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附 錄1
什么是液壓？
一個(gè)完整的液壓系統(tǒng)由五個(gè)部分組成，即動(dòng)力元件、執(zhí)行元件、控制元件、無(wú)件和液壓油。動(dòng)力元件的作用是將原動(dòng)機(jī)的機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)換成液壓體的壓力能，指液壓系統(tǒng)中的油泵，它向整個(gè)液壓系統(tǒng)提供動(dòng)力。液壓泵的結(jié)構(gòu)形式一般有齒輪泵、葉片泵和柱塞泵。執(zhí)行元件（如液壓缸和液壓馬達(dá)）的作用是將液體的壓力能轉(zhuǎn)換為機(jī)械能，驅(qū)動(dòng)負(fù)載作直線往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)或回轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)。控制元件（即各種液壓閥）在液壓系統(tǒng)中控制和調(diào)節(jié)液體的壓力、流量和方向。根據(jù)控制功能不同，液壓閥可分為壓力控制閥、流量控制閥和方向控制閥。壓力控制閥又分為溢流閥、減壓閥、順序閥、壓力繼電器等；流量控制閥包括節(jié)流閥、調(diào)整法、分流集流閥等；方向控制閥包括單向閥、液控單向閥、換向閥等。根據(jù)控制方式不同，液壓閥可分為開(kāi)關(guān)式控制閥、定值控制閥和比例控制閥。輔助元件包括油箱、濾油器、油管及管接頭、密封圈、壓力表、液位液溫計(jì)等。液壓油是系統(tǒng)中傳遞能量的工作介質(zhì)，有各種礦物油、乳化液和合成型液壓油等幾大類(lèi)。
液壓的原理,它是由兩個(gè)大小不同的液壓缸組成的，在液壓缸里充滿水或油。充水的叫“水壓機(jī)”；充油的叫做“油壓機(jī)”。兩個(gè)液壓缸里各有一個(gè)可以滑動(dòng)的活塞，如果在小活塞上加一定值的壓力，根據(jù)帕斯卡定律，小活塞將這一壓力通過(guò)液體的壓強(qiáng)傳遞給大活塞，將大活塞頂上去。設(shè)小活塞的橫截面積是S1，加在小活塞上的向下的壓力是F1。于是，小活塞對(duì)液體的壓強(qiáng)為P=F1/S1，能夠大小不變地被液體向各個(gè)方向傳遞。大洪塞所受到的壓強(qiáng)必然也等于P。若大活塞的橫截面積是S2，壓強(qiáng)P在大活塞上所產(chǎn)生的向上的壓力F2=PxS2截面積是小活塞橫截面積的倍數(shù)。從上式知，在小活塞上加一較小的力，則在大活塞上會(huì)得到很大的力，為此用液壓機(jī)來(lái)壓制膠合板、榨油、提取重物、鍛壓鋼材等。
液壓傳動(dòng)的發(fā)展史,液壓傳動(dòng)和氣壓傳動(dòng)成為流體傳動(dòng)，是根據(jù)17世紀(jì)帕斯卡提出的液體靜壓力傳動(dòng)原理而發(fā)展起來(lái)的一門(mén)新興技術(shù)，1795年因果約瑟夫·布拉曼，在倫敦用水作為工作介質(zhì)，以水壓機(jī)的形式將其應(yīng)用于工業(yè)上，誕生了世界上第一臺(tái)水壓機(jī)。1905年將工作介質(zhì)水改為油，又進(jìn)一步得到改善。第一次世界大戰(zhàn)后液壓傳動(dòng)廣泛應(yīng)用，特別是1920年以后，發(fā)展更為迅速。液壓元件大約在19世紀(jì)末20世紀(jì)初的20年間，才開(kāi)始進(jìn)入正規(guī)的工業(yè)生產(chǎn)階段。1925年維克斯發(fā)明了壓力平衡式葉片泵，為近代液壓元件工業(yè)或液壓傳動(dòng)的逐步建立奠定了基礎(chǔ)。20世紀(jì)初康斯坦丁·尼斯克對(duì)能量波動(dòng)傳遞所進(jìn)行的理論及實(shí)際研究；1910年對(duì)液力傳動(dòng)方面的貢獻(xiàn)，使這兩方面領(lǐng)域得到了發(fā)展。
第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，在美國(guó)機(jī)床中有30%應(yīng)用了液壓傳動(dòng)。應(yīng)該指出，日本液壓傳動(dòng)的發(fā)展較歐美等國(guó)家晚了近20多年。在1955年前后，日本迅速發(fā)展液壓傳動(dòng)，1956年成立了“液壓工業(yè)會(huì)”。近20~30年間，日本液壓傳動(dòng)發(fā)展之快，居世界領(lǐng)先地位。
液壓傳動(dòng)有許多突出的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，因此它的應(yīng)用非常廣泛，如一般工業(yè)用的塑料加工機(jī)械、壓力機(jī)械、機(jī)床等；行走機(jī)械中的工程機(jī)械、建筑機(jī)械、農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械、汽車(chē)等；鋼鐵工業(yè)用的冶金機(jī)械、提升裝置、軋輥調(diào)整裝置等；土木水利工程用的防洪閘門(mén)及堤壩裝置、河床升降裝置、橋梁操縱機(jī)構(gòu)等；發(fā)電廠渦輪機(jī)調(diào)速裝置、核發(fā)電廠等等；船舶用的甲板起重機(jī)械（絞車(chē)）、船頭門(mén)、艙壁閥、船尾推進(jìn)器等；特殊技術(shù)用的巨型天線控制裝置、測(cè)量浮標(biāo)、升降旋轉(zhuǎn)舞臺(tái)等；軍事工業(yè)用的火炮操縱裝置、船舶減搖裝置、飛行器仿真、飛機(jī)起落架的收放裝置和方向舵控制裝置等。
液壓技術(shù)作為實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代傳動(dòng)與控制的關(guān)鍵基礎(chǔ)技術(shù)之一，已成為工業(yè)機(jī)械、工程建設(shè)機(jī)械及國(guó)際尖端產(chǎn)品不可缺少的重要技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)。是它們向自動(dòng)化、高精度、高效率、高速度、小型化、輕量化方向發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。世界工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家都將液壓工業(yè)列為競(jìng)爭(zhēng)發(fā)展的行業(yè)，其發(fā)展速度遠(yuǎn)高于機(jī)械工業(yè)的發(fā)展速度。液壓元件及其控制已發(fā)展成為綜合的液壓工程技術(shù)。
機(jī)械制造是為國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)各部門(mén)和自身技術(shù)改造提供先進(jìn)技術(shù)裝備的工業(yè)部門(mén)。鑄造、鍛壓、焊接、熱處理、及切削等是機(jī)械制造工業(yè)獲取毛坯、成形產(chǎn)品及提高零件機(jī)械性能的重要生產(chǎn)方法，在眾多金屬冷、熱加工機(jī)器設(shè)備中普遍使用液壓技術(shù)，其中壓力機(jī)和金屬切削機(jī)床是應(yīng)用液壓技術(shù)較早較廣的領(lǐng)域。
在車(chē)、銑、刨、磨、鉆各類(lèi)液壓機(jī)床中，主要利用液壓技術(shù)可在較寬范圍內(nèi)進(jìn)行無(wú)級(jí)調(diào)速，具有良好的換向及換接性能，易于實(shí)現(xiàn)工作循環(huán)等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，完成工件及刀具的夾緊、控制進(jìn)給速度和驅(qū)動(dòng)主軸作業(yè)，盡管現(xiàn)代數(shù)控機(jī)床、加工中心等先進(jìn)制造設(shè)備中采用電伺服系統(tǒng)，但采用液壓傳動(dòng)與控制仍然是現(xiàn)代金屬切削機(jī)床自動(dòng)化的重要途徑。在鍛造機(jī)、液壓機(jī)、折彎?rùn)C(jī)、剪切機(jī)等壓力加工設(shè)備中，主要利用液壓傳動(dòng)傳遞力較大、便于壓力調(diào)節(jié)控制和過(guò)載保護(hù)的特點(diǎn)，進(jìn)行下料、成形加工等作業(yè)。鑄造、鍛壓、焊接、熱處理等機(jī)器設(shè)備的生產(chǎn)作業(yè)環(huán)境極為惡劣，溫度高、粉塵多、濕度大、有腐蝕性氣體、振動(dòng)噪聲大。因此要求機(jī)器要有良好的適應(yīng)性、可靠性和維護(hù)性。在造型機(jī)及澆鑄機(jī)、焊接機(jī)、淬火機(jī)等鑄造、焊接及熱處理機(jī)器設(shè)備中，主要利用液壓技術(shù)便于無(wú)級(jí)調(diào)速和遠(yuǎn)距離遙控作業(yè)等特點(diǎn)，進(jìn)行造型及鑄型輸送與澆鑄、高溫零件抓取等作業(yè)，以減輕勞動(dòng)者勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度、避免和減少熱輻射和有害氣體對(duì)人身的侵襲并提高生產(chǎn)率。
液壓傳動(dòng)有許多突出的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，因此它的應(yīng)用廣泛，如一般工業(yè)用的塑料加工機(jī)械、壓力機(jī)械、機(jī)床等；行走機(jī)械中的工程機(jī)械、建筑機(jī)械、農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械、汽車(chē)等；鋼鐵工業(yè)用的冶金機(jī)械、提升裝置等；土木水利工程用的防洪閘門(mén)及堤壩裝置、河床升降裝置、橋梁操縱機(jī)構(gòu)等；發(fā)電廠渦輪機(jī)調(diào)速裝置、核發(fā)電廠等等；船舶用的甲板起重機(jī)械、船頭門(mén)等；特殊技術(shù)用的巨型天線控制裝置、測(cè)量浮標(biāo)、升降旋轉(zhuǎn)舞臺(tái)等；軍事工業(yè)用的火炮操縱裝置、船舶減搖裝置、飛行器仿真、飛機(jī)起落架的收放裝置和方向舵控制裝置等。
各種規(guī)格的鋼絲繩廣泛應(yīng)用于工業(yè)領(lǐng)域。無(wú)論吊裝，運(yùn)輸，遠(yuǎn)洋船舶，礦山和威爾斯，港口和碼頭或各種起重機(jī)械，大量的鋼絲繩是必要的。
隨著工業(yè)的不斷發(fā)展，使用和消耗量不斷增加。然而，鋼絲繩應(yīng)在一定的長(zhǎng)度和安裝使用繩索護(hù)套。因此，鋼絲繩套壓并成為重要的機(jī)械。
鋼絲繩套機(jī)公司生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品具有以下特點(diǎn)和優(yōu)勢(shì)：
1。組合式橫梁采用壓力機(jī)，具有巨大的界面模量和能承受巨大的彎曲力矩，保證新聞的強(qiáng)度和剛度。
2。最小的上、下橫梁的彎曲力矩，橫梁跨度的設(shè)計(jì)已最小化，優(yōu)化了壓應(yīng)力和壓縮結(jié)構(gòu)，節(jié)約鋼材，達(dá)到科學(xué)匹配。
3。為繩套壓力機(jī)噸位大，我們采用大單位工作壓力的液壓系統(tǒng)中，我們認(rèn)真的設(shè)計(jì)。例如，對(duì)于按1000噸以上，我們采用單位壓力55MPa，既壓縮機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)也節(jié)省了大量的鋼材，同時(shí)，使用更方便。
4。恒功率系統(tǒng)是用于中、小噸位鋼絲繩套壓力機(jī)液壓系統(tǒng)，這不僅最大限度地減少了負(fù)載功率（由于較小的角功率）而且節(jié)省功率以實(shí)現(xiàn)合理用電。對(duì)鋼絲繩套壓力機(jī)噸位大，我們使用一個(gè)系統(tǒng)的高和低的壓力，速度快，可用于低壓和高壓合理的速度達(dá)到了。
5。對(duì)于大噸位壓機(jī)，液壓沖擊時(shí)會(huì)發(fā)生減壓由于液壓缸和高單位壓力大直徑。我們使用特殊的技術(shù)措施，為液壓系統(tǒng)在高壓和低壓之間的切換過(guò)程中消除液壓沖擊，因此，安全和可靠的操作就可以實(shí)現(xiàn)。
6。在液壓系統(tǒng)中大的流量，我們使用旋塞閥，液–填充閥等液壓元件以實(shí)現(xiàn)大流量。
7。以工人的新聞操作方便，按操作空間，前后和上下模具的安裝工作臺(tái)寬度設(shè)置很合理。
附 錄2
What is Hydraulic?
A complete hydraulic system consists of five parts, namely, power components, the implementation of components, control components, no parts and hydraulic oil. The role of dynamic components of the original motive of the mechanical energy into hydraulic body pressure energy, the hydraulic system of pumps, it is to power the entire hydraulic system. Structure of hydraulic pumps generally have the gear pump, vane pump and piston pump. Implementation of components (such as hydraulic cylinder and a hydraulic motor) is the role of the pressure of the liquid can be converted to mechanical energy to drive the load, the linear reciprocating or rotary motion. Control components (that is, the various hydraulic valves) in the hydraulic system to control and regulate the pressure of liquid, flow and direction. According to the different control functions, hydraulic valves can be divided into the pressure control valve, flow control valves and directional control valve. Pressure control valve is divided into overflow valve, relief valve, sequence valve, pressure relays; flow control valves including throttle, adjusting method, shunt valve; directional control valve includes a one-way valve, check valve, reversing valve, etc.. Under the control of different ways, hydraulic valves can be divided into the switch control valve, control valve and proportional control valve. Auxiliary components, including fuel tanks, oil filters, tubing and pipe joints, seals, pressure gauges, liquid level and temperature meter. Hydraulic oil is a medium energy transfer in the system, there are a variety of mineral oil, emulsion, hydraulic oil and other categories.
Hydraulic principle,It is composed of a hydraulic cylinder two different sizes, with water or oil in the hydraulic cylinder. Water is called "hydraulic press"; called "hydraulic machine oil". The two hydraulic cylinders, each with a piston sliding, if a certain value in the small piston on the pressure, according to Pascal's law, small piston to the pressure to the piston through the liquid pressure, the piston crown. Based cross-sectional area of the small piston is S1, plus a small piston in the downward pressure on the F1. So, a small piston on the liquid pressure is p=F1/S1, can be the same size in all directions to the transmission of liquid. Pressure Da Hong plug are also equal to P. If the cross sectional area of piston is S2, the pressure generated by the P on the piston in the pressure F2=PxS2 cross-sectional area is a small multiple of the piston cross-sectional area. From the type known, a small forces on the piston, the piston will be in great force, for which the hydraulic machine used to suppress plywood, oil extraction, weight, such as forging steel.
History of the development of hydraulic,Hydraulic and pneumatic transmission become fluid drive, is a new technology put forward according to the seventeenth Century Pascal's principle of hydrostatic pressure to drive the development of causality, 1795 Joseph Braman, in London water as working medium, to form hydraulic press used in industry, the birth of the world's first hydraulic press. Media work in 1905 will be changed to oil and water, and further improved. Widely used after the first World War, hydraulic transmission, especially after 1920, more rapid development. Hydraulic components in the late nineteenth Century and early twentieth Century about 20 years, only started to enter the formal production stage. In 1925 Vickers invented the pressure balanced vane pump, hydraulic components for the modern industrial or hydraulic transmission of the gradual establishment of the foundation. At the beginning of twentieth Century Constantine Ennis grams of fluctuation of energy transfer theory and practical research; in 1910 on the hydraulic transmission contributions, so that these two areas of development.
During the Second World War, 30% application of hydraulic drive in America machine. It should be pointed out, the national development of hydraulic transmission in Japan than Europe and the United States, nearly 20 years later. In 1955, the rapid development of Japan's hydraulic transmission, in 1956 established the "hydraulic industry". In recent years 20~30, development of Japan's fast hydraulic transmission, a leading position in the world.
There are many outstanding advantages, so it is widely used, such as general industrial use of plastic processing machinery, pressure machine, machine tool; walking machinery engineering machinery, construction machinery, agricultural machinery, automobile and so on; iron and steel industry with the metallurgical machinery, lifting device; the floodgates and dams, river bed lifting device device, bridge engineering with the manipulation mechanism; power plant turbine speed control device, a nuclear power plant and so on; with the ships deck crane, the bow door; giant antenna control device, special techniques for measuring buoy, lifting and rotating stage; military industrial gun control device, ship anti rolling device simulation of aircraft, aircraft, landing gear device and the rudder control device.
The wire ropes with various specifications are widely used in the industrial fields. Regardless of lifting, transportation, deep-sea ship, mines and wells, seaport and dock or various hoisting machinery, a large number of wire ropes are needed.
With the unceasing development of the industry, the use amount and consumption increase continuously. However, the wire ropes should be made in certain length and fitted with rope sheaths for use. So, the wire rope sheath press was introduced and became important machinery.
The wire rope sheath presses produced by our company have the following features and advantages:
1. Combination type crossbeam is adopted for the press, which has enormous interface modulus and can bear giant bending torque and ensure the strength and rigidity of the press.
2.To minimize the bending torque of the upper and lower crossbeams, the crossbeam span have been minimized in the design, which optimizes the pressing stress and compacts the structure, and saves steel material and have reached the scientific matching.
3.For rope sheath press with large tonnage, we use big unit working pressure in the hydraulic system by our conscientious design. For example, for the presses with 1000 tons and above, the unit pressure adopted by us is 55Mpa, which not only compacts the press structure but also saves large amount of steel material, meanwhile, the use is more convenient.
4.Constant power system is used for the hydraulic system of wire rope sheath press with middle and low tonnage, which not only minimizes the loading power (due to smaller angular power) but also saves power in order to realize the reasonable power using. For the wire rope sheath press with large tonnage, we use a system with both high and low pressure so that fast speed can be achieved for low pressure and reasonable speed for high pressure.
5.For press with large tonnage, hydraulic shock will occur when depressurizing due to the large diameter of the hydraulic cylinder and high unit pressure. We use special technical measures for the hydraulic system in order to get rid of the hydraulic shock in the process of switching between high and low pressure, thus safe and reliable operation can be achieved.
6.In the hydraulic system with big flow rate, we use plug valve, liquid –filled valve and other hydraulic elements in order to realize big flowing capacity.
7.In order to ensure the convenient operation of the press by the workers, the operation space of press, the width of work table from front to rear and the installation of upper and lower molds are arranged very reasonable.
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