2019-2020年高考英語二輪復習 專題整合突破四 介詞和介詞短語.doc
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2019-2020年高考英語二輪復習 專題整合突破四 介詞和介詞短語真題試做1(xx山東高考,30)Im sorry I didnt phone you,but Ive been very busy _ the past couple of weeks.AbeyondBwithCamong Dover2(xx山東高考,33) It saves time in the kitchen to have things you use a lot _ easy reach.Anear BuponCwithin Daround考向分析1考查常用介詞和介詞短語的基本用法。從歷年全國及各省市高考題中可看出,介詞類考題常集中于一些常用介詞,如at,in,for,from,to,of,on,with,until,about,by,since,as,around等。2考查常用介詞或介詞短語含義和用法的辨識能力。尤其是在一定的語言環(huán)境中,辨析意義相同或相近以及使用范圍不同的介詞或介詞短語。3考查介詞與某些名詞、形容詞或動詞的各種搭配形式。特別是那些搭配繁多、用法靈活的介詞,不同的搭配可用來表示種種不同的意義。熱點例析考點一:表示時間的介詞1in,on,at,over(1)in表示在一段時間之內(nèi)。通常時間較長,如世紀、朝代、時代、年、季節(jié)、月及一般(非特指)的早、中、晚等。如:in the 1950s,in 1989,in summer,in January,in ones thirties等。(2)on表示具體的某一天及其早、中、晚。如:on May 1st,on Monday,on a cold night in January,on a fine morning等。(3)at表示在一個時間點上。指某一時刻或較短暫的時間,也泛指圣誕節(jié),復活節(jié)等。如:at 3:20,at this time of year,at Christmas,at night,at this moment等。(4)over后面接一段時間,表示“超過”或“在期間”。 如:David Crum,the CEO of Geldart Software,announced that the corporation would open three branches in Bangkok over the next several months.(5)在last,next,this,that,some,every等詞之前一律不用介詞。如:He went to Japan last year.We meet every day.2in,after(1)“in一段時間”表示將來的一段時間之后。如:My mother will e back in three or four days.(2)“after一段時間”表示過去的一段時間之后。如:He arrived after five months.(3)“after具體時間”表示將來或過去的某一時刻之后。如:She will appear after five oclock this afternoon.The rain began to fall after seven.3from,since,for(1)from后接具體時間,說明從什么時候開始,不說明某動作或情況持續(xù)多久。如:I hope to do morning exercises from today.(2)since后接具體過去時間,表示某動作或情況持續(xù)至說話時刻,通常與完成時連用。如:We have not seen each other since xx.(3)for后接一段時間,通常與完成時連用。如:I have been in the army for 5 years.【典例分析】 He invited me to a dance after the show _ Christmas Eve.AatBonCin Dby答案為B項。具體的日期前介詞應用on。They had a pleasant chat _ a cup of coffee.Afor BwithCduring Dover答案為D項。for和during都有“在期間”之意,但后面通常接時間;with意為“隨著,用”;over意為“在(做)期間,邊邊”。句意:他們邊喝咖啡邊進行了友好的交談??键c二:表示地點方位的介詞1at,in,on,to(1)at表示在小地方或“在附近;在旁邊”。 如:He arrived at the station at ten.He is sitting at the desk.(2)in表示在大地方或“在范圍之內(nèi)”。 如:He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.Shandong lies in the east of China.(3)on表示毗鄰或接壤。如:Russia lies on the north of China.(4)to表示“在范圍外”,不強調(diào)是否接壤。如:Japan is to the east of China.2above,over,on(1)above意為“在上方”,只表示位置高于某物但不強調(diào)是否垂直,與 below相對。如:The bird is flying above my head.(2)over意為“在之上”,表示垂直高于,與under相對。over強調(diào)與物體有一定的空間,不直接接觸。如:There is a bridge over the river.(3)on意為“在之上”,表示在某物體上面并與之接觸。如:He put his watch on the desk.3below,under(1)below表示“在之下”,不一定在正下方。如:Please write your name below the line.(2)under表示“在正下方”。 如:There is a cat under the table.【典例分析】 (xx遼寧高考,27)The Well Hotel stands in a quiet place _ the main road at the far end of the lake.AtoBforCoff Dout答案為C項。句意:威爾酒店坐落于湖的彼岸遠離主干道的一個僻靜之處。此處off表示“離開,在之外”??键c三:表示運動方向的介詞1across,through(1)across表示從物體表面穿過,與on有關(guān)。如:across the playground/square/desert/river(2)over表示動作是在空中進行的。如:He jumped over the wall.(3)through表示從物體里面穿過,與in有關(guān)。也可表示時間,指“(從開始到結(jié)束)經(jīng)歷了”。如:through the pipe/forest/doorWe work hard all through the year.2in,into(1)in通常表示靜態(tài),意為“在里面”。如:We walked in the park.我們在公園里走著。(2)into通常表示動態(tài),意為“進入到里面”。如:We walked into the park.我們走進了公園?!镜淅治觥?(xx北京高考,34)Do you think this shirt is too tight _ the shoulders?Aat BonCto Dacross答案為D項。句意:你認為這件襯衣的肩寬是不是有點緊? across意為“橫跨,在(身體某部位)上”??键c四:表示原因的介詞1for表示原因時,常與sorry,famous,punish,praise,thank,blame等詞連用。如:I am sorry for what I said to you.2at表示引起某種情感變化的原因,常與表示看、聽或喜、怒、吃驚的詞連用,意為“因聽到或看到而”。如:He was surprised at the news.3from常接抽象名詞表示自然、間接或外在的原因,如受傷、車禍等。如:He died from the wound.4of多用于表示自身或內(nèi)在的原因,如病、餓等。如:The old man died of hunger.5with指生理上或情感上由外界到內(nèi)心的原因。如:Hearing the news,he jumped with joy.He was shaking with anger.6by表示外部的,尤其是暴力的或無意中造成某種結(jié)果的原因。如:She took your umbrella by mistake.她錯拿了你的雨傘。 7over 一般用于 cry,weep,laugh 等帶有感情色彩的動詞后,表示所發(fā)生的事情的原因。如:She wept over the death of her daughter.We laughed over the victory.8because of 表示引起結(jié)果的直接原因。如:He retired last month because of his illness.9thanks to表示引起某種幸運結(jié)果的原因,常意為“幸虧,多虧”。如:Thanks to John,we won the game.【典例分析】 When we heard the news that Beijing Basketball Team has won the final,we sang and danced _ joy.Ato BwithCat Dof答案為B項。該題應用with表示由于高興而又唱又跳。with表示原因時,一般指由于外界而影響到內(nèi)部的原因。(xx河北保定調(diào)研,13)How about your trip to Italy?Oh,_ the fine weather,we enjoyed ourselves indeed.Abut for Bthanks toCin spite of Dbecause of答案為B項。句意:你到意大利的旅行怎么樣? 哦,幸虧天氣好,我們玩得很愉快。B項意為“幸虧,由于”,符合句意。but for表示“要不是”;in spite of表示“盡管”;because of表示“因為”,都與句意不符??键c五:表示計量的介詞1at表示“以速度;以價格”。如:It flies at about 900 kilometers an hour.I sold my car at a high price.2for表示“用交換;以為代價”。如:He sold his car for 500 dollars.注意:at表示單價,for表示總錢數(shù)。3by表示“以計”,后跟度量單位。如:They paid him by the month.注意:by后接具體度量單位要加the?!镜淅治觥?He thought the jar made of earth _ little value and let me have it _ only one dollar.Awith;for Bof;forCof;by Dwith;by答案為B項。第一個空應用of,of little value/importance/use意為“沒大有價值、重要性、用處”;第二個空應用for,表示“以一美元為代價,用一美元交換”。考點六:表示工具或手段的介詞 1by意為“用某種方式”,后面的名詞不帶冠詞。如:I went there by bus.2with表示“用某種工具”,后面的名詞需帶冠詞。如:He broke the window with a stone.3in表示“用”時,后面的賓語不帶冠詞,且多為鉛筆、墨水、顏色、語言等。如:I hate letters written in pencil.We will never forget this historical lesson written in blood.4on表示“以方式”,多用于固定詞組。如:They talked on the telephone.She learns English on the radio/on TV.【典例分析】 The form is very important.Please fill in the form _ ink not _ a pencil,Jack.Ain;by Bwith;inCin;with Dby;in答案為C項。第一個空應用in表示“用墨水”;第二個空應用with表示“用工具”,后面的名詞帶有冠詞??键c七:表示“在之間”的介詞1between表示在兩者之間。如:You are to sit between your father and me.2among表示在三者或三者以上之間。如:He is always happy among his classmates.3有時說的雖然是三個以上的人或東西,但強調(diào)多者中的兩兩關(guān)系時用between。如:Switzerland lies between France,Italy,Austria and Germany.Pay attention to the relationship between the sentences in your position.【典例分析】 Four Chinese models were _ the 14 people awarded prizes on Friday at the World Supermodel petition.Aamong BbetweenCalong Dbeside答案為A項。Four Chinese models是部分,the 14 people是整體,所以選among意為“在之中”??键c八:表示“除了”的介詞1besides表示“除之外,還有”。如:We all went to see the film besides you.除你之外我們也都去看電影了。2except表示“除外,把除去”。 如:We all went to see the film except you.除你之外我們都去看電影了。3but與except同義,但多用于不定代詞no one/nobody/nothing/everything/all和副詞nowhere/anywhere以及疑問代詞who之后。如:I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.4except for表示“如無就,只是”,多表明理由細節(jié)。如:His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.5except that表示“除外,把除去”,后面接句子。如:I know nothing about him except that he is from Beijing.6apart from在不同的上下文中,既有besides的含義,又有except和except for的含義,要根據(jù)上下文來判別。如:Apart from/Besides English,he has a good mand of Russian and French.He has no interests,apart from/except his work.Its a good paper,apart from/except for a few spelling mistakes.【典例分析】 Some people choose jobs for other reasons _ money these days.Afor BexceptCbesides Dwith答案為C項。句意:如今一些人選擇工作時,除了錢的原因還有其他原因。besides表示“除之外,還有”;except表示“除外,把除去”。(xx濟南一中期末,23)_ good service,the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Shandong Cuisine.AFar from BRegardless ofCInstead of DApart from答案為D項。far from意為“遠離,遠非”;apart from意為“除以外”;instead of意為“代替,而不是”;regardless of意為“不管,不顧”。句意:除了優(yōu)質(zhì)的服務外,這個飯店提供了不同種類的傳統(tǒng)魯菜??键c九:介詞與某些詞類的習慣搭配1介詞和名詞搭配時的習慣用法(1)名詞in:difference/interest/delight/progress/satisfaction/pride等。(2)名詞to:attention/answer/key/visit/honour等。(3)名詞on:attack/pity/mercy/congratulation等。(4)名詞with:bargain/chat/mon/connection/conversation/talk等。2介詞和形容詞搭配時的習慣用法(1)與of搭配:afraid/careful/certain/sure/fond/full/ashamed/tired/proud/worthy等。(2)與at搭配:angry/surprised/pleased/moved/good/clever/slow/terrified等。(3)與in搭配:poor/rich/expert/successful/absorbed/interested/engaged/high/low/strict等。(4)與about搭配:anxious/careful/certain/sure/sorry/worried/happy等。(5)與to搭配:polite/equal/useful/necessary/strange/devoted/similar/next/kind/cruel/rude/ known/close等。(6)與for搭配:anxious/eager/famous/known/fit/sorry等。(7)與with搭配:busy/angry/strict/familiar/popular/satisfied/careful等。(8)與from搭配:different/far/free/safe/absent/tired等。(9)“It isadj.for/of sb. to do sth.”句型中,在形容詞之后多用for短語,表示后面不定式的邏輯主語。但當是指性格、情感方面的形容詞時,后面用of短語;常見的這類形容詞有cruel/kind/good/clever/foolish/honest/nice/careful/careless/brave/polite/rude/wise/stupid/lazy等。如:Its important for you to learn English well.Its foolish of you to lie to the teacher.【典例分析】 (xx江蘇高考,29)Thank God youre safe!I stepped back,just _ to avoid the racing car.Ain time Bin caseCin need Din vain答案為A項??疾榻樵~短語。in time意為“及時”;in case意為“以防,萬一”;in need意為“需要”;in vain意為“徒勞,無益地”。句意:感謝上帝,你沒事。我往后退了退,剛好及時地避開了賽車。誤區(qū)警示1近義介詞的易錯點(xx全國高考,16)100 is the temperature _ which water will boil.Afor BatCon Dof【錯混透析】B由于本句中的which指代上文的100,所以應選at表示“在多少度,在這一點上”。受漢語意思的影響,該題易誤選on?!窘忸}指導】 由于介詞不能單獨充當某一成分,所以一般不會單一考查介詞,而更多的是融合在語境或句型中,符合單項填空題“在具體的語境中考查英語基礎知識的運用”的命題思想。因此做題時不能孤立地局限于介詞單方面的意義,而要全面理解試題的結(jié)構(gòu)和句意,在此基礎上仔細辨析,作出最佳選擇。平時的學習中,要善于歸納、總結(jié)和積累,注意常用介詞的基本用法和多義性,區(qū)別近義介詞在不同的語境中的不同含義。2介詞的常見搭配易錯點(xx陜西高考,11)An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the mittee members are _ it.Aagainst BforCto Dwith【錯混透析】A句意:達成協(xié)議似乎是不可能的,因為委員會的大部分人都反對。be against意為“反對,不贊成”;be for意為“同意,支持”。如果不能正確理解句意,可能會誤選B項,如果不了解搭配,可能會誤選C、D項?!窘忸}指導】 常用介詞搭配在英語中極其豐富,意義復雜多變。同一個介詞可以與不同的動詞、名詞或形容詞搭配,表示不同的意思;反之,同一個動詞、名詞或形容詞與不同的介詞搭配,也表示不同的意思。掌握這些搭配,對夯實基礎、提高英語水平大有裨益。要掌握這些搭配,關(guān)鍵是看平時的積累,首先要理解不同介詞的含義,其次要注意觀察、發(fā)現(xiàn),并識記介詞的各種搭配。3介詞短語的易錯點(xx福建高考,26)China has been pushing the reform of public hospitals _ all its citizens.Ain charge of Bfor the purpose ofCin honor of Dfor the benefit of【錯混透析】Din charge of意為“掌管,負責”;for the purpose of意為“為了的目的”;in honor of意為“向表示敬意,為紀念”;for the benefit of意為“為了的利益”。句意:為了全國人民的利益,中國一直推行公立醫(yī)院的改革。該題造成誤選的原因是沒有掌握四個介詞短語的不同含義?!窘忸}指導】 介詞本身數(shù)量不多,但它與動詞、形容詞和名詞等實詞的搭配力極強,因此衍生出的詞組讓人有些“目不暇接”,高考對介詞短語的考查頻頻出現(xiàn)。平時的學習中要注意識記一些介詞短語的構(gòu)成和意義,做題時結(jié)合句意作出選擇。1(xx山東濰坊壽光現(xiàn)代中學一模,45) I know you have got a smooth tongue,so dont talk me _ buying it.AawayBdownCout Dinto2(xx山東實驗中學三模,28) Almost everybody has sensed that Dave cares most about money _ the surface.Abeneath BbehindCunder Dbelow3A friend is not just someone _ whom you say hello but a shoulder _ which you can cry.Ato;on Bon;toCwith;over Dfrom;with4Tired,Jim was fast asleep with his back _ a tree.Ain BbelowCbeside Dagainst 5It is said that Greece has decided to sell a small island _ its coast to pay for the debts.Ain BatCoff Dof6_ only 20 minutes to go before the train left,I felt uneasy in the taxi to the railway station.AFor BWithCAs DBecause7(xx山東淄博一模,34) Its _ belief that parents have to spend nearly 500,000 yuan bringing up a child in China nowadays.Abeyond BinCwithout Dagainst8Between 2000 and xx,the number of overseas visitors expanded _ 27%.Aby BforCto Din9Most Americans would prefer to keep their problems _ themselves,and solve their problems _ themselves.Ato;by Bby;toCfor;to Din;on10(xx山東威海一模,34) Could you please introduce me to the person _ this project?Ain place of Bin possession ofCin terms of Din charge of11(xx山東淄博桓臺二中月考,33) There wont be a good harvest of wheat in North China this year _ the severe drought.Ain spite of Bapart fromCdue to Din case of12(xx山東煙臺期末,31) This pany has launched several types of cars this year,and one _ appeals to the young.Ain return Bin particularCin addition Din turn13A huge amount of money has been spent _ the new bridge.Ain BonCwith Dfor14(xx山東泰安期末,33) _ my efforts at persuasion,he wouldnt agree.AApart from BIn spite ofCBecause of DIn terms of15. Wed better discuss everything _ before we work out the plan.Ain general Bin detailCon purpose Don time參考答案四、介詞和介詞短語命題調(diào)研明晰考向真題試做1D考查介詞辨析。beyond “超出”;with“具有,和一起”;among “在當中”;over “在正上方,在期間”。句意:很抱歉沒給你打電話,我最近這幾周一直都很忙。根據(jù)句意D項正確。over the last/past一段時間“在過去的里”,與現(xiàn)在完成時搭配使用。2C考查介詞的用法。within easy reach“在容易夠到的地方;在的附近”。句意“在廚房里,你要把常用的東西放到容易夠到的地方,這樣能節(jié)省時間”。創(chuàng)新模擬預測演練1Dtalk sb.into doing sth.意為“說服某人做某事”,其中into強調(diào)動態(tài)變化過程。2Abeneath為書面用詞,指“緊挨之下”,與on相對;under為普通用詞,指在某物的正下方,含垂直在下的意思,與over相對;below指位置低于某物或在某物下方,但不一定在正下方,所指范圍較寬,與above相對;behind意為“在之后”。句意:幾乎每個人都感覺到了在表象之下戴夫最在意的是錢。3Asay hello to sb.意為“向某人問好”,所以第一個空應選to,to whom引導定語從句修飾someone;第二個空應選on,on which引導定語從句修飾a shoulder,表示“在肩膀上”。4D分析句式結(jié)構(gòu),可知with his back和后面的介詞短語構(gòu)成with復合結(jié)構(gòu)。against a tree “靠著樹,倚著樹”。5Coff意為“離一些距離,離不遠的海上”。此處表示“離希臘海岸不遠的一個小島”。6B該題應選with,表示“有”。7Abeyond意為“超過,超出范圍”,beyond belief表示“難以置信”。句意:在當今的中國,父母養(yǎng)育一個孩子需要花費近50萬元,這真難以置信。8Aby用來表示增減的幅度,所以答案為A項。to可表示增減的結(jié)果,意為“到程度”。9Akeep.to oneself意為“把保守為秘密,不交際”;by oneself意為“獨自,單獨地”。句意:大多數(shù)美國人更喜歡把問題藏在心底,由自己來解決這些問題。10Din place of意為“代替”;in possession of意為“擁有”;in terms of意為“在方面,就而言”;in charge of意為“負責,掌管”。根據(jù)句意判斷應選D項,表示“負責這個項目的人”。11CA項意為“盡管,不管”;B項意為“除了”;C項意為“由于”;D項意為“以防”。根據(jù)句意判斷應選C項表示原因,意為“由于大旱”。12BA項意為“作為回報,作為報答”;B項意為“特別是,尤其是”;C項意為“另外,加上”;D項意為“反過來”。根據(jù)句意判斷應選B項,表示“其中一款汽車尤其吸引年輕人”。13B本題考查固定結(jié)構(gòu)“spend some money on sth.”的被動語態(tài)形式。14BA項意為“除了”;B項意為“盡管,雖然”;C項意為“因為”;D項意為“在方面,就而言”。句意:盡管我努力地勸說他,他還是不同意。15BA項意為“一般來說,通?!?;B項意為“詳細地”;C項意為“故意地”;D項意為“按時”。根據(jù)句意判斷應選B項,表示“在我們實施計劃之前我們最好詳細地討論每件事情”。- 配套講稿:
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