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二、注塑模和壓縮模盡管成型某些熱固性材料的方法取得了一定進(jìn)步,但注塑模主要(還是)用來生產(chǎn)熱塑性塑件(這主要是因?yàn)椋峁绦运芰先垠w的過程中,也會(huì)出現(xiàn)這種情況,這個(gè)問題一直非常難解決。住宿成型要換里和鑄造十分相似。住宿成型的工藝過程包括:首先把料斗中的粉狀或粒狀的塑料混合物依次輸送到定量去和熔化區(qū),然后再注射到模具型腔中,經(jīng)過短時(shí)冷卻后,開模,推出成型塑件。注塑機(jī)分為手動(dòng),半自動(dòng)及全自動(dòng)操作。住宿模具有以下優(yōu)點(diǎn):(i) 較高的成型速度使大批量生產(chǎn)成為可能;(ii) 為成形具有不同使用性能的熱塑性材料提供了較寬的選擇;(iii) 可成型帶有螺紋的塑件、側(cè)向凹陷的塑件、帶有側(cè)孔的塑件和較大的薄壁件。熔融塑料注入模具中通常有幾種方式。在大型注塑機(jī)上采用往復(fù)螺桿式的注入方式。螺桿同時(shí)具有注射和塑化的功能。樹脂原料進(jìn)入旋轉(zhuǎn)的螺桿時(shí),要經(jīng)過三個(gè)區(qū)域:喂入?yún)^(qū)、壓實(shí)區(qū)和塑化區(qū)經(jīng)過喂入?yún)^(qū)后,為壓實(shí)樹脂原料,螺桿螺旋部分的深度逐漸降低,同時(shí)傳遞樹脂原料間因剪切作用而產(chǎn)生的熱量,使原料呈現(xiàn)半流動(dòng)狀態(tài)。在計(jì)量區(qū),螺缸表面的加熱裝置對(duì)熔體進(jìn)一步加熱。當(dāng)熔體充滿螺桿前部區(qū)域時(shí),螺桿在熔體壓力的作用下后退,觸動(dòng)限位開關(guān)使液壓缸工作,在液壓力的作用下推動(dòng)螺桿向前運(yùn)動(dòng),將熔融塑料注射到閉合的模具型腔中。防倒流閥能夠阻止受壓熔體倒流進(jìn)螺桿的螺旋區(qū)。注塑機(jī)的鎖磨系統(tǒng)所提供的鎖模力由(塑件在分型面的投影)尺寸決定,鎖模力以噸為單位。通常靠經(jīng)驗(yàn)來決定塑件所需要的鎖模力總噸數(shù),一般在塑件投影面積上每平方英寸需要作用兩噸鎖模力。如果熔體流動(dòng)困難或塑件較薄,鎖模力應(yīng)提高到三到四噸。許多螺桿式注塑機(jī)能生產(chǎn)熱固性塑料。以前,熱固性塑料由擠出模具或傳遞模具生產(chǎn)。熱固性塑料熔體在模具內(nèi)固化或發(fā)生聚合反應(yīng),并在溫度為375410范圍內(nèi)推出熱塑性塑料熔體必須在模具冷卻成型,以保證推出時(shí)不發(fā)生變形。這種熱硬化性循環(huán)速度很快。當(dāng)然,生產(chǎn)熱塑性塑件時(shí),模具必須被加熱,而不是冷卻。注塑模重要性有:、塑料具有密度小、質(zhì)量輕、比強(qiáng)度大、絕緣性好、介電損耗低、化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性強(qiáng)、成型生產(chǎn)率高和價(jià)格低廉等優(yōu)點(diǎn),在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和人民日常生活的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域得到了日益廣泛的應(yīng)用,早在二十世紀(jì)九十年代初,塑料的年產(chǎn)量按體積計(jì)算已經(jīng)超過鋼鐵和有色金屬年產(chǎn)量的總和。在機(jī)電(如所謂的黑色家電)、儀表、化工、汽車和航天航空等領(lǐng)域,塑料已成為金屬的良好代用材料,出現(xiàn)了金屬材料塑料、以汽車工業(yè)為例,由于汽車輕量化、低能耗的發(fā)展要求,汽車零部件的材料構(gòu)成發(fā)生了明顯的以塑代鋼的變化,目前我國(guó)汽車塑料占汽車自重的5%至6%,而國(guó)外已達(dá)13%,根據(jù)專家預(yù)測(cè),汽車塑料的單車用量還將會(huì)進(jìn)一步增加。在現(xiàn)代車輛上,無論是外裝飾件、內(nèi)裝飾件,還是功能與結(jié)構(gòu)件,都可以采用塑料材料,外裝飾件有保險(xiǎn)杠、擋泥板、車輪罩、導(dǎo)流板等;內(nèi)裝飾件有儀表板、車門內(nèi)板、副儀表板、雜物箱蓋、座椅、后護(hù)板等;功能與結(jié)構(gòu)件有油箱、散熱器水室、空濾器罩、風(fēng)扇葉片等。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),我國(guó)2000年汽車產(chǎn)量200多萬輛,車用塑料達(dá)138萬噸。從國(guó)內(nèi)外汽車塑料應(yīng)用的情況看,汽車塑料的用量現(xiàn)已成為衡量汽車生產(chǎn)技術(shù)水平的標(biāo)志之一。、作為塑料制件最有效的成型方法之一的注塑成型由于可以一次成型各種結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、尺寸精密和帶有金屬嵌件的制品,并且成型周期短,可以一模多腔,生產(chǎn)率高,大批生產(chǎn)時(shí)成本低廉,易于實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn),因此在塑料加工行業(yè)中占有非常重要的地位。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),塑料模具約占所有模具(包括金屬模)的38.2%,塑料制品總重量的大約32%是用于注射成型的,80%以上的工程塑料制品都要采用注射成型方式生產(chǎn)。、根據(jù)海關(guān)統(tǒng)計(jì),我國(guó)2000年共進(jìn)口模具9.77億美元,其中塑膠模具共5.5億美元,占56.3%,2001年共進(jìn)口模具11.12億美元,其中塑膠模具共6.16億美元,占55.4%。從品種上來說,進(jìn)口量最大的是塑膠模具。在壓縮成型過程中,塑料原料是以粉狀或錠料形式放置在加熱的金屬模具型腔中。因?yàn)榉中兔媸撬矫妫夏>痛怪毕滦?。閉合模具后,預(yù)成型加壓加熱作用一段時(shí)間。在壓力為23t/in和溫度為華氏溫度350的作用下,是塑料呈半液態(tài),充滿模具型腔。雖然近年來開發(fā)的酚醛樹脂可在25S內(nèi)塑化,但塑料通常的塑化需要115min。最后開模取出塑件。如果零件中含有金屬嵌件,應(yīng)在注入塑料前,講嵌件放入型腔定位孔中。錠料在裝入模腔前預(yù)熱出去氣體,增強(qiáng)流動(dòng)性,以便于充滿模具和縮短塑化時(shí)間。電介質(zhì)加熱時(shí)加熱錠料的便利方法。因?yàn)樗芰鲜侵苯蛹尤肽>咝颓恢械?,所以壓縮模比其他模塑料工藝的模具簡(jiǎn)單,不需要澆道和澆口,可以節(jié)省原料,因?yàn)榍謇頋驳篮蜐部?,?duì)熱固性塑料來說是極大的浪費(fèi)。用于壓縮模塑的壓力機(jī)通常是垂直液壓機(jī)。較大的壓力機(jī)要求操作者全神貫注地操作;然而,一個(gè)操作者可以同時(shí)操作幾臺(tái)小型壓力機(jī),因此壓力機(jī)要合理放置以便操作者能夠方便你從一臺(tái)到另一臺(tái)進(jìn)行操作,操作者要保證當(dāng)他再次繞道特定壓力機(jī)前時(shí),模具恰好準(zhǔn)備開模。熱固性塑料在加熱和加壓作用下固化,這個(gè)特性決定其適合壓縮模和傳遞模。因?yàn)閴嚎s模要交替的加熱和冷卻,所以熱塑性塑料實(shí)際上不是用于壓縮成型。為了使熱塑性塑料之間硬化并從型腔中頂出,就需要將塑件冷卻。壓縮模的類型。 用于壓縮的模具可分為四種基本類型,分別是:不溢式壓縮模、擋環(huán)不溢式壓縮模、溢式壓縮模和半溢式壓縮模。在不溢式壓縮模中,柱塞式凸模隨上模進(jìn)入下模模腔成型,因?yàn)橄履]有擋環(huán)或限位裝置,柱塞式凸模繼續(xù)下行以全部壓力施加在塑料上,這樣就成產(chǎn)出具有良好電性能和物理性能的致密塑件。加入模腔的塑料劑量須精確計(jì)量,以為其影響零件的壁厚。擋環(huán)不溢式壓縮模與不溢式壓縮模類似,只是在預(yù)定點(diǎn)處增加了擋環(huán),使柱塞式凸模在預(yù)定點(diǎn)停止運(yùn)動(dòng),在這種模具中擋環(huán)吸收了原應(yīng)作用在零件上的部分壓力。這種壓縮??删_控制零件的壁厚,但是塑件密度的變化是相當(dāng)大的。在溢式壓縮模中,溢料會(huì)增加上下模的尺寸。當(dāng)上模對(duì)塑料施壓時(shí),多余的塑料會(huì)從分型面處溢出。對(duì)溢料進(jìn)一步施壓,他就硬化最后在上模形成飛邊。生產(chǎn)致密塑件通常需要使用的計(jì)算量稍多的原料來增加壓力。這種類型的模具之所以在生產(chǎn)中廣泛采用,是因?yàn)樗雽?duì)比較容易制造,并能夠控制塑件的厚度和致密度,使其更接近要求。半溢式壓縮模是溢式壓縮模和不溢式壓縮模的組合類型,除了飛邊外,采用的擋環(huán)可限制上模的移動(dòng)。二、The injection and Compression MoldingInjection molding si principally used for the production of the thermoplastic parts, although some progress has been made in developing a method for injection molding some thermosetting materials. The problem of injecting a melted plastic into a mold cavity form a reservoir of melted material has been extremely difficult to solve for thermosetting plastics which cure and harden under such conditions within a few minutes. The principle of injection molding is quite similar to that of die-casting. The process consists of feeding a plastic compound in powdered or granular form from a hopper through metering and melting stages and then injecting it into a mold. After a brief coolling period, the mold is opened and the solidified part ejected. Injection-molding machines can be arranged for manual operation, automatic single-cucle operation, and full automatic operation. The advantage of injection molding are:(i) a high molding speed adapted for mass production is possible;(ii) there is a wide choice of thermoplastic materials providing a variety of usefull properties;(iii) it is possible to mold threads, undercuts, side holes, and large thin sections. Several methods are used to force or inject the melted plastic into the mold. The most commonly used system in the larger machines is the in-line reciprocating screw.The screw acts as a combination and plasticizing unit.As the plastic is fed to the rotating screw,it passes through three zones as shown: feed,compression, and metering. After the feed zone, the screw-flight depth is gradually reduced,forcing the plastic to compress. The work is converted to heat by shearing the plastic, making it a semifluid mass. In the metering zone, additional heat is applied by conduction from the barrel surface. As the chamber in front of the screw becomes filled, it forces the screw back, tripping a limit switch that activates a hydraulic cylinder that forces the screw forward and injects the fluid plastic into the closed mold.An antiflowback valve prevents plastic under pressure from escaping back into the screw flights.The clamping force that a machine is capable of exerting is part of the size designation and is measured in tons. A rule-of-thumb can be used to determine the tonnage required for a particular job. It is based on two tons of clamp force per square inch of projected area. If the flow pattern is difficult and the parts are thin,this may have to go to three or four tons.Many reciprocating - screw machines are capable of handing thermosetting plastic materials.Previously these materials were handled by compression or transfer molding.Thermosetting materials cure or polymerize in the mold and are ejected hot in the range of 375410.Thermoplastic parts must be allowed to cool in the mold in order to remove them without distortion.Thus thermosetting cycles can be faster.Of course the mold must be heated rather than chilled,as with thermoplastics.The importance of Injecting the mold are :、Plastics have the density small, the quality light, the specific tenacity big, the insulating property good, the dielectric loss low, the chemical stability strong, the formation productivity high and the price inexpensive and so on the merits, obtained day by day the widespread application in the national economy and peoples daily life each domain, as early as in the beginning of 1990s, the plastic annual output already surpassed the steel and iron and the non-ferrous metal annual output sum total according to the volume computation.In mechanical and electrical (for example so-called black electrical appliances), domains and so on measuring appliance, chemical, the automobile and astronautics aviation, the plastic has become the metal the good substitution material, had the metal material plastic tendency.、Take the automobile industry as the example , as a result of the automobile lightweight, the low energy consumption development request, the automobile spare part material constitution occurred obviously has modelled the band steel the change, at present our country automobile plastic accounts for 5% which the automobile was self-possessed to 6%, but overseas has reached 13%, forecast according to the expert, the automobile plastic bicycle amount used will also be able further to increase.On modern vehicles, regardless of is outside installs the assorted items, the internal installation assorted items, the function and the structural element, all may use the plastic material, outside installs the assorted items to have the bumper, the fender, the wheel hub cap, the air deflector and so on; After the internal installation assorted items have in the display board, the vehicle door the board, the vice-display board, the sundry goods box lid, the chair, the guard shield and so on; The function and the structural element have the fuel tank, the radiator header, the spatial filter hood, the fan blade and so on.Statistics have indicated, our country in 2000 automobile output more than 200 ten thousand, the vehicle amounted to 1,380,000 tons with the plastic.Looked from the domestic and foreign automobile plastic application situation that, the automobile plastic amount used already became one of weight automobile production technical level symbols.、Injection of a molding formation as plastic workpiece most effective formation methods because may by one time take shape each kind of structure complex, the size precise and has the metal to inlay a product, and the formation cycle is short, may by mold multi-cavities, the productivity be high, when mass productions the cost isvery inexpensive, easy to realize the automated production, therefore holds the extremely important status in the plastic processing profession.Statistics have indicated, plastic mold composition all molds (including metal pattern) 38.2%, the plastic product gross weight about 32% is uses in injecting the formation, 80% above engineering plastics product all must use the injection formation way production. 4. counts according to the customs, our country in 2000 altogether imported mold 977,000,000 US dollars, in which plastic molding forms altogether 550,000,000 US dollars, occupied for 56.3%,2001 years altogether to import mold 1,112,000,000 US dollars, in which plastic molding forms altogether 616,000,000 US dollars, accounted for 55.4%.From the variety, the import volume biggest is the plastic molding forms.、Counts according to the customs, our country in 2000 altogether imported mold 977,000,000 US dollars, in which plastic molding forms altogether 550,000,000 US dollars, occupied for 56.3%, 2001 years altogether to import mold 1,112,000,000 US dollars, in which plastic molding forms altogether 616,000,000 US dollars, accounted for 55.4%.From the variety, the import volume biggest is the plastic molding forms. In compression molding the palstic material as powder or preforms is placed into a heated steel mold cavity,Since the parting surface is in a horizontal plane ,the upper half of the mold descends vertically.It closes the mold cavity and pressures for a predetermined period.A pressure of from 2 to 3 tons square inch and a temperaure at approximately 350F converts the plastic to a semiliquid which flows to all parts of the mold cavity.Usually from 1 to 15 minutes is required for curing,altough a recently developed alkyd plastic will cure in less than 25 secends. The mold is then opended and the molded part removed.If metal insers are desired in the parts,they should be placed in the mold cavity on pins or in the holes before the plastic is loaded.Also, the preforms should be preheated before loading into the mold cavity to eliminate gases,inprove flow,and decrease curing time.Dieletric heating is a convenient method of heating the preforms.Since the plastic material is placed directly into the mold cavity,the mold itself can be simpler than those used for other molding precesses.Gates and sprues are unnecessary.This also results in a saving in material,because trimmed-off gates and sprues would be a complete loss of the thermosetting plastic.The press require the full attention of one operator.However,several smaller presses can be operated by one operator. The presses are conveniently located so the operator can easilymove from one to the next.By the time he gets around to a particular press again,that mold will be ready to open.the thermosetting plastics which harden under heat and pressure are suitable for compression molding and transfer molding.It is not practical to moid shermoplastic materials by these methods,since the molds would have to be alternately heated and cooled.In order to harden and eject thermoplastic parts form the mold,cooling would be necessary.Types of molds for compression molding.The molds used for compression molding are classified into four basic types, namely ,positive molds,landed positive mold,flash-type molds,and semipositive molds.In a positive mold the plunger on the upper mold enters the lower mold cavity.since there are no lands or stops on the lower die ,the plunger completely trap the plastic material and descends with full pressure on the charge.A dense part with good electrical and physical properties is produced.The amount of plastic placed in the die cavity must be accurately measured,since it determines the thickness of the part .A landed positive mold is similar to a positive mold except that lands are added to stop the travel of the plunger at predetermined point.In this case,the lands absorb some of the pressure that should be exerted on the parts.The thickness of the parts will be accurately controlled,but the density may vary cansideraby.In a flash-type mold,flash redges are added ti the top and bottom molds.As the upper mold exerts pressure on the plastic,excess material is forced out between the flash ridges where it forms flash.This flash is further compressed.becomes hardened,and finally stops the downard thavel of the upper mold.A slight excess of the plastic material is always chared to ensure sufficient pressurs to produce a dense molded part.This type of mold is widely used because it is comparatively easy to construct and it controls thickness and density within colse limits.The semipositive mold is a combination od the flash type and landed posive molds.In addition to the flash ridges,a land is employed to restrict the travel of the upper mold.本科畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì)) 開題報(bào)告書題 目: 塑料瓶注射模設(shè)計(jì) 學(xué) 院: 機(jī)械工程學(xué)院 專業(yè)年級(jí): 10屆機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)及自動(dòng)化 姓 名: 學(xué) 號(hào): 103004010226 指導(dǎo)老師: 劉全峰 職 稱: 教授 二一四年 三月 十日 武昌工學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)論文(設(shè)計(jì))開題報(bào)告書學(xué)院:機(jī)械工程學(xué)院學(xué)生姓名學(xué)號(hào)103004010226專業(yè)年級(jí)、班機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)及自動(dòng)化1002指導(dǎo)教師劉全峰1、本選題研究的目的及意義注塑模具就是利用特定形狀去成型具有一定形狀和尺寸的塑料制品的工藝基礎(chǔ)裝備。用注塑模具生產(chǎn)的主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)是制造簡(jiǎn)便、材料利用高、生產(chǎn)率高、產(chǎn)品的尺寸規(guī)格一致,特別是對(duì)大批量生產(chǎn)的機(jī)電產(chǎn)品,更能獲得價(jià)廉物美的經(jīng)濟(jì)效果。注塑模具的現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)與制造和現(xiàn)代注塑工業(yè)的發(fā)展有極密切的關(guān)系。隨著注塑工業(yè)的飛速發(fā)展,注塑模具工業(yè)也隨之迅速發(fā)展。畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是大學(xué)生涯的最后一個(gè)教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié),是學(xué)生獲得學(xué)士學(xué)位的必要條件。通過本次設(shè)計(jì)的目的:(1)能熟悉注射模的一般流程;(2)能對(duì)一般塑件能設(shè)計(jì)出其模具;(3)能掌握注射模具結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)及其設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算方法;(4)學(xué)會(huì)綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)理論知識(shí)和技能的訓(xùn)練,從而提高分析問題和解決問題的能力;(5)學(xué)會(huì)如何收集、運(yùn)用一些原始資料以及如何使用規(guī)范、手冊(cè),熟悉繪圖技能從而提高設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算及繪圖的能力;(6)培養(yǎng)進(jìn)行調(diào)查研究,面向?qū)嶋H,面向生產(chǎn),面向工人和技術(shù)人員的工作態(tài)度,工作方法,為以后從事相關(guān)工作打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ);2、本選題國(guó)內(nèi)外研究狀況綜述1862年英國(guó)亞歷山大柏士(Alexander Par Kes)展出了用注塑成型制成的塑料梳子、傘柄和其他制品。當(dāng)時(shí)希望使用在電器工業(yè)上,需要能夠代替天然石蠟、樹脂、角質(zhì)、蟲膠和天然橡膠作為電絕緣體的新材料。“柏士”塑料的主要成分是硝酸纖維素再加上少量其它物質(zhì),可使它具有塑性和其它物理機(jī)械等性質(zhì)。 論文題目塑料瓶注射模設(shè)計(jì)1869年英國(guó)一位印刷員海特(Hytt)改良了“柏士”塑料,制成了賽璐鉻,但仍以硝酸纖維素(CN)為主,1879年他把賽璐鉻注入一模出六個(gè)制品的模具中,這個(gè)模子已有主流道、分流道和澆口。實(shí)際上,在注塑成型之前,已經(jīng)有了橡膠擠出機(jī)和金屬壓鑄機(jī)。如在18451850年修筑英法的第一條海底電纜時(shí),就是利用擠出機(jī)在外層包上橡膠生產(chǎn)出來的。直至20年以后才有熱塑性聚合物面世。1979年Gray在英國(guó)發(fā)明了第一部螺旋擠出機(jī)。差不多在同一時(shí)期,有人設(shè)計(jì)出更多的機(jī)型。在聚合物材料和注塑成型方法的發(fā)展中,聚合物材料和機(jī)器有著十分密切的聯(lián)系,兩者是相輔相成的。由于賽璐鉻可燃性強(qiáng),不適宜注塑,直到1919年Eichengrun推出醋酸纖維素(CA)后,注塑技術(shù)才得到了進(jìn)一步的發(fā)展。1920年注塑已發(fā)展成為工業(yè)化的加工方法,可以使熱塑性材料聚合物生產(chǎn)出復(fù)雜的制品。1926年在市場(chǎng)上已出售注射量為56.7g(20Z)用壓縮空氣推動(dòng)的活塞式注塑機(jī);1930年在德國(guó)和美國(guó)已有電力驅(qū)動(dòng)的注塑機(jī);英國(guó)FR Ncisshaw LTD還發(fā)明了壓縮空氣油壓注塑機(jī)。料筒是注塑機(jī)的心臟,Hans Gastrovl在1932年發(fā)明了有分流梭的料筒,增大了聚合物材料的加熱面積,克服了塑料導(dǎo)熱性差、受力不均勻等缺點(diǎn)。但是分流梭卻占去了料筒內(nèi)的一部分容積,增加了阻力,是熔體注入模腔困難。1930年美國(guó)賽璐鉻公司開發(fā)了螺桿熔料器式注射法。1940年德國(guó)BASF公司又發(fā)明了螺桿直射注塑法,但是當(dāng)時(shí)仍受到聚合物品的限制而沒有很大的發(fā)展,直到第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后,工程用的聚合無品種增加并相繼投入工業(yè)化生產(chǎn),才使注塑成型得到迅速的發(fā)展。70年代以來是整個(gè)塑料工業(yè)發(fā)展的重要?dú)v史時(shí)期,從民用塑料開發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)向工程塑料是這個(gè)時(shí)期的主要特征之一。推動(dòng)這種轉(zhuǎn)變的重要因素是世界能源危機(jī)和金屬材料價(jià)格的上漲。因而迫使人們大力發(fā)展過程塑料,實(shí)現(xiàn)“以塑代鋼”、“以塑代木”、以石料代替其它非金屬工業(yè)材料的愿望。在此期間除了對(duì)原有過程塑料進(jìn)行共混改性外,還創(chuàng)造了許多新型高分子材料。這些新型高分子材料的誕生對(duì)注塑技術(shù)提出了更高的要求?,F(xiàn)在世界工程塑料的銷售量正以10%的速度增長(zhǎng)。在工程塑料中由30%采用注塑成型,其產(chǎn)品雖然只占全部注塑制品產(chǎn)量的20%,但總產(chǎn)量卻占40%。如ABS經(jīng)共混改性后,如今已有40多個(gè)品種,其中絕大部分用于注塑成型,聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚碳酸酯(PC)、聚酯等類經(jīng)過共混改性后可注塑成各種“塑料合金”制品,作各種結(jié)構(gòu)零件,廣泛地應(yīng)用在汽車、機(jī)械、航空、宇航、建筑等行業(yè)中。由熱彈性體TPR、TRE和“亞加力”共混后,再加入不同的增塑劑,可注塑成各種電子工業(yè)零件;用玻璃纖維增強(qiáng)的聚對(duì)苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PETP)、聚對(duì)二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBTP)熱塑性聚酯塑料可注塑成型各種軸套、齒輪、滾輪等機(jī)械零件,使其熱變形溫度可達(dá)224C,彎曲強(qiáng)度達(dá)176.5MPa(1800kgf/cm2)。俗稱“賽鋼”、“奪鋼”的縮醛塑料是一種由聚甲醛衍生出來的甲醛環(huán)狀三聚物;再加上25%玻璃纖維的增強(qiáng)填料,采用注塑法可加工出尺寸精度為0.1%的齒輪,以及彈簧、軸承和滾筒等精密零件。用注塑成型方法還能成功地生產(chǎn)出一些復(fù)合型材料的制品,如復(fù)合型導(dǎo)電塑料產(chǎn)品,是以不同樹脂為基礎(chǔ),添加碳黑、金屬氧化物、金屬薄片、導(dǎo)電有機(jī)化合物或無機(jī)化合物,具有防靜電、消靜電和電磁波屏蔽等性能的塑料構(gòu)成的,其注塑制品可廣泛應(yīng)用與電子工業(yè)部門,做各種電器元件。用注塑法還可生產(chǎn)熱塑料磁鐵;這是由稀土類磁粉與聚酰胺等樹脂經(jīng)過混煉后在磁場(chǎng)中注塑的制品,磁粉最高充填密度可達(dá)95%。用注塑方法生產(chǎn)的塑料品種十分廣泛,除了大多數(shù)熱塑性樹脂,如聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚苯乙烯(PS)、ABS、聚酰胺(PA)、有機(jī)玻璃(PMMA)等通用塑料和工程塑料外,還有它們的共混料,都可用注塑法生產(chǎn)出具有不同力學(xué)、物理、耐磨、耐腐蝕等性能的結(jié)構(gòu)零件。近年來高分子材料的品種得到迅速的發(fā)展,而這些材料的特性差異很大,普通注塑已不再能適應(yīng)這些材料的工藝要求,因此在通用注塑成型基礎(chǔ)上又發(fā)展了其他許多注塑方法,主要有:(1)、熱固性塑料注塑;(2)、結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)泡注塑;(3)、多組發(fā)泡注塑;(4)、反應(yīng)注塑成型。這些成型技術(shù)正迅速的發(fā)展?,F(xiàn)在世界工程塑料的銷售量正以10%的速度增長(zhǎng)。在工程塑料中由30%采用注塑成型,其產(chǎn)品雖然只占全部注塑制品產(chǎn)量的20%,但總產(chǎn)量卻占40%。如ABS經(jīng)共混改性后,如今已有40多個(gè)品種,其中絕大部分用于注塑成型,聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚碳酸酯(PC)、聚酯等類經(jīng)過共混改性后可注塑成各種“塑料合金”制品,作各種結(jié)構(gòu)零件,廣泛地應(yīng)用在汽車、機(jī)械、航空、宇航、建筑等行業(yè)中。由熱彈性體TPR、TRE和“亞加力”共混后,再加入不同的增塑劑,可注塑成各種電子工業(yè)零件;用玻璃纖維增強(qiáng)的聚對(duì)苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PETP)、聚對(duì)二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBTP)熱塑性聚酯塑料可注塑成型各種軸套、齒輪、滾輪等機(jī)械零件,使其熱變形溫度可達(dá)224C,彎曲強(qiáng)度達(dá)176.5MPa(1800kgf/cm2)。俗稱“賽鋼”、“奪鋼”的縮醛塑料是一種由聚甲醛衍生出來的甲醛環(huán)狀三聚物;再加上25%玻璃纖維的增強(qiáng)填料,采用注塑法可加工出尺寸精度為0.1%的齒輪,以及彈簧、軸承和滾筒等精密零件。用注塑成型方法還能成功地生產(chǎn)出一些復(fù)合型材料的制品,如復(fù)合型導(dǎo)電塑料產(chǎn)品,是以不同樹脂為基礎(chǔ),添加碳黑、金屬氧化物、金屬薄片、導(dǎo)電有機(jī)化合物或無機(jī)化合物,具有防靜電、消靜電和電磁波屏蔽等性能的塑料構(gòu)成的,其注塑制品可廣泛應(yīng)用與電子工業(yè)部門,做各種電器元件。用注塑法還可生產(chǎn)熱塑料磁鐵;這是由稀土類磁粉與聚酰胺等樹脂經(jīng)過混煉后在磁場(chǎng)中注塑的制品,磁粉最高充填密度可達(dá)95%。用注塑方法生產(chǎn)的塑料品種十分廣泛,除了大多數(shù)熱塑性樹脂,如聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚苯乙烯(PS)、ABS、聚酰胺(PA)、有機(jī)玻璃(PMMA)等通用塑料和工程塑料外,還有它們的共混料,都可用注塑法生產(chǎn)出具有不同力學(xué)、物理、耐磨、耐腐蝕等性能的結(jié)構(gòu)零件。近年來高分子材料的品種得到迅速的發(fā)展,而這些材料的特性差異很大,普通注塑已不再能適應(yīng)這些材料的工藝要求,因此在通用注塑成型基礎(chǔ)上又發(fā)展了其他許多注塑方法,主要有:(1)、熱固性塑料注塑;(2)、結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)泡注塑;(3)、多組發(fā)泡注塑;(4)、反應(yīng)注塑成型。這些成型技術(shù)正迅速的發(fā)展。3、本選題研究的主要內(nèi)容及寫作大綱本文中針對(duì)塑料瓶注塑模具制定出合理的設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu),其中包括成型部分及其零部件設(shè)計(jì),澆注系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì),脫模機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),冷卻系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)等。根據(jù)分析,設(shè)計(jì)了一套塑料注塑模具,并對(duì)模具以及主要零件進(jìn)行了CAD繪圖。目 錄VI第1章 前言1第2章 塑件的工藝分析22.1塑件的工藝性分析22.1.1塑件的原材料分析情況22.1.2HDPE的注塑工藝參數(shù)32.2塑件的結(jié)構(gòu)和尺寸精度及表面質(zhì)量分析32.2.1結(jié)構(gòu)分析情況32.2.2尺寸精度分析情況42.2.3表面質(zhì)量分析情況42.3 計(jì)算塑件的體積和質(zhì)量42.4 注塑機(jī)的初選4第3章 分型面選擇和澆注系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)63.1 注塑模具分型面的選擇63.1.1 分型面的基本形式63.1.2 分型面選擇的基本原則63.1.3 分型面的選擇63.2 澆注系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)73.2.1 澆注系統(tǒng)的組成73.2.2 注塑模具主流道的設(shè)計(jì)83.2.3 分流道的設(shè)計(jì)9第4章 成型零件的設(shè)計(jì)124.1 模具型腔的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)124.2 型芯的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)134.3 成型零件的尺寸確定134.4確定主要零件結(jié)構(gòu)及尺寸164.4.1型腔164.4.2型芯164.4.3推板164.4.4動(dòng)模座板16第5章 頂出機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)17第6章 冷卻系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)19第7章 排氣系統(tǒng)21第8章 成型設(shè)備有關(guān)參數(shù)校核22第9章 模具特點(diǎn)和工作原理23結(jié)束語24致 謝25參考文獻(xiàn)264、主要參考文獻(xiàn)1屈華昌主編.塑料成型工藝與模具設(shè)計(jì).北京:高等教育出版社,20012李澄,吳天生,聞百橋主編.機(jī)械制圖.北京:高等教育出版社,19973許發(fā)樾主編.實(shí)用模具設(shè)計(jì)與制造手冊(cè).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,20024李軍主編 , 精通PRO/E中文野火版模具設(shè)計(jì).北京:中國(guó)青年出版社,20045塑料模設(shè)計(jì)及制造李學(xué)鋒主編北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2001年 6付偉 魏保立 工程塑料應(yīng)用 2008 第4期 - 維普資訊網(wǎng);7陳志新 黃凡 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)與制造 2009 第3期 - 維普資訊網(wǎng);8李海梅,高峰,申長(zhǎng)雨;塑料成型加工實(shí)用技術(shù)講座(第二講) 注塑制品常見的缺陷及對(duì)策J;工程塑料應(yīng)用;2003年04期;9趙丹陽(yáng);塑料異型材擠出成型過程數(shù)值模擬及其模具設(shè)計(jì)優(yōu)化D;大連理工大學(xué);2007年;10趙丹陽(yáng);塑料異型材擠出模CAD系統(tǒng)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)的研究D;大連理工大學(xué);2003年;11李永梅;大型復(fù)雜構(gòu)件注射成型模具冷卻系統(tǒng)分析研究D;天津大學(xué);2005年;4、主要參考文獻(xiàn)1屈華昌主編.塑料成型工藝與模具設(shè)計(jì).北京:高等教育出版社,20012李澄,吳天生,聞百橋主編.機(jī)械制圖.北京:高等教育出版社,19973許發(fā)樾主編.實(shí)用模具設(shè)計(jì)與制造手冊(cè).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,20024李軍主編 , 精通PRO/E中文野火版模具設(shè)計(jì).北京:中國(guó)青年出版社,20045塑料模設(shè)計(jì)及制造李學(xué)鋒主編北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2001年 6付偉 魏保立 工程塑料應(yīng)用 2008 第4期 - 維普資訊網(wǎng);7陳志新 黃凡 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)與制造 2009 第3期 - 維普資訊網(wǎng);8李海梅,高峰,申長(zhǎng)雨;塑料成型加工實(shí)用技術(shù)講座(第二講) 注塑制品常見的缺陷及對(duì)策J;工程塑料應(yīng)用;2003年04期;9趙丹陽(yáng);塑料異型材擠出成型過程數(shù)值模擬及其模具設(shè)計(jì)優(yōu)化D;大連理工大學(xué);2007年;10趙丹陽(yáng);塑料異型材擠出模CAD系統(tǒng)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)的研究D;大連理工大學(xué);2003年;11李永梅;大型復(fù)雜構(gòu)件注射成型模具冷卻系統(tǒng)分析研究D;天津大學(xué);2005年;5、完成措施及寫作進(jìn)度計(jì)劃第1周: 熟悉任務(wù),收集資料,準(zhǔn)備繪圖工具及圖紙,調(diào)研。第2周:繼續(xù)進(jìn)行必要的設(shè)計(jì)準(zhǔn)備包括復(fù)習(xí)并掌握有關(guān)模具設(shè)計(jì)的各種知識(shí);掌握繪圖或計(jì)算機(jī)繪圖基本技能,填寫開題報(bào)告。第3周:繪制零件圖,進(jìn)行工藝分析,確定分型方案。第4周:確定選擇澆點(diǎn)、確定頂出機(jī)構(gòu)、確定橫向抽芯機(jī)構(gòu)、解決模具的加熱和冷卻等問題,繪制模具草圖,并進(jìn)行復(fù)查、修改。第 5周:模具裝配圖、澆注系統(tǒng)及冷卻系統(tǒng)圖等。第 6周:設(shè)計(jì)并繪制非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)零件圖。第 7周:整理設(shè)計(jì)說明書等。第 8周:做好畢業(yè)答辯準(zhǔn)備工作,并進(jìn)行畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)答辯。指導(dǎo)教師對(duì)開題報(bào)告的意見指導(dǎo)教師(簽名):年 月 日學(xué)院審核意見 1、通過; 2、完善后通過; 3、未通過 學(xué)院公章年 月 日注:此表由學(xué)生填寫后,在規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)交指導(dǎo)教師
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