桶型件注塑模具設(shè)計(jì)
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現(xiàn)代模具制造一、 沖壓模具發(fā)展歷史和技術(shù)水平狀況 1953年,長(zhǎng)春第一汽車(chē)制造廠在中國(guó)首次建立了沖模車(chē)間,該汽車(chē)廠于1958年開(kāi)始制造汽車(chē)覆蓋件模具。我國(guó)于20世紀(jì)60年代開(kāi)始生產(chǎn)精沖模具。走過(guò)漫長(zhǎng)的發(fā)展道路,目前我國(guó)已形成約300多億元(未包括港、澳、臺(tái)的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字。)各類(lèi)沖壓模具的生產(chǎn)能力。形成了如浙江寧波和黃巖地區(qū)的“模具之鄉(xiāng)”;廣東一些大集團(tuán)公司和鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)迅速崛起,科龍、美的、康佳等集團(tuán)紛紛建立了自己的模具制造中心;中外合資和外商獨(dú)資的模具企業(yè)現(xiàn)已有幾千家。隨著與國(guó)際接軌的腳步不斷加快,市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的日益加劇,模具的生產(chǎn)和設(shè)計(jì)已經(jīng)越來(lái)越認(rèn)識(shí)到產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、成本和新產(chǎn)品的開(kāi)發(fā)能力的重要性。模具制造技術(shù)現(xiàn)已成為衡量一個(gè)國(guó)家制造業(yè)水平高低的重要標(biāo)志,并在很大程度上決定企業(yè)的生存空間。目前我國(guó)沖壓模具無(wú)論在數(shù)量上,還是在質(zhì)量、技術(shù)和能力等方面都已有了很大發(fā)展,但與國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)需求和世界先進(jìn)水平相比,差距仍很大。在國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的局勢(shì)下,我過(guò)的模具工業(yè)得到飛速的發(fā)展,很多的專門(mén)模具研究中心不斷的建立起來(lái),模具結(jié)構(gòu)和鋼材的研究取得了顯著的成就,但還是存在很大的差距。 一是進(jìn)口模具大部分是技術(shù)含量高的大型精密模具,而出口模具大部分是技術(shù)含量較低的中低檔模具,因此技術(shù)含量高的中高檔模具市場(chǎng)滿足率低于沖壓模具總體滿足率,這些模具的發(fā)展已滯后于沖壓件生產(chǎn),而技術(shù)含量低的中低檔模具市場(chǎng)滿足率要高于沖壓模具市場(chǎng)總體滿足率; 二是由于我國(guó)的模具價(jià)格要比國(guó)際市場(chǎng)價(jià)格低許多,具有一定的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力,因此其在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)的前景看好; 三是近年來(lái)港資、臺(tái)資、外資企業(yè)在我國(guó)發(fā)展迅速,這些企業(yè)中大量的自產(chǎn)自用的沖壓模具無(wú)確切的統(tǒng)計(jì)資料,因此未能計(jì)入上述數(shù)字之中。 二現(xiàn)代模具制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展方向 現(xiàn)代模具技術(shù)的發(fā)展應(yīng)該為適應(yīng)模具產(chǎn)品“交貨期短”、“精度高”、“質(zhì)量好”、“價(jià)格低”的要求服務(wù)。達(dá)到這一要求急需發(fā)展如下幾項(xiàng) (1)全面推廣普及DBD/DBM/DBE技術(shù) 模具DBD/DBM/DBE技術(shù)是模具設(shè)計(jì)制造的發(fā)展方向。隨著微機(jī)軟件的發(fā)展和進(jìn)步,普及DBD/DBM/DBE技術(shù)的條件已基本成熟,各企業(yè)將加大DBD/DBM技術(shù)培訓(xùn)和技術(shù)服務(wù)的力度;進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大DBE技術(shù)的應(yīng)用范圍。計(jì)算機(jī)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)展正使DBD/DBM/DBE技術(shù)跨地區(qū)、跨企業(yè)、跨院所地在整個(gè)行業(yè)中推廣成為可能,實(shí)現(xiàn)技術(shù)資源的重新整合,使虛擬制造成為可能。 (2)高速銑削加工 國(guó)外近年來(lái)發(fā)展的高速銑削加工,大幅度提高了加工效率,并可獲得極高的表面光潔度。另外,還可加工高硬度模塊,還具有溫升低、熱變形小等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。高速銑削加工技術(shù)的發(fā)展,對(duì)汽車(chē)、家電行業(yè)中大型型腔模具制造注入了新的活力。目前它已向更高的敏捷化、智能化、集成化方向發(fā)展。 (3)模具掃描及數(shù)字化系統(tǒng) 高速掃描機(jī)和模具掃描系統(tǒng)提供了從模型或?qū)嵨飹呙璧郊庸こ銎谕哪P退璧闹T多功能,大大縮短了模具的在研制制造周期。有些快速掃描系統(tǒng),可快速安裝在已有的數(shù)控銑床及加工中心上,實(shí)現(xiàn)快速數(shù)據(jù)采集、自動(dòng)生成各種不同數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的加工程序、不同格式的DBD數(shù)據(jù),用于模具制造業(yè)的“逆向工程”。 (4)提高模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化程度 我國(guó)模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化程度正在不斷提高,估計(jì)目前我國(guó)模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件使用覆蓋率已達(dá)到30%左右。國(guó)外發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家一般為80%左右。 (5)優(yōu)質(zhì)材料及先進(jìn)表面處理技術(shù) 選用優(yōu)質(zhì)鋼材和應(yīng)用相應(yīng)的表面處理技術(shù)來(lái)提高模具的壽命就顯得十分必要。模具熱處理和表面處理是否能充分發(fā)揮模具鋼材料性能的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。模具熱處理的發(fā)展方向是采用真空熱處理。模具表面處理除完善應(yīng)發(fā)展工藝先進(jìn)的激光表面處理等技術(shù)。 (6)模具研磨拋光 將自動(dòng)化、智能化模具表面的質(zhì)量對(duì)模具使用壽命、制件外觀質(zhì)量等方面均有較大的影響,研究自動(dòng)化、智能化的研磨與拋光方法替代現(xiàn)有手工操作,以提高模具表面質(zhì)量是重要的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。 (7)模具自動(dòng)加工系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展 這是我國(guó)模具工業(yè)長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展的目標(biāo)。模具自動(dòng)加工系統(tǒng)應(yīng)有多臺(tái)機(jī)床合理組合;配有隨行定位夾具或定位盤(pán);有完整的機(jī)具、刀具數(shù)控庫(kù);有完整的數(shù)控柔性同步系統(tǒng);有質(zhì)量監(jiān)測(cè)控制系統(tǒng)。作為用戶當(dāng)然要選合適的設(shè)備,如果選型不當(dāng),不但不能賺錢(qián)反而令陷入為機(jī)器打工的苦澀局面。 三現(xiàn)代模具制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì) 模具技術(shù)未來(lái)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)主要是朝信息化、高速化生產(chǎn)與高精度化發(fā)展。因此從設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)來(lái)說(shuō),發(fā)展重點(diǎn)在于大力推廣DBD/DBE/DBM技術(shù)的應(yīng)用,并持續(xù)提高效率,特別是板材成型過(guò)程的計(jì)算機(jī)模擬分析技術(shù)。模具DBD、DBE技術(shù)應(yīng)向宣人化、集成化、智能化和網(wǎng)絡(luò)化方向發(fā)展,并提高模具DBD、DBM系統(tǒng)專用化程度。為了提高DBD、DBE、DBM技術(shù)的應(yīng)用水平,建立完整的模具資料庫(kù)及開(kāi)發(fā)專家系統(tǒng)和提高軟件的實(shí)用性十分重要。 從加工技術(shù)來(lái)說(shuō),發(fā)展重點(diǎn)在于高速加工和高精度加工。高度加工目前主要是發(fā)展高速銑削、高速研拋和高速電 加工及快速制模技術(shù)。高精度加工目前主要是發(fā)展模具零件精度1m以下和表面粗糙度Pa0.1m的各種精密加工。 四、現(xiàn)代模具的制造 1.CAD/CAE/CAM計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)、模擬、制造一體化 CAD/CAE/CAM一體化集成技術(shù)是現(xiàn)代模具制造中最先進(jìn)最合理的生產(chǎn)方式。使用計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)、輔助工程與制造系統(tǒng),按設(shè)計(jì)好的模具零件分別編制該零件的數(shù)控加工程序是從設(shè)計(jì)到制造的一個(gè)必然過(guò)程,該過(guò)程都是從CAD/CAE/CAM系統(tǒng)內(nèi)進(jìn)行的,其加工程序直接由聯(lián)機(jī)電纜輸入加工機(jī)臺(tái),在編制程序時(shí)可利用系統(tǒng)中的加工模擬功能,將零件刀具、刀柄、夾具,平臺(tái)及刀具移動(dòng)速度、路徑等顯示出來(lái),以檢查程序編制的正確性。總之在CAD/CAE/CAM系統(tǒng)內(nèi)編制和模擬加工程序可以充分了解發(fā)現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題,從而在加工之前,將整套加工程序作好完善修改工作,這對(duì)于高效、準(zhǔn)確的加工模具零件有著相當(dāng)重要的意義。 2.先進(jìn)設(shè)備在現(xiàn)代模具制造中的作用 現(xiàn)代模具制造的必然趨勢(shì),就是機(jī)械加工盡可能地取代人工加工,尤其現(xiàn)在數(shù)控車(chē)床、多軸聯(lián)動(dòng)機(jī)床、數(shù)控模具雕刻機(jī)、電火花加工機(jī)床、數(shù)控精密磨床、三坐標(biāo)測(cè)量機(jī)、掃描儀等現(xiàn)代設(shè)備在工廠中的廣泛使用,而且這些設(shè)備大部分所用的程序基本上都是應(yīng)用CAD/CAE/CAM系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生的,操作人員工作按照規(guī)定的程序裝夾工件,配備刀具和操作,機(jī)臺(tái)就能自動(dòng)地完成加工任務(wù),并將理想的模具零件制造出來(lái)或?yàn)橄乱患庸すば蛲瓿梢?guī)定的部分。 3.模具材料及表面處理技術(shù) 因選材和用材不當(dāng),致使模具過(guò)早失效,大約占失效模具的45%以上。在整個(gè)模具價(jià)格構(gòu)成中,材料所占比重不大,一般在20%30%,因此,選用優(yōu)質(zhì)鋼材和應(yīng)用表面處理技術(shù)來(lái)提高模具的壽命就顯得十分必要。對(duì)于模具鋼來(lái)說(shuō),要采用電渣重熔工藝,如采用粉末冶金工藝制造的粉末高速鋼等。模具鋼品種規(guī)格多樣化、產(chǎn)品精細(xì)化、制品化,盡量縮短供貨時(shí)間亦是重要發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。 模具熱處理的主要趨勢(shì)是:由滲入單一元素向多元素共滲、復(fù)合滲(如TD法)發(fā)展;由一般擴(kuò)散向CVD、PVD、PCVD、離子滲入、離子注入等方向發(fā)展;另外,目前對(duì)激光強(qiáng)化、輝光離子氮化技術(shù)及電鍍(刷鍍)防腐強(qiáng)化等技術(shù)也日益受到重視。 五、逆向工程 逆向工程即先對(duì)制件(所加工的產(chǎn)品)進(jìn)行掃描生成多種格式的CAD數(shù)據(jù),再在另外的CAD/CAE/CAM軟件中進(jìn)行改型設(shè)計(jì),該技術(shù)是現(xiàn)代模具制造中最流行的模具制造技術(shù)。英國(guó)雷尼紹公司專門(mén)為模具制造開(kāi)發(fā)生產(chǎn)的掃描系統(tǒng),就可以成功地應(yīng)用于模具制造的逆向工程中,它不僅可以改善數(shù)控機(jī)床的性能,擴(kuò)大數(shù)控機(jī)床的功能,而且還能提高數(shù)控機(jī)床的效率。雷尼紹公司的R e t r o s c an、Renscan200、Cyclone 高速掃描機(jī)已被青島海爾、濟(jì)南輕騎、國(guó)家模具中心等單位開(kāi)始使用。 六、總結(jié)與展望 隨著計(jì)算機(jī)軟件的發(fā)展和進(jìn)步,CAD/CAE/CAM技術(shù)也日臻成熟,其現(xiàn)代模具中的應(yīng)用將越來(lái)越廣泛??梢灶A(yù)料不久的將來(lái),模具制造業(yè)將從機(jī)械制造業(yè)中分離出來(lái),而獨(dú)立成為國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)中不可缺少的支柱產(chǎn)業(yè),與此同時(shí),也進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)了模具制造技術(shù)向集成化、智能化、益人化、高效化方向發(fā)展。Modern mold making I. The stamping die development history and status of technology In 1953, the Changchun First Automobile Works in China for the first time established a die shop, the car plant in 1958 began manufacturing automotive panel die. 60 years of the 20th century began producing fine blanking dies. Come a long road of development, China has formed about 300 billion (not including Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan statistics.) Production capacity of various types of stamping dies. Formed, such as Ningbo and Zhejiang HUANGYAN region Die village; Guangdong Corporation and some large rapid rise of township enterprises, K el o n, M id e a, K on ka and other groups have established their own mold manufacturing center; joint ventures and wholly foreign-owned the mold companies now have thousands. With the pace with international standards continues to accelerate, increasing market competition, production and design of the mold has been growing recognition that product quality, cost, and new product development capacities. Mold manufacturing technology to measure a countrys manufacturing sector has become an important indicator of the level, and largely determine the survival space. At present, China stamping die, whether in quantity or in quality, technology and other capabilities have made significant progress, but with national needs and the world advanced level, the gap is still great. In the international competition situation, I had the mold industry has rapidly developed, many specialized research centers continue to die set up, mold steel of the structure and made significant achievements, but there is still a big gap. First, imports of high-tech mold most of the large precision molds, mold and exports most of the lower middle and low-tech die, so high-tech high-grade die stamping die market, the overall satisfaction rate is lower than satisfaction rate, which mold development has lagged behind the production of stamping parts, and low-technology market to meet the rate of middle and low die stamping die is higher than the overall market to meet the rate; second is due to the price of the mold is much lower than international market prices, has some competition force, so its prospects in the international market; third in recent years, Hong Kong-and Taiwan-owned, foreign-funded enterprises in China developed rapidly in a large number of these enterprises stamping dies produced for own use no precise statistics, it is not included in the figures being. II. Modern mold manufacturing technology development The development of modern technology should die mold products to meet the short delivery time, high precision, good quality, low price request for service. Urgent need to develop to meet this requirement as a number of this. (1)To comprehensively promote universal DBD / DBM / DBE technology Die DBD / DBM / DBE technology is the development direction of mold design and manufacturing. With the computer software development and progress, universal DBD / DBM / DBE technology, conditions are ripe, the businesses will increase DBD / DBM technical training and technical service efforts; further expand the scope of DBE technology. The development of computers and networks are making DBD / DBM / DBE technology trans-regional, cross-enterprise, campus-wide in the industry as possible to promote and achieve re-integration of technical resources to enable virtual manufacturing possible. (2) High-speed milling The development of foreign high-speed milling process in recent years, significantly improve the processing efficiency, and to get a high surface finish. In addition, the module can also be processed with high hardness, but also with low temperature rise, thermal deformation and so on. High-speed milling technology, automotive, home appliance manufacturing industry in the large cavity mold injected new vitality. It currently has more agile, intelligent, integrated direction. (3) die scanning and digitizing system High-speed scanner provides scanning system and mold from the model or in kind to the processing of the scanned model of the desired number of features required, greatly reducing the manufacturing cycle in the development of mold. Some quick scan system can be quickly installed in existing CNC milling machine and machining center, for fast data acquisition, automatic generation of a variety of CNC machining process, the DBD data in different formats, for mold manufacturing reverse engineering . (4) the degree of standardization to improve die Degree of standardization of the mold is increasing, estimates that the current use of standard mold coverage has reached about 30%. Developed countries is generally about 80%. (6) high-quality materials and advanced surface treatment technology Application of high quality steel and the corresponding surface treatment technology to improve the life of the mold it is very necessary. Mold heat treatment and surface treatment can fully mold steel material properties play a key part. Direction of development of mold heat treatment is the use of vacuum heat treatment. In addition to the mold surface should improve the development of advanced technologies such as laser surface treatment. (7) Mold Polishing Automation, intelligent mold surface quality of mold life, the appearance of quality parts and so have a greater impact of automation and intelligence of the grinding and polishing methods replace the existing manual in order to improve the quality of the mold surface is important trends. (8) die development of automatic processing system This is our long-term development goals mold industry. Automatic mold machine processing system should be more than the rational combination; with accompanying plate positioning fixture or positioning; a complete equipment, tool CNC database; a complete CNC flexible synchronization system; a quality monitoring and control system. Of course, as the user to choose the right equipment, if the selection properly, not only can not make money but make the machine work into the bitter situation. III. Modern mold manufacturing technology trends Die technology is mainly towards the future development trend of information technology, high-speed high-precision production and development. Therefore, the design technology, the development focus is to promote DBD / DBE / DBM technology, and continue to improve efficiency, especially in sheet metal forming process of the computer simulation analysis. Die DBD, DBE technology should be declared human, integration, intelligence and network direction, and improve the mold DBD, DBM system-specific level. To improve the DBD, DBE, DBM technology, establish a complete database and development of the mold expert systems and improve software usability is very important. From the processing technology, the development focused on high-speed processing and precision machining. At present, the development of highly processed high-speed milling, high speed polishing and high-speed electronic processing and rapid tooling technologies. At present, the development of precision machining parts precision mold and the surface roughness of less 1m Pa 0.1m variety of precision machining. IV. The modern mold manufacturing 1.CAD/CAE/CAM computer-aided design, simulation, manufacturing integration CAD / CAE / CAM integration, integration technology is the most advanced modern mold making the most reasonable mode of production. Use of computer-aided design, support engineering and manufacturing systems, according to the respective mold parts designed to prepare the NC machining of parts from design to manufacturing process is an inevitable process, which is from CAD / CAE / CAM system carried out, The processing line cable input directly from the processing machine, can be used in the preparation of procedures of processing the system analog functions, will be part tool, tool holder, fixture, platform and tool speed, path, etc. are displayed, to check the program prepared correctness. In short the CAD / CAE / CAM system development and simulation of processing can not fully understand the problems identified, resulting in processing prior to prepare the complete set of processing change work, which for the efficient and accurate processing of the mold has a very important part . 2. Advanced equipment in the modern mold making role The inevitable trend of modern mold making, machining is possible to replace the manual process, especially now that CNC lathes, multi-axis machine tools, CNC mold engraving machine, EDM machine, CNC precision grinding machines, coordinate measuring machines, scanners and other modern equipment widely used in factories, but most of these devices are basically the application of the procedures used CAD / CAE / CAM system to produce, the operator of work procedures in accordance with the provisions of work piece clamping, with a cutting tool and operation of the machine will be able to automatically complete the processing tasks, and created the ideal mold parts or complete the processing operation for the next part. 3. Die materials and surface treatment technology Due to improper selection and use of materials, resulting in premature failure of the mold, which accounts for more than 45% die failure. Price structure throughout the mold, the materials, the proportion of small, generally 20% to 30%, therefore, the choice of high quality steel and application of surface treatment technology to improve the life of the mold it is very necessary. For tool steel, the ESR technique to be used, such as the use of powder metallurgy high speed steel powders manufactured. Variety of different specifications tool steel, refined products, products of, try to shorten the delivery time is also an important trend. Mold heat treatment of the main trends: the infiltration of a single element to the multi-element penetration, complex permeability (such as TD method) development; by the general spread of the CVD, PVD, PCVD, ion penetration, ion implantation and other direction; addition, the current laser enhanced glow plasma technology and electroplating (plating) and other anti-corrosion technology to strengthen more and more attention. V. Reverse engineering Reverse engineering is the first of the parts (the processing of the product) to scan the CAD data generated in multiple formats, and then in the other CAD / CAE / CAM software in the modified design, the technology is the most popular modern mold manufacturing mold manufacturing technology. mold manufacturing company dedicated to development and production of the scanning system, it can be successfully applied to reverse engineering, mold manufacturing, it can not only improve the performance of CNC machine tools, expanding the function of CNC machine tools, CNC machine tools but also improve efficiency., Renscan200, Cyclone high-speed scanner has been Qingdao H a I e r, Jinan Q I n g q i, national mold center and other units started. VI. Summary and Outlook With the development and progress of computer software, CAD / CAE / CAM technology is getting more mature, and its application in the modern mold will become more widespread. Can be expected in the near future, mold manufacturing to separate from the machine manufacturing industry, and independent national economy to become an indispensable pillar industries, while also further promote the integration of the mold manufacturing technology, intelligence, beneficiary , efficient direction. 目 錄第1章 成型工藝規(guī)程的編制 - 31.1 塑件的工藝性分析 - 51.2 塑件的體積和重量的計(jì)算 - 6 1.3 塑件注射工藝參數(shù)的確定- 7第2章 注射模的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) - 8 2.1 分型面的選擇 - 8 2.2 型腔的排列方式- 82.3 澆注系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)- 92.4 抽芯機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)- 10 2.5 成型零件結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)- 10第3章 模具設(shè)計(jì)的有關(guān)計(jì)算- 11 3.1 模具的型腔、型芯工作尺寸計(jì)算- 11 3.2 型腔側(cè)壁厚度和底板厚度計(jì)算- 11 3.3 固定板尺寸的確定- 12第4章 模具加熱和冷卻系統(tǒng)的計(jì)算 - 13第5章 模具閉合高度的確定 - 14第6章 注射機(jī)有關(guān)參數(shù)的校核 - 156.1安裝尺寸的校核 - 156.2開(kāi)模行程的校核 - 156.3最大的注射量的校核 - 156.4注射壓力的校核 - 156.5鎖模力的校核 - 16第7章 注射模主要零件加工工藝規(guī)程的編制 - 17第八章 參考資料 18第1章 成型工藝規(guī)程的編制此說(shuō)明書(shū)根據(jù)塑件的模型成型要求,通過(guò)對(duì)塑件工藝性及其塑料的成型能力的綜合分析,來(lái)整體介紹塑件的注射成型工藝的選擇、成型模具的設(shè)計(jì)程序、模具主要零部件的加工工藝規(guī)程的編制、主要參閱的文獻(xiàn)等內(nèi)容。 該塑件屬于桶形件,其結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖如下圖11所示。本塑件所用的塑料材料為PS,生產(chǎn)批量為大批量,材料的厚度為2mm。 圖11 塑件圖圖12 實(shí)物圖一 圖13 實(shí)物圖二1.1 塑件的工藝性分析1.1.1 塑件原材料的分析工件注塑所用的材料為聚苯乙烯PS,屬于熱塑性塑料,其無(wú)色透明、無(wú)毒無(wú)味,成型的塑件硬而脆,相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量很大,機(jī)械性能好。聚苯乙烯具有優(yōu)良的絕緣性能、一定的化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性和耐蝕性,其是重要的工業(yè)塑料之一,應(yīng)用廣泛。聚苯乙烯的成型特點(diǎn)是流動(dòng)性和成型性優(yōu)良,成品率高,但是容易產(chǎn)生裂紋。因此,成型塑件的壁厚要均勻,脫模斜度不宜過(guò)小,塑件中不宜有鑲件。1.1.2塑件的結(jié)構(gòu)和尺寸精度及表面質(zhì)量的分析1.1.2.1 結(jié)構(gòu)分析 從零件圖上看,該零件屬于桶形件,桶件的口處有一圈的螺紋(M120*1.5),有8.1度的斜度,且底部有凹凸。因此,該塑件的模具設(shè)計(jì)中應(yīng)該有側(cè)抽芯機(jī)構(gòu)。1.1.2.2 尺寸精度的分析 由于該塑件的尺寸精度未標(biāo)注,因此按照IT 5級(jí)來(lái)計(jì)算,即此塑件的尺寸精度要求不高,這樣各個(gè)模具工作零件的加工較為容易,為模具的設(shè)計(jì)制造減低難度。1.1.2.3 從塑件的厚度分析 在塑件的厚度來(lái)看,塑件的最厚處為螺紋頂處的外沿,其厚度為7mm,其余的厚度為2mm,整體的厚度來(lái)看比較均勻,有利于塑件順利成型。1.1.2.4 表面質(zhì)量分析 該工件表面質(zhì)量光潔,沒(méi)有特殊面質(zhì)量的要求,因此成型較容易。綜合以上的幾個(gè)實(shí)際條件的分析來(lái)看,該塑件注射,在工藝參數(shù)控制得較好的情況下,零件的成型要求可以得到保證,塑件是可以順利成型的。1.1.3塑件的注射成型的工藝流程由于聚苯乙烯PS是熱塑性塑料,而且該工件的生產(chǎn)批量比較大,固采用注射成型的方法進(jìn)行加工。注射成型是熱塑性材料成型的一種主要成型方法;而且它成型周期短,而且可以一次成型外形復(fù)雜、尺寸精密的塑件,生產(chǎn)效率高,易于實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)化。一般情況下來(lái)說(shuō),注射成型的工藝流程包括:成型前的準(zhǔn)備;注射成型過(guò)程;塑件的后處理三個(gè)階段。具體的流程過(guò)程如下圖14所示 圖14 注塑流程圖1.2塑件的體積和重量的計(jì)算計(jì)算塑件的重量是為了選用注射機(jī)及確定模具型腔數(shù)。計(jì)算塑件的體積為:V=134.278 cm3計(jì)算塑件的重量:根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)可查得PS的密度1.05 g/cm3故塑件的重量為G=VP=143.2781.05=150.4g由于塑件的質(zhì)量較大,且體積較大,因此實(shí)行一模一腔的模具結(jié)構(gòu)??紤]到塑件外形尺寸,注射時(shí)所需壓力和工廠現(xiàn)有設(shè)備等情況,初步選用注射機(jī)為XSZY250型。該注射機(jī)的主要技術(shù)參數(shù):標(biāo)稱注射量:250 cm3螺桿直徑:50mm注射壓力:1300MPa注射行程:160mm合模力:180KN模具的厚度:最大 350mm 最小 200mm模板行程:500mm噴嘴:球半徑 18mm 嘴半徑 4mm1.3塑件注射工藝參數(shù)的確定查詢附錄H以及參考工廠的實(shí)際應(yīng)用情況,聚苯乙烯的成型參數(shù)可做如下選擇,試模時(shí)可以根據(jù)實(shí)際情況進(jìn)行調(diào)整。 注射溫度:包括料筒溫度和噴嘴溫度料筒溫度: 后段 150度 中段 165度 前段 190度預(yù)熱和干燥: 溫度 6075度 時(shí)間 2h模具溫度: 50度左右注射壓力: 60110p/Mpa成型溫度: 總周期 40120s 注射時(shí)間 1545s 高壓時(shí)間 05s 冷卻時(shí)間 1560s螺桿轉(zhuǎn)速: 48n(r/min)后處理: 方法 紅外線燈、烘箱溫度 70度 時(shí)間 24h第2章 注射模的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)注射模結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)主要包括:分型面的選擇、摸具型腔數(shù)目的確定、型腔的排列方式、澆口位置設(shè)置、摸具工作零件結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)及側(cè)型抽心機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)、推出機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)等內(nèi)容。2.1分型面的選擇在模具的設(shè)計(jì)中,分型面的選擇非常重要,它決定了模具的整體結(jié)構(gòu)。應(yīng)根據(jù)分型面選擇原則和塑件成型的要求來(lái)選擇分型面。分型面應(yīng)選擇在塑件外形最大的輪廓處,應(yīng)有利于塑件的留模方式,便于順利脫模,便于模具制造,減小成型面積等。遵循這些原則選擇分型面。因此塑件為桶形件,表面無(wú)特殊要求,而且是選擇一模一腔,因此只有一個(gè)分型面,其圖示如下圖21所示: 圖21 分型面只有采用上述的分型方式,才能降低模具的設(shè)計(jì)和制造難度,降低成本,減小了成型的面積,有利于順利塑件脫模。2.2 型腔的排列方式由于采用的是一模一腔,所以排列方式比較簡(jiǎn)單,又由于是桶形的圓形件,所以排列方式又比較單一,其圖示如下圖22所示:圖22 型腔2.3澆注系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)2.3.1 流道的設(shè)計(jì)又由于是單件生產(chǎn),不存在分流道的問(wèn)題,所以只有直流道。根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)查得XSZY250型注射機(jī)的相關(guān)尺寸。 噴嘴前端孔球面半徑:R=9mm 噴嘴前端孔徑R=4mm 根據(jù)模具主流道與噴嘴的關(guān)系R= R+(12) D=d+(0.51).取主流道球面半徑R=5mm 取主流道的小端直徑 d=10mm 為了便于將料從主流道中拔出,將主流道設(shè)計(jì)成圓錐型其斜度23度,經(jīng)換算得流道大端直徑D=13mm 。為了使塑件順利進(jìn)入分流道,可在主流道出料端設(shè)計(jì)半徑r=2mm的圓弧過(guò)度。2.3.2 澆口的設(shè)計(jì)由于是單件生產(chǎn),所以采用直澆口比較合適且方便省事。雖然直澆口的冷料去除后會(huì)留有不小的痕跡,但是痕跡在底部,且此處無(wú)重要作用,也不影響美觀,所以直澆口是合適的。2.4 抽芯機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)塑件的頂部有外螺紋垂直于脫模方向,因此成型時(shí)需用側(cè)向抽芯機(jī)構(gòu)。為了利于塑件的留模方式,便于順利脫模,簡(jiǎn)化模具結(jié)構(gòu),便于模具制造,減小成型面積等采用斜頂出機(jī)構(gòu)。2.4.1 確定斜滑塊傾角 斜滑塊的斜角是斜頂出機(jī)構(gòu)的一個(gè)重要參數(shù),它與抽拔力以及抽拔距有直接關(guān)系,一般取2630,故選取=28。2.4.2 確定斜滑塊的成型部位 根據(jù)本塑件的結(jié)構(gòu)特性,考慮其脫模方式,采用該塑件的螺紋部分在斜滑板上。如圖所示: 圖23 成型部位結(jié)構(gòu)2.4.3 滑塊與導(dǎo)滑槽設(shè)計(jì) 根據(jù)斜滑塊的結(jié)構(gòu),在考慮模具的大小和結(jié)構(gòu),故其導(dǎo)向方式為導(dǎo)滑槽導(dǎo)向,導(dǎo)滑槽采用T型槽的形狀進(jìn)行導(dǎo)向。2.4.4 抽芯距的計(jì)算塑件的側(cè)耳的深度 H=4mm由公式:S抽=H+(23)mm=6.5mm2.5 成型零件結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 2.5.1 凹模的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 型腔的螺紋部分開(kāi)在斜滑塊上,其他的沒(méi)有螺紋的部分開(kāi)在凹模上,其結(jié)構(gòu)已在上述中給出。 2.5.2 凸模的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 凸模主要是與凹模相結(jié)合構(gòu)成模具的型腔,其凸模的結(jié)構(gòu)形式如零件圖所示。第3章 模具設(shè)計(jì)的有關(guān)計(jì)算 在該模具中成型零件工作尺寸計(jì)算時(shí),均采用平均尺寸、平均收縮率、平均制造公差和平均磨損量來(lái)進(jìn)行計(jì)算。經(jīng)過(guò)查表得到PS的收縮率為0.60.8%,所以得到PS的平均收縮率為S=0.7%,即模具的制造公差為=/3。3.1模具的型腔、型芯工作尺寸計(jì)算 類(lèi)別塑件尺寸計(jì)算公式工作尺寸A類(lèi)徑向尺寸計(jì)算AM=(1+S)As+xA類(lèi)軸向尺寸計(jì)算 HM=(1+S)Hs-2/3B類(lèi)徑向尺寸BM=(1+S)BS+xB類(lèi)軸向hM=(1+S)hS-x螺紋D3.2型腔側(cè)壁厚度和底板厚度計(jì)算3.2.1型腔側(cè)壁厚度的計(jì)算 此模具中斜滑塊為成型部分,故型腔側(cè)壁厚為滑塊側(cè)壁厚,根據(jù)圓形整體式型腔側(cè)壁厚度計(jì)算公式: S=進(jìn)行計(jì)算 公式中泊松比, 鋼材一般取0.25 P型腔內(nèi)融通通壓力 一般取25-45MPa 取P=40MPa r型腔內(nèi)徑(取均值) E彈性模量 取2.110 MPa允許變形量 查表=0.035 將數(shù)據(jù)帶入上式可得S=43mm,考慮到模具結(jié)構(gòu)的合理性,所以取壁厚h=60mm. 故上凹模型腔的外形尺寸為250mm250mm。3.2.2型腔板厚度的計(jì)算 上凹模型腔為矩形整體式型腔,根據(jù)矩形整體式型腔底板厚度計(jì)算公式: S= 公式中 P型腔內(nèi)融通通壓力 一般取25-45MPa 取P=40MPa r型腔內(nèi)徑(取均值) E彈性模量 取2.110 MPa允許變形量 查表=0.035將數(shù)據(jù)帶入上式得S=138mm 考慮到模具結(jié)構(gòu)的平衡性,取H=148mm。所以凹模的外形尺寸為:250mm250mm148mm。3.3固定板尺寸的確定 由以上計(jì)算出的型腔尺寸并考慮模具結(jié)構(gòu)確定:由于動(dòng)模為一個(gè)大尺寸型腔,其有足夠的強(qiáng)度直接固定在動(dòng)模座上,固動(dòng)模固定板省略不用,只要把動(dòng)模經(jīng)過(guò)相應(yīng)的熱處理即可。定模固定板尺寸為250mm250mm20mm。第4章 模具加熱和冷卻系統(tǒng)的計(jì)算由于PS為模具溫度低的熱塑性塑料,在連續(xù)生產(chǎn)中模具不斷被注入的熔融塑料所加熱,這樣就可以保證模溫的要求,所以不必再設(shè)置加熱裝置。是否需要冷卻系統(tǒng):由于該模具是采用一模一腔的形式進(jìn)行加工生產(chǎn),且模具在長(zhǎng)時(shí)間生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中會(huì)變得溫度很高,對(duì)此應(yīng)該使用冷卻裝置;又因?yàn)樗芗捏w積較大,所對(duì)應(yīng)的模具自然也會(huì)很大,這樣會(huì)導(dǎo)致模具的壁厚比較厚,散熱不好,這樣看來(lái)也應(yīng)該使用冷卻裝置。對(duì)于模具的冷卻物質(zhì)來(lái)說(shuō),一般實(shí)用的是水來(lái)冷卻模具。對(duì)于模具冷卻系統(tǒng)的相關(guān)計(jì)算:由表324得PS注射成型溫度為4060,初步設(shè)為60,用20的常溫水冷卻,出口的溫度為40,產(chǎn)量大約為3/h(初步確定為兩分鐘一次)。查表得PS的單位熱流量為Q2=7010J/Kg由式3-41得: V=6.010 m3/min經(jīng)查表得到所需的冷卻水的直徑為10mm。第5章 模具閉合高度的確定根據(jù)固定零件的設(shè)計(jì)中提供的經(jīng)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)確定: 定模座板: H1=25mm 定模板: H2=18mm動(dòng)模板: H3=130mm型芯固定板: H4=25mm墊板: H5=20mm墊塊: H6=63mm 動(dòng)模座板: H7=25mm 因而模具的閉合高度 H=H1+H2+H3+H4+H5+H6+H7=306mm。第6章 注射機(jī)有關(guān)參數(shù)的校核6.1安裝尺寸的校核模具的外形尺寸為315250301mm,XSZY250型注射機(jī)所允許的模具的最小厚度Hmin=200mm,模具的最大厚度Hmax=350mm,而模具的閉合高度H=301mm,滿足 HminHHmax 符合安裝要求。6.2開(kāi)模行程的校核經(jīng)查資料,XSZY250型注射機(jī)的最大開(kāi)模行程S=500mm,滿足公式:SH1+H2(510)mm的出件要求。即:SH1+H2(510)mm =50+165+(510)mm =220mm雖然,該模具采用了推出機(jī)構(gòu),但是不會(huì)過(guò)大增加塑件的推出距離,況且根據(jù)工件的本身特點(diǎn),只要側(cè)滑塊脫離了螺紋部分工件就會(huì)自動(dòng)掉下,所以符合要求。6.3最大的注射量的校核當(dāng)注射機(jī)的最大注射量以容積標(biāo)定時(shí),按下式計(jì)算: KVV 式中:V注射機(jī)的最大注射量(cm) K注射機(jī)最大注射量的利用系數(shù),一般取K=0.8 V塑件的總體積(cm)即 K V=0.8250=200(cm)V= M /=150.4/1.05=143.3 (cm)即: 200 cm143.3 cm滿足注射要求。6.4注射壓力的校核注射壓力的校核是校驗(yàn)注射機(jī)的額定壓力能否滿足塑件成型時(shí)所需的注射壓力。P公P 式中 P注射機(jī)的額定壓力為 P=1300 Mpa P塑件成型時(shí)所需的注射壓力。經(jīng)過(guò)查表得到 P=60110Mpa。很明顯,P公P公式成立,即滿足要求。6.5鎖模力的校核由公式FqA 式中 F注射機(jī)的額定鎖模力。經(jīng)過(guò)查表得F=1800KN, qA塑件成型所需的鎖模力。 由表查得q=24.5MPa,而A=RR(R=65mm) =3.146565=13266.52 即:qA=24.513266.5=325029.25K 即:1800325.03KN 鎖模力滿足模具的設(shè)計(jì)要求。第7章 注射模主要零件加工工藝規(guī)程的編制 主要零件有斜滑塊、型芯。7.1斜滑塊的加工工藝序號(hào)工序名稱工序內(nèi)容1下料T8A鍛件210mm260mm20mm2熱處理退火到180200HBS3刨刨六面,斜度不刨出,各面留磨量0.5mm4平磨磨平面達(dá)到要求5線切割割出斜度和T型6畫(huà)線鉗工畫(huà)出型孔位置7鉆孔、鏜孔鉆出型腔的基本尺寸,并進(jìn)行鏜刀擴(kuò)孔8拔拔出M1201.5的螺紋9線切割按要求將件割開(kāi)10檢驗(yàn)11鉗工鉗工修整各個(gè)面達(dá)到要求7.2型芯的加工工藝序號(hào)工序名稱工序內(nèi)容1下料GrWMn棒料1301352熱處理退火到180200HBS3粗車(chē)粗車(chē)出圓柱面 和臺(tái)階面,斜度4鉆孔鉆出冷料穴孔5精車(chē)將棒料精車(chē)到要求尺寸,留余量0.5mm6檢驗(yàn)7熱處理淬火到5458HRC8精磨精磨各個(gè)表面,達(dá)到要求9檢驗(yàn)10鉗工修整鉗工修整各個(gè)表面達(dá)到設(shè)計(jì)要求第8章 參考資料1、公差配合與技術(shù)測(cè)量 徐茂功、桂定一主編 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 2、機(jī)械制圖 成鳳文 主編 中國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)出版社 3、塑料成型工藝與模具設(shè)計(jì) 齊曉杰 主編 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 4、中國(guó)模具設(shè)計(jì)大典 李志剛 主編 中國(guó)機(jī)械工程學(xué)會(huì)5、中國(guó)模具工程大典 李德群、唐志玉 主編 電子工業(yè)出版社6、實(shí)用模具技術(shù)手冊(cè) 陳錫棟 周小玉 主編 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 7、塑料模具設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè) 劉昌祺 主編 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 8、塑料模具設(shè)計(jì)與制造 李學(xué)鋒 主編 中國(guó)機(jī)械工業(yè)學(xué)會(huì)18
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