AGV車(chē)轉(zhuǎn)向總承設(shè)計(jì)【8張CAD圖紙和畢業(yè)論文全套】
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AGV車(chē)轉(zhuǎn)向總成設(shè)計(jì) 答辯人 孫昌榮班級(jí) 機(jī)械08 4指導(dǎo)教師 范維華 論文主體框架 研究背景設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)及驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置的選擇 1 2 3 研究的主要內(nèi)容 本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中 設(shè)計(jì)的主要內(nèi)容是多AGV轉(zhuǎn)向傳動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì) 傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)相關(guān)零件的設(shè)計(jì) 研究背景 AGV全稱(chēng)自動(dòng)導(dǎo)引小車(chē) AutomaticGuidedVehiele 它是在計(jì)算機(jī)的控制下 經(jīng)磁或激光等導(dǎo)向裝置引導(dǎo)并沿程序設(shè)定路徑運(yùn)行完成作業(yè)的無(wú)人駕駛自動(dòng)小車(chē) 伺服驅(qū)動(dòng) 它為現(xiàn)代制造業(yè) 現(xiàn)代物流提供了一種高度柔性化和自動(dòng)化的運(yùn)輸方式 目前AGV小車(chē)廣泛運(yùn)用在制造業(yè) 物流倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)業(yè) 汽車(chē) 造紙等行業(yè) 隨著AGV小車(chē)的發(fā)展 努力設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)更為合理簡(jiǎn)便的操作方式的AGV小車(chē) 來(lái)適用于更多的領(lǐng)域 AGV得到進(jìn)一步的推廣 設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù) 設(shè)計(jì)轉(zhuǎn)向結(jié)構(gòu) 包括動(dòng)力裝置 傳動(dòng)裝置 執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu) 畫(huà)出總體機(jī)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)圖 選取電機(jī) 計(jì)算電機(jī)所需功率 設(shè)計(jì)總體傳動(dòng)方案設(shè)計(jì)主要傳動(dòng)裝置 完成總體裝配圖 A0 設(shè)計(jì)主要零件 完成零件圖 編寫(xiě)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū) AGV機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì) 小車(chē)采用兩前輪獨(dú)立驅(qū)動(dòng)差速轉(zhuǎn)向 兩后輪為萬(wàn)向輪的四輪結(jié)構(gòu)形式 伺服電機(jī)經(jīng)減速器后通過(guò)驅(qū)動(dòng)輪提供驅(qū)動(dòng)力 當(dāng)兩輪運(yùn)動(dòng)速度不同時(shí)就可以實(shí)現(xiàn)差速轉(zhuǎn)向 驅(qū)動(dòng)方式的選擇 AGV驅(qū)動(dòng)的方式大致可分成兩種 一種為兩臺(tái)電機(jī)各置于左 右兩邊 利用兩臺(tái)電機(jī)的動(dòng)作與兩輪差速的方式達(dá)到左右轉(zhuǎn) 前進(jìn)或停止 即差速型 另一種方式則類(lèi)似汽車(chē)的轉(zhuǎn)向及傳動(dòng)方式 即前輪為轉(zhuǎn)向輪 后輪為驅(qū)動(dòng)輪 稱(chēng)為舵輪型 前輪利用電機(jī)控制連接前輪的連桿 帶動(dòng)前輪左 右轉(zhuǎn)向 而后輪直接利用步進(jìn)電機(jī)與減速機(jī)構(gòu)帶動(dòng)承載車(chē)前進(jìn)或停止 驅(qū)動(dòng)方案 電機(jī)的選擇及聯(lián)軸器的選用 初步選擇電機(jī)的種類(lèi)為直流伺服電機(jī) 型號(hào)為130SZD 相關(guān)的參數(shù)如表3 1所示 聯(lián)軸器的選用 電機(jī)的型號(hào)確定下來(lái) 緊接著選擇聯(lián)軸器 由于電機(jī)伸出端的最小軸的直徑為14mm 電機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)矩相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)不算太大 我們選擇套筒式聯(lián)軸器 該聯(lián)軸器結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單 徑向尺寸小 能用于連接兩直徑相同的軸身 其尺寸與電機(jī) 與蝸桿軸的尺寸匹配 蝸輪軸的設(shè)計(jì) 后輪軸的設(shè)計(jì) 蝸桿軸的設(shè)計(jì) 后輪及支架 前輪及支架 工程圖 生成工程圖 謝謝大家 山東輕工業(yè)學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)原創(chuàng)性聲明本人鄭重聲明:所呈交的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文),是本人在指導(dǎo)教師的指導(dǎo)下獨(dú)立研究、撰寫(xiě)的成果。設(shè)計(jì)(論文)中引用他人的文獻(xiàn)、數(shù)據(jù)、圖件、資料,均已在設(shè)計(jì)(論文)中加以說(shuō)明,除此之外,本設(shè)計(jì)(論文)不含任何其他個(gè)人或集體已經(jīng)發(fā)表或撰寫(xiě)的成果作品。對(duì)本文研究做出重要貢獻(xiàn)的個(gè)人和集體,均已在文中作了明確說(shuō)明并表示了謝意。本聲明的法律結(jié)果由本人承擔(dān)。畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)作者簽名: 年 月 日山東輕工業(yè)學(xué)院關(guān)于畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)使用授權(quán)的說(shuō)明本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)作者完全了解學(xué)校有關(guān)保留、使用畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)的規(guī)定,即:學(xué)校有權(quán)保留、送交設(shè)計(jì)(論文)的復(fù)印件,允許設(shè)計(jì)(論文)被查閱和借閱,學(xué)校可以公布設(shè)計(jì)(論文)的全部或部分內(nèi)容,可以采用影印、掃描等復(fù)制手段保存本設(shè)計(jì)(論文)。指導(dǎo)教師簽名:畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)作者簽名: 年月日 年 月 日附件四: 山東輕工業(yè)學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)開(kāi)題報(bào)告課題名稱(chēng)AGV車(chē)轉(zhuǎn)向總承設(shè)計(jì)課題類(lèi)型工程設(shè)計(jì)導(dǎo)師姓名范維華學(xué)生姓名孫昌榮學(xué) 號(hào)201001013022專(zhuān)業(yè)班級(jí)機(jī)械08-4班開(kāi)題報(bào)告內(nèi)容:選題依據(jù)(選題的目的、意義、國(guó)內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀、并注明主要參考文獻(xiàn)),研究(設(shè)計(jì))內(nèi)容,研究(設(shè)計(jì))方法及技術(shù)路線,時(shí)間安排,預(yù)期成果。(可加頁(yè)) AGV即自動(dòng)導(dǎo)引小車(chē),它集聲、光、電、計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)于一體,綜合了當(dāng)今科技領(lǐng)域先進(jìn)的理論和應(yīng)用技術(shù)。廣泛應(yīng)用在柔性制造系統(tǒng)和自動(dòng)化工廠中,具有運(yùn)輸效率高、節(jié)能、工作可靠、能實(shí)現(xiàn)柔性運(yùn)輸?shù)仍S多優(yōu)點(diǎn),極大的提高生產(chǎn)自動(dòng)化程度和生產(chǎn)效率。屬于移動(dòng)式機(jī)器人的一個(gè)分支。它最早是在美國(guó)發(fā)展起來(lái)的,在國(guó)外已經(jīng)有幾十年的歷史了。因此,AGV被廣泛應(yīng)用在倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)業(yè)、郵局、圖書(shū)館、港口碼頭、機(jī)場(chǎng)以及危險(xiǎn)場(chǎng)所和特種作業(yè)的場(chǎng)合。AGV是一種非常有發(fā)展前途的物流輸送設(shè)備,尤其在柔性制造系統(tǒng)(FMS)中被認(rèn)為是最有效的物料運(yùn)輸設(shè)備。目前,AGV的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域主要用在制造業(yè),特別是在重型機(jī)械及部分非加工制造中的應(yīng)用。在制造業(yè)中主要用于物料分發(fā)、裝配和加工制造方面。其中,裝配作業(yè)中,汽車(chē)工業(yè)是AGV的應(yīng)用大戶。在物料分發(fā)中,主要用于生產(chǎn)工序間的物料移送和倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)作業(yè)中的物料移送。在凈化室中,AGV更可大顯身手,滿足凈化要求極高的操作。另外,AGV還可以作為機(jī)器人的“腳”,使機(jī)器人在更大范圍內(nèi)自動(dòng)完成作業(yè)、水泥地面的光整等。在有核輻射的地方,使用機(jī)器人與AGV的配合,完成檢修與材料搬運(yùn)等工作。因此,隨著電子、圖像識(shí)別、傳感和信息技術(shù)的發(fā)展,AGV的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域越來(lái)越廣。目前國(guó)內(nèi)總體看AGV的應(yīng)用剛剛開(kāi)始,相當(dāng)于國(guó)外80年代初的水平。但從應(yīng)用的行業(yè)分析,分布面非常廣闊,有汽車(chē)工業(yè),飛機(jī)制造業(yè),家用電器行業(yè),煙草行業(yè),機(jī)械加工,倉(cāng)庫(kù),郵電部門(mén)等。這說(shuō)明AGV有一個(gè)潛在的廣闊市場(chǎng)。AGV從技術(shù)的發(fā)展看,主要是從國(guó)家線路向可調(diào)整線路;從簡(jiǎn)單車(chē)載單元控制向復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)計(jì)算機(jī)控制;從原始的段點(diǎn)定期通訊到先進(jìn)的實(shí)時(shí)通訊等方向發(fā)展;從落后的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)控制到先進(jìn)的遠(yuǎn)程圖形監(jiān)控;從領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展看,主要是從較為集中的機(jī)械制造、加工、裝配生產(chǎn)線向廣泛的各行業(yè)自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn),物料搬運(yùn),物品倉(cāng)儲(chǔ),商品配送等行業(yè)發(fā)展。參考文獻(xiàn)1張建中.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)M.高等教育出版社,20072濮良貴.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)M.高等教育出版社,2005.3寧德仁.淺談AGV及無(wú)人搬運(yùn)系統(tǒng)工藝及裝備J.1996.4周全申.現(xiàn)代物流技術(shù)與裝備實(shí)務(wù)M.北京:中國(guó)物資出版社,2002.5王國(guó)華.現(xiàn)代物流工程M.北京:國(guó)防工業(yè)出版社,2005.6王小波.AGVS系統(tǒng)技術(shù)應(yīng)用J.北京:物流技術(shù),1997(16).7戴慶輝.先進(jìn)制造系統(tǒng)M.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2007.8樊躍進(jìn).AGV充電系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)械工業(yè)自動(dòng)化J.1994.本課題要研究或解決的問(wèn)題和擬采用的研究方法(途徑)1. 本課題主要研究的是自動(dòng)引導(dǎo)小車(chē)的結(jié)構(gòu)和系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì),通過(guò)查閱相關(guān)資料后,對(duì)自動(dòng)引導(dǎo)小車(chē)的結(jié)構(gòu)有了一定的了解,因此要完成此次設(shè)計(jì)主要考慮以下幾個(gè)方面的設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題:(1)確定傳動(dòng)方案(2)蝸輪蝸桿的設(shè)計(jì)(3)軸的設(shè)計(jì)2. 擬采用的研究途徑通過(guò)觀察研究,自動(dòng)引導(dǎo)小車(chē)的結(jié)構(gòu)和系統(tǒng)主要包含以下幾部分的設(shè)計(jì):(1)確定傳動(dòng)方案通過(guò)查閱相關(guān)資料,在三輪機(jī)構(gòu)與四輪機(jī)構(gòu)之間比較,三輪機(jī)構(gòu)雖然成本較低,但沒(méi)有四輪機(jī)構(gòu)的較大的負(fù)載能力及較好的平穩(wěn)性。具體的設(shè)計(jì)將在設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)中說(shuō)明。(2)蝸輪蝸桿的設(shè)計(jì)通過(guò)查閱相關(guān)資料,首先要選擇蝸桿的傳動(dòng)類(lèi)型,以及蝸輪蝸桿的受力分析,再進(jìn)行齒根彎曲疲勞強(qiáng)度的設(shè)計(jì)以及蝸輪蝸桿的主要參數(shù)及幾何尺寸,并畫(huà)出蝸輪蝸桿零件圖。具體的設(shè)計(jì)將在設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)中說(shuō)明。(3)軸的設(shè)計(jì)軸主要是前輪軸與后輪軸的設(shè)計(jì),首先要進(jìn)行軸上的受力分析,擬定軸上零件裝配方案,根據(jù)查閱相關(guān)手冊(cè),確定軸上尺寸,最后要驚行軸的校核。具體的設(shè)計(jì)將在設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)中說(shuō)明。(4)運(yùn)用caxa、Pro/engineer等機(jī)械繪圖軟件分別繪制出相關(guān)零件圖和縱向運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的三維造型。時(shí)間安排:第一周對(duì)課題作出總體規(guī)劃分析,從總體上劃分分布各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。第二周對(duì)caxa及pro/e軟件進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)并且掌握初步使用方法。其他時(shí)間進(jìn)行綜合設(shè)計(jì)??傊?,在學(xué)校安排的時(shí)間內(nèi)完成所要完成的任務(wù)。預(yù)期成果:通過(guò)本次設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)和優(yōu)化取得充分的認(rèn)識(shí)并獲得一定得專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí)和技能,為以后從事車(chē)輛轉(zhuǎn)向結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)提供理論基礎(chǔ)與具體設(shè)計(jì)思路。 2012 年 4 月 21 日指導(dǎo)教師意見(jiàn):指導(dǎo)教師: 年 月 日注:課題類(lèi)型填寫(xiě):工程設(shè)計(jì)、技術(shù)開(kāi)發(fā)、軟件工程、理論研究等,同時(shí)注明X真實(shí)課題;Y模擬課題;Z虛擬課題。山 東 輕 工 業(yè) 學(xué) 院畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)(論 文)任 務(wù) 書(shū)機(jī)械工程 學(xué)院 2008級(jí) 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 專(zhuān)業(yè) 姓名 孫昌榮 題目 AGV車(chē)轉(zhuǎn)向總承設(shè)計(jì)一、 主要內(nèi)容隨著工廠自動(dòng)化程度的提高,AGV小車(chē)越來(lái)越受到人們的青睞,它本身的自動(dòng)化集成度相當(dāng)高,只需要人們輸入相關(guān)的指令,小車(chē)便可按著預(yù)定的指令行走,并且電源的充電過(guò)程都可以自動(dòng)的完成。國(guó)內(nèi)外制作設(shè)計(jì)的AGV小車(chē)的類(lèi)型有很多,可用于不同的場(chǎng)合,針對(duì)不同的場(chǎng)合,設(shè)計(jì)出不同的傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu),本文所做的小車(chē)完全應(yīng)用于工廠車(chē)間的物料搬運(yùn),工作環(huán)境相對(duì)穩(wěn)定,所以設(shè)計(jì)用蝸桿渦輪進(jìn)行傳動(dòng)。由渦輪帶動(dòng)前輪驅(qū)動(dòng),后輪是萬(wàn)向輪,負(fù)責(zé)轉(zhuǎn)向。完成該課題設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書(shū)的內(nèi)容和設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)的要求,最終以圖紙和設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)的形式表出設(shè)計(jì)成果。其中,設(shè)計(jì)裝配圖一張、主要部件的零件圖數(shù)張,設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明說(shuō)一份,中英文文獻(xiàn)一份,開(kāi)題報(bào)告,中期報(bào)告等。三、參考資料 1 濮良貴,紀(jì)名剛 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì) 第7版 高等教育出版社 2001年6月 2 秦同順,楊承新 物流機(jī)械技術(shù) 人民交通出版社 2001年6月 3 魯曉春,吳志強(qiáng)物流設(shè)施與設(shè)備M北京:清華大學(xué)出版社,北京交通大學(xué)出版社,2005 完成期限:自 年 月 日 至 年 月 日指導(dǎo)老師: 教研室主任: 系主任: 年 月 日山東輕工業(yè)學(xué)院中英文翻譯院系名稱(chēng) 機(jī)械工程學(xué)院 學(xué)生姓名 孫昌榮 專(zhuān)業(yè)班級(jí) 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化08-4 指導(dǎo)教師 范維華 二一二年四月二十日Aluminum multi-degreeof freedom manipulator Design and ImplementationMechanical hand, is also called from begins, auto hand can imitate the manpower and arms certain holding function, with by presses the fixed routine to capture, the transporting thing OR operation tools automatic operation installment. It may replace persons strenuous labor to realize the production mechanization and the automation, can operate under the hostile environment protects the personal safety, thus widely applies in departments and so on machine manufacture, metallurgy, electron, light industry and atomic energy.The manipulator is mainly composed of the hand and the motion. The hand is uses for to grasp holds the work piece (or tool) the part, according to is grasped holds the thing shape, the size, the weight, the material and the work request has many kinds of structural styles, like the clamp, the request hold and the adsorption and so on. The motion, causes the hand to complete each kind of rotation (swinging), the migration or the compound motion realizes the stipulation movement, changes is grasped holds the thing position and the posture. Motions fluctuation, the expansion, revolving and so on independence movement way, is called manipulators degree-of-freedom. In order to capture in the space the optional position and the position object, must have 6 degrees-of-freedom. The degree-of-freedom is the key parameter which the manipulator designs. The degree-of-freedom are more, manipulators flexibility is bigger, the versatility is broader, its structure is also more complex. Generally the special-purpose manipulator has 23 degrees-of-freedom.The manipulators type, may divide into the hydraulic pressure type, the air operated according to the drive type, electromotive type, the mechanical manipulator; May divide into the special-purpose manipulator and the general-purpose manipulator two kinds according to the applicable scope; May divide into the position control and the continuous path according to the path control mode controls the manipulator and so on. The manipulator usually serves as the engine bed or other machines add-on component, like on the automatic machine or the automatic production line loading and unloading and the transmission work piece, replaces the cutting tool in the machining center and so on, generally does not have the independent control device. Some operating equipment needs by the person direct control, if uses in the host who the atomic energy department manages the dangerous goods from the type operator also often being called the manipulator.Robot is a type of mechantronics equipment which synthesizes the last research achievement of engine and precision engine, micro-electronics and computer, automation control and drive, sensor and message dispose and artificial intelligence and so on. With the development of economic and the demand for automation control, robot technology is developed quickly and all types of the robots products are come into being. The practicality use of robot products not only solves the problems which are difficult to operate for human being, but also advances the industrial automation program. At present, the research and development of robot involves several kinds of technology and the robot system configuration is so complex that the cost at large is high which to a certain extent limit the robot abroad use. To development economic practicality and high reliability robot system will be value to robot social application and economy development.With the rapid progress with the control economy and expanding of the modern cities, the let of sewage is increasing quickly: With the development of modern technology and the enhancement of consciousness about environment reserve, more and more people realized the importance and urgent of sewage disposal. Active bacteria method is an effective technique for sewage disposal,The lacunaris plastic is an effective basement for active bacteria adhesion for sewage disposal. The abundance requirement for lacunaris plastic makes it is a consequent for the plastic producing with automation and high productivity. Therefore, it is very necessary to design a manipulator that can automatically fulfill the plastic holding.With the analysis of the problems in the design of the plastic holding manipulator and synthesizing the robot research and development condition in recent years, a economic scheme is concluded on the basis of the analysis of mechanical configuration, transform system, drive device and control system and guided by the idea of the characteristic and complex of mechanical configuration, electronic, software and hardware. In this article, the mechanical configuration combines the character of direction coordinate and the arthrosis coordinate which can improve the stability and operation flexibility of the system. The main function of the transmission mechanism is to transmit power to implement department and complete the necessary movement. In this transmission structure, the screw transmission mechanism transmits the rotary motion into linear motion. Worm gear can give vary transmission ratio. Both of the transmission mechanisms have a characteristic of compact structure. The design of drive system often is limited by the environment condition and the factor of cost and technical lever. The step motor can receive digital signal directly and has the ability to response outer environment immediately and has no accumulation error, which often is used in driving system. In this driving system, open-loop control system is composed of stepping motor, which can satisfy the demand not only for control precision but also for the target of economic and practicality. On this basis,the analysis of stepping motor in power calculating and style selecting is also given. The analysis of kinematics and dynamics for object holding manipulator is given in completing the design of mechanical structure and drive system. Kinematics analysis is the basis of path programming and track control. The positive and reverse analysis of manipulator gives the relationship between manipulator space and drive space in position and speed. The relationship between manipulators tip position and arthrosis angles is concluded by coordinate transform method. The geometry method is used in solving inverse kinematics problem and the result will provide theory evidence for control system. The f0unction of dynamics is to get the relationship between the movement and force and the target is to satisfy the demand of real time control. in this chamfer, Newton-Euripides method is used in analysis dynamic problem of七h(yuǎn)e cleaning robot and the arthrosis force and torque are given which provide the foundation for step motor selecting and structure dynamic optimal ting.Control system is the key and core part of the object holding manipulator system design which will direct effect the reliability and practicality of the robot system in the division of configuration and control function and also will effect or limit the development cost and cycle. With the demand of the PCL-839 card, the PC computer which has a. tight structure and is easy to be extended is used as the principal computer cell and takes the function of system initialization, data operation and dispose, step motor drive and error diagnose and so on. A t the same time, the configuration structure features, task principles and the position function with high precision of the control card PCL-839 are analyzed. Hardware is the matter foundation of the control. System and the software is the spirit of the control system. The target of the software is to combine all the parts in optimizing style and to improve the efficiency and reliability of the control system. The software design of the object holding manipulator control system is divided into several blocks such as system initialization block, data process block and error station detect and dispose model and so on. PCL-839 card can solve the communication between the main computer and the control cells and take the measure of reducing the influence of the outer signal to the control system.The start and stop frequency of the step motor is far lower than the maximum running frequency. In order to improve the efficiency of the step motor, the increase and decrease of the speed is must considered when the step motor running in high speed and start or stop with great acceleration. The increase and decrease of the motors speed can be controlled by the pulse frequency sent to the step motor drive with a rational method. This can be implemented either by hardware or by software. A step motor shift control method is proposed, which is simple to calculate, easy to realize and the theory means is straightforward. The motor s acceleration can fit the torque-frequency curve properly with this method. And the amount of calculation load is less than the linear acceleration shift control method and the method which is based on the exponential rule to change speed. The method is tested by experiment. A t last, the research content and the achievement are sum up and the problems and shortages in main the content are also listed. The development and application of robot in the future is expected.多自由度鋁合金機(jī)械手的設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn)能模仿人手和臂的某些動(dòng)作功能,用以按固定程序抓取、搬運(yùn)物件或操作工具的自動(dòng)操作裝置。它可代替人的繁重勞動(dòng)以實(shí)現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)的機(jī)械化和自動(dòng)化,能在有害環(huán)境下操作以保護(hù)人身安全,因而廣泛應(yīng)用于機(jī)械制造、冶金、電子、輕工和原子能等部門(mén)。機(jī)械手主要由手部和運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)組成。手部是用來(lái)抓持工件(或工具)的部件,根據(jù)被抓持物件的形狀、尺寸、重量、材料和作業(yè)要求而有多種結(jié)構(gòu)形式,如夾持型、托持型和吸附型等。運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu),使手部完成各種轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)(擺動(dòng))、移動(dòng)或復(fù)合運(yùn)動(dòng)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)規(guī)定的動(dòng)作,改變被抓持物件的位置和姿勢(shì)。運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的升降、伸縮、旋轉(zhuǎn)等獨(dú)立運(yùn)動(dòng)方式,稱(chēng)為機(jī)械手的自由度 。為了抓取空間中任意位置和方位的物體,需有6個(gè)自由度。自由度是機(jī) 械手設(shè)計(jì)的關(guān) 鍵參數(shù)。自由 度越多,機(jī)械手的靈活性越大,通用性越廣,其結(jié)構(gòu)也越復(fù)雜。一般專(zhuān)用機(jī)械手有23個(gè)自由度。機(jī)械手的種類(lèi),按驅(qū)動(dòng)方式可分為液壓式、氣動(dòng)式、電動(dòng)式、機(jī)械式機(jī)械手;按適用范圍可分為專(zhuān)用機(jī)械手和通用機(jī)械手兩種;按運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡控制方式可分為點(diǎn)位控制和連續(xù)軌跡控制機(jī)械手等。機(jī)械手通常用作機(jī)床或其他機(jī)器的附加裝置,如在自動(dòng)機(jī)床或自動(dòng)生產(chǎn)線上裝卸和傳遞工件,在加工中心中更換刀具等,一般沒(méi)有獨(dú)立的控制裝置。有些操作裝置需要由人直接操縱,如用于原子能部門(mén)操持危險(xiǎn)物品的主從式操作手也常稱(chēng)為機(jī)械手。機(jī)器人是典型的機(jī)電一體化裝置,它綜合運(yùn)用了機(jī)械與精密機(jī)械、微電子與計(jì)算機(jī)、自動(dòng)控制與驅(qū)動(dòng)、傳感器與信息處理以及人工智能等多學(xué)科的最新研究成果,隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和各行各業(yè)對(duì)自動(dòng)化程度要求的提高,機(jī)器人技術(shù)得到了迅速發(fā)展,出現(xiàn)了各種各樣的機(jī)器人產(chǎn)品。機(jī)器人產(chǎn)品的實(shí)用化,既解決了許多單靠人力難以解決的實(shí)際問(wèn)題,又促進(jìn)了工業(yè)自動(dòng)化的進(jìn)程。目前,由于機(jī)器人的研制和開(kāi)發(fā)涉及多方面的技術(shù),系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,開(kāi)發(fā)和研制的成本普遍較高,在某種程度上限制了該項(xiàng)技術(shù)的廣泛應(yīng)用,因此,研制經(jīng)濟(jì)型、實(shí)用化、高可靠性機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)具有廣泛的社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)意義和經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。 由于我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)和城市化的快速發(fā)展,城市污水排放量增長(zhǎng)很快,污水處理己經(jīng)擺在了人們的議事日程上來(lái)。隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展和人類(lèi)知識(shí)水平的提高,人們?cè)絹?lái)越認(rèn)識(shí)到污水處理的重要性和迫切性,科學(xué)家和研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)塑料制品在水中是用于污水處理的很有效的污泥菌群的附著體。塑料制品的大量需求,使得塑料制品生產(chǎn)的自動(dòng)化和高效率要求成為經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的必然。本文結(jié)合塑料一次擠出成型機(jī)和塑料抓取機(jī)械手的研制過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題,綜述近兒年機(jī)器人技術(shù)研究和發(fā)展的狀況,在充分發(fā)揮機(jī)、電、軟、硬件各自特點(diǎn)和優(yōu)勢(shì)互補(bǔ)的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)物料抓取機(jī)械手整體機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)、傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)、驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置和控制系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了分析和設(shè)計(jì),提出了一套經(jīng)濟(jì)型設(shè)計(jì)方案。采用直角坐標(biāo)和關(guān)節(jié)坐標(biāo)相結(jié)合的框架式機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)形式,這種方式能夠提高系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性和操作靈活性。傳動(dòng)裝置的作用是將驅(qū)動(dòng)元件的動(dòng)力傳遞給機(jī)器人機(jī)械手相應(yīng)的執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu),以實(shí)現(xiàn)各種必要的運(yùn)動(dòng),傳動(dòng)方式上采用結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、傳動(dòng)比大的蝸輪蝸桿傳動(dòng)和將旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換為直線運(yùn)動(dòng)的螺旋傳動(dòng)。機(jī)械手驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)往往受到作業(yè)環(huán)境條件的限制,同時(shí)也要考慮價(jià)格因素的影響以及能夠達(dá)到的技術(shù)水平。由于步進(jìn)電機(jī)能夠直接接收數(shù)字量,響應(yīng)速度快而且工作可靠并無(wú)累積誤差,常用作數(shù)字控制系統(tǒng)驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的動(dòng)力元件,因此,在驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置中采用由步進(jìn)電機(jī)構(gòu)成的開(kāi)環(huán)控制方式,這種方式既能滿足控制精度的要求,又能達(dá)到經(jīng)濟(jì)性、實(shí)用化目的,在此基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)步進(jìn)電機(jī)的功率計(jì)一算及選型問(wèn)題經(jīng)行了分析。在完成機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)和驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)物料抓取機(jī)械手運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)和動(dòng)力學(xué)進(jìn)行了分析。運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)分析是路徑規(guī)劃和軌跡控制的基礎(chǔ),對(duì)操作臂進(jìn)行了運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)正、逆問(wèn)題的分析可以完成操作空間位置和速度向驅(qū)動(dòng)空間的映射,采用齊次坐標(biāo)變換法得到了操作臂末端位置和姿態(tài)隨關(guān)節(jié)夾角之間的變換關(guān)系,采用幾何法分析了操作臂的逆向運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)方程求解問(wèn)題,對(duì)控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)提供了理論依據(jù)。機(jī)器人動(dòng)力學(xué)是研究物體的運(yùn)動(dòng)和作用力之間的關(guān)系的科學(xué),研究的目的是為了滿足是實(shí)時(shí)性控制的需要,本文采用牛頓-歐拉方法對(duì)物料抓取機(jī)械手動(dòng)力學(xué)進(jìn)行了分析,計(jì)算出了關(guān)節(jié)力和關(guān)節(jié)力矩,為步進(jìn)電機(jī)的選型和動(dòng)力學(xué)分析與結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化提供理論依據(jù)。 控制部分是整個(gè)物料抓取機(jī)械手系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)關(guān)鍵和核心,它在結(jié)構(gòu)和功能上的劃分和實(shí)現(xiàn)直接關(guān)系到機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)的可靠性、實(shí)用性,也影響和制約機(jī)械手系統(tǒng)的研制成本和開(kāi)發(fā)周期。在控制主機(jī)的選用上,采用結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、擴(kuò)展功能強(qiáng)和可靠性高的PC工業(yè)控制計(jì)算機(jī)作為主機(jī),配以PCL-839卡主要承擔(dān)系統(tǒng)功能初始化、數(shù)據(jù)運(yùn)算與處理、步進(jìn)電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)以及故障診斷等功能;同時(shí)對(duì)PCL-839卡的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)、功能原理和其高定位功能等給與了分析。硬件是整個(gè)控制系統(tǒng)以及極限位置功能賴以存在的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ),軟件則是計(jì)算機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)的神經(jīng)中樞,軟件設(shè)計(jì)的目的是以最優(yōu)的方式將各部分功能有機(jī)的結(jié)合起來(lái),使系統(tǒng)具有較高的運(yùn)行效率和較強(qiáng)的可靠性。在物料抓取機(jī)械手軟件的設(shè)計(jì)上,采用的是模塊化結(jié)構(gòu),分為系統(tǒng)初始化模塊、數(shù)據(jù)處理模塊和故障狀態(tài)檢測(cè)與處理等幾部分。主控計(jì)算機(jī)和各控制單元之間全部由PCL-839卡聯(lián)系,并且由該卡實(shí)現(xiàn)抗干擾等問(wèn)題,減少外部信號(hào)對(duì)系統(tǒng)的影響。步進(jìn)電機(jī)的啟停頻率遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)小于其最高運(yùn)行頻率,為了提高工作效率,需要步進(jìn)電機(jī)高速運(yùn)行并快速啟停時(shí),必須考慮它的升,降速控制問(wèn)題。電機(jī)的升降速控制可以歸結(jié)為以某種合理的力一式控制發(fā)送到步進(jìn)電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)器的脈沖頻率,這可由硬件實(shí)現(xiàn),也可由軟件方法來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。本文提出了一種算法簡(jiǎn)單、易于實(shí)現(xiàn)、理論意義明確的步進(jìn)電機(jī)變速控制策略:定時(shí)器常量修改變速控制方案。該方法能使步進(jìn)電機(jī)加速度與其力矩頻率曲線較好地?cái)M合,從而提高變速效率。而且它的計(jì)算量比線性加速度變速和基于指數(shù)規(guī)律加速度的變速控制小得多。通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)證明了該方法的有效性。最后,對(duì)論文主要研究?jī)?nèi)容和取得的技術(shù)成果進(jìn)行了總結(jié),提出了存在的問(wèn)題和不足,同時(shí)對(duì)機(jī)器人技術(shù)的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用進(jìn)行了展望。6
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