與原文內(nèi)容基本相同。 可刪去文中的細(xì)節(jié)、舉例、詳細(xì)數(shù)字，按字?jǐn)?shù)要求，寫出簡(jiǎn)練、內(nèi)容明確、主題突出的提要。 注意：只概括作者的觀點(diǎn)，不要加入自己的觀點(diǎn)、見解。要進(jìn)行歸納概括，可改變?cè)~匯、替換或合并句子，不要原句原段地照抄。,,A Boom in Adult Education 1、現(xiàn)在

57、許多成年人利用業(yè)余時(shí)間去大學(xué)或夜校學(xué)習(xí)。 2、出現(xiàn)這種成人教育熱的原因。 3、結(jié)論。 Blood Donation Without Repayment 1、我國(guó)無償獻(xiàn)血的狀況。 2、無償獻(xiàn)血的意義。 3、獻(xiàn)血與健康的關(guān)系。 Cloning 1、克隆給人類帶來驚喜。 2、克隆也給人類帶來憂慮。 3、我的看法。 Holiday Ideas are Changing 1、人們對(duì)節(jié)假日的觀點(diǎn)正在變化。 2、觀點(diǎn)變化的主要原因及引起的后果。 3、未來的趨勢(shì)。 Say “No

58、” to Discount 1、打折是商家吸引顧客的一種手段。 2、近年來人們對(duì)打折的興趣日益減少。 3、結(jié)論。 Attending Schools Abroad 1、出國(guó)留學(xué)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。 2、出國(guó)留學(xué)的缺點(diǎn)。 3、我的觀點(diǎn)。 Developing the West 1、開發(fā)西部的原因。 2、開發(fā)西部的方法。 3、對(duì)西部發(fā)展的展望。 Children and Games 1、游戲在兒童成長(zhǎng)及生活中的作用。 2、目前大多數(shù)家長(zhǎng)的做法及原因。 3、你認(rèn)為如何。

59、,,Opportunities and Challenges Brought by Chinas Entry into WTO 1、中國(guó)加入世貿(mào)給我們帶來的機(jī)遇。 2、中國(guó)加入世貿(mào)給我們帶來的挑戰(zhàn)。 3、如何面對(duì)這些挑戰(zhàn)。 The Dust Storm in the North of China 1、我國(guó)北方出現(xiàn)沙塵暴的現(xiàn)狀。 2、造成沙塵暴的原因。 3、如何治理。 Some people prefer to keep birds confined in a cage and watch, while others insist that birds should be set

60、free and fly back to the nature. Please show your opinion about “Whether birds should be set free back to the nature?”according to the following survey and argue for it.對(duì)北京鳥市的調(diào)查：在北京鳥市上出售的鳥，野生種占了65.6%；人工種占34.4%。北京的養(yǎng)鳥人有20萬人左右。另據(jù)調(diào)查從捕鳥到運(yùn)到城市來賣，成活1只要死掉2030只。 Problem of Piracy 盜版是一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的問題，試敘述它所帶來的危害并提出你的解決辦法。 No Books in the Future? Some people believe that computers will take the place of books in learning in the future, but other people believe this can not be true. Speak out your mind.,謝 謝 !,,