第四章 機(jī)器人設(shè)計(jì)4.1 電機(jī)選擇4.1.1 電機(jī)扭矩機(jī)器人在滾動(dòng)過(guò)程中的動(dòng)力學(xué)模型可以表示成如下形式,如圖4.1所示。在該圖中將足和小腿合并,對(duì)動(dòng)力學(xué)模型進(jìn)行了簡(jiǎn)化。機(jī)器人能夠以滾動(dòng)體的形式持續(xù)翻滾,就在于各關(guān)節(jié)驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)使機(jī)器人的質(zhì)心相對(duì)于支撐點(diǎn)曲率圓中心有一個(gè)向前的偏置,此中心的偏置就叫做重心偏置矢量。重心偏置矢量決定了機(jī)器人滾動(dòng)運(yùn)行時(shí)的速度及加速度。本課題中機(jī)器人速度要求較低,即機(jī)器人以較低的速度滾動(dòng)。由模型可知,當(dāng)小腿作為支撐時(shí),小腿關(guān)節(jié)處電機(jī)所需要的扭矩最大。圖4.1 翻滾動(dòng)力學(xué)模型本課題中機(jī)器人速度要求較低,即機(jī)器人以較低的速度滾動(dòng)。由模型可知,當(dāng)小腿作為支撐時(shí),小腿關(guān)節(jié)處電機(jī)所需要的扭矩最大。機(jī)器人總共質(zhì)量設(shè)為2.5Kg,可初步選取驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)的最大扭矩為24.7Kg.cm.4.1.2 確定電機(jī)型號(hào)選擇的舵機(jī)型號(hào)為hitec HS-5805MG,其中MG表示金屬齒輪(BB:滾珠軸承;TG:鈦合金齒輪;TH:鈦合金高電壓齒輪;HB:帶滾珠軸承,含碳尼龍齒輪),其基本參數(shù)如表2.1所示。表3.1 hitec HS-5805MG基本參數(shù)拉力(kg.cm) 轉(zhuǎn)速(sec/600)電機(jī)型號(hào) 重量(g)4.8V 6.0V 4.8V 6.0V尺寸(長(zhǎng)*寬*高)操作溫度 軸承類(lèi)型3極鐵氧體 152 19.8 24.7 0.19 0.14 66*30*58mm -200C--+600C雙球軸承http://item.taobao.com/item.htm?id=82509744214.1.3選擇聯(lián)軸器根據(jù)前面最小端直徑的確定可以選擇合適的聯(lián)軸器。聯(lián)軸器是一種常用的軸系部件,其功能是聯(lián)接兩軸,傳遞運(yùn)動(dòng)和轉(zhuǎn)矩,機(jī)器運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)所聯(lián)接的兩軸不能分離,只有當(dāng)機(jī)器停車(chē)并將聯(lián)軸器拆開(kāi)后,兩軸才能分離。在選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)聯(lián)軸器時(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)使用要求和工作條件,如承載能力、轉(zhuǎn)速、兩軸相對(duì)位移、緩沖吸振以及裝拆、維修更換易損元件等綜合分析來(lái)確定。具體選擇時(shí)可考慮以下因素:i.原動(dòng)機(jī)和工作機(jī)的機(jī)械特性 原動(dòng)機(jī)的類(lèi)型不同,其輸出功率和轉(zhuǎn)速,有的是平穩(wěn)恒定的,有的是波動(dòng)不均勻的,而各種工作機(jī)的載荷性質(zhì)差異更大,有的甚至是強(qiáng)烈沖擊或振動(dòng),這將直接影響聯(lián)軸器類(lèi)型的選擇,是選型的主要依據(jù)之一。對(duì)于載荷為平穩(wěn)的,可選用剛性聯(lián)軸器,否則宜選用撓性聯(lián)軸器。ii.聯(lián)軸器連接的軸系及其運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)情況 對(duì)于連接軸系的質(zhì)量大、轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量大,而又經(jīng)常啟動(dòng)、變速或反轉(zhuǎn)的,應(yīng)考慮選用能承受較大瞬時(shí)過(guò)載,并能緩沖吸振的聯(lián)軸器。iii.工作機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速高低 對(duì)于需高速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的兩軸連接,應(yīng)考慮選擇聯(lián)軸器的結(jié)構(gòu)具有高平衡精度特性,以削除離心力產(chǎn)生的振動(dòng)和噪聲,避免相關(guān)元件因磨損和發(fā)熱而降低傳動(dòng)質(zhì)量和使用壽命。iv.聯(lián)軸器的對(duì)中和對(duì)保持程度 保持良好的對(duì)中是正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的前提,可防止產(chǎn)生過(guò)大附加載荷及其他不良工況。選擇的聯(lián)軸器不但要補(bǔ)償安裝時(shí)難免存在的一定相對(duì)偏差,還應(yīng)預(yù)計(jì)到能補(bǔ)償兩軸在運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)中出現(xiàn)的相對(duì)位移。v.聯(lián)軸器的結(jié)構(gòu)及工作特性 聯(lián)軸器的外形尺寸,安裝、拆卸所需的空間大小和難易程度以及對(duì)維護(hù)的要求等都應(yīng)與連接裝置的具體配置和要求相適應(yīng)。vi.聯(lián)軸器的可靠性、使用壽命和工作環(huán)境 對(duì)于要求運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)可靠,不允許運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)工作臨時(shí)中斷的傳動(dòng),最好選用不需潤(rùn)滑、無(wú)非金屬?gòu)椥栽穆?lián)軸器。高溫和含有腐蝕性介質(zhì)的場(chǎng)所應(yīng)避免使用橡膠彈性元件的聯(lián)軸器。有灰塵、潮濕的環(huán)境應(yīng)使用有罩殼的聯(lián)軸器。vii.聯(lián)軸器的制造、安裝和維護(hù)的成本。根據(jù)軸最小端裝的為連軸器,所以聯(lián)軸器的計(jì)算轉(zhuǎn)矩為 ,查表并TKAca?考慮到轉(zhuǎn)矩變化很小,故取 =1.3,則:AK=1.3×180=234N·mmTKAca?按照計(jì)算轉(zhuǎn)矩 應(yīng)小于聯(lián)軸器公稱(chēng)轉(zhuǎn)矩的條件,查標(biāo)準(zhǔn) GB/T5014-1985,ca選用 HL1 型彈性柱銷(xiāo)聯(lián)軸器,其公稱(chēng)轉(zhuǎn)矩為 300N·mm。半聯(lián)軸器的 d=19mm;半聯(lián)軸器長(zhǎng)度 L=32mm,半聯(lián)軸器與軸配合的轂孔長(zhǎng)度 =30mm。1L該聯(lián)軸器標(biāo)記為: 19325048JAHLGB??4.2 機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)4.2.1 材料選擇可變形仿生翻滾四足機(jī)器人要求質(zhì)量小,結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。使用舵機(jī)直接驅(qū)動(dòng),故而要求質(zhì)量輕。將機(jī)器人的結(jié)構(gòu)用板材來(lái)替代,可以大大降低機(jī)器人的質(zhì)量。要求機(jī)器人的結(jié)構(gòu)剛性好,便于加工,切能夠盡量減少機(jī)器人制作的成本。在本課題中選擇厚度為5mm的鋁合金板材制作四足機(jī)器人。鋁合金較之其它金屬材料相比,具有以下一些優(yōu)點(diǎn):1、密度小。鋁及鋁合金的密度接近2.7g/,約為鐵或銅的1/3。2、強(qiáng)度高。鋁及鋁合金的強(qiáng)度高。經(jīng)過(guò)一定程度的冷加工可強(qiáng)化基體強(qiáng)度,部分牌號(hào)的鋁合金還可以通過(guò)熱處理進(jìn)行強(qiáng)化處理。3、導(dǎo)電導(dǎo)熱性好。鋁的導(dǎo)電導(dǎo)熱性能僅次于銀、銅和金。4、耐蝕性好。鋁的表面易自然生產(chǎn)一層致密牢固的AL2O3保護(hù)膜,能很好的保護(hù)基體不受腐蝕。通過(guò)人工陽(yáng)極氧化和著色,可獲得良好鑄造性能的鑄造鋁合金或加工塑性好的變形鋁合金。5、易加工。添加一定的合金元素后,可獲得良好鑄造性能的鑄造鋁合金或加工塑性好的變形鋁合金。 4.2.2 機(jī)體設(shè)計(jì)可變形四足機(jī)器人要求機(jī)器人的外部輪廓曲線(xiàn)為圓弧形,故而作為機(jī)器人重要組成部分的本體也必須設(shè)計(jì)成圓弧外部輪廓。驅(qū)動(dòng)電機(jī)安裝圓弧直徑為300mm,電機(jī)在水平方向的安裝距離為280mm,機(jī)體最外沿的輪廓直徑為360mm。機(jī)體的具體尺寸圖詳見(jiàn)圖紙。由舵機(jī)外部安裝特點(diǎn),將舵機(jī)用螺栓固定在機(jī)體上。機(jī)體由圖4.2所示的兩塊鋁合金板所組成,中間用支撐架聯(lián)接,支撐架的長(zhǎng)度即機(jī)體的寬度為180mm。支撐架和電機(jī)聯(lián)接螺栓的尺寸都取為直徑6mm。圖 4.2 機(jī)體示意圖電機(jī)聯(lián)接螺栓的作用是固定電機(jī),使電機(jī)與固定件間無(wú)相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)。在連接裝配時(shí),螺母需要擰緊,在擰緊力矩作用下,螺栓除了受到預(yù)緊力的作用還受螺紋摩擦力矩,使螺栓處于拉伸與扭轉(zhuǎn)的復(fù)合應(yīng)力下。因此在進(jìn)行強(qiáng)度設(shè)計(jì)時(shí),應(yīng)綜合考慮拉伸應(yīng)力和扭轉(zhuǎn)應(yīng)力的作用。螺栓危險(xiǎn)截面的拉伸應(yīng)力為: 00214FAd???式中,d1為螺栓危險(xiǎn)截面的直徑。預(yù)緊螺栓時(shí)由螺紋力矩T產(chǎn)生的扭轉(zhuǎn)剪切應(yīng)力為: ??023 2111/6/4vFdtgd???????近似為 0.5?由于螺栓材料為塑性材料,根據(jù)第四強(qiáng)度理論,求出螺栓在預(yù)緊狀態(tài)下的計(jì)算應(yīng)力為 22223(0.5) 1.ca????故而螺栓危險(xiǎn)截面直徑尺寸的計(jì)算公式為 014.[]Fd????取鋁合金的許用拉伸應(yīng)力 為 420MPa. 螺栓組(4 個(gè)螺栓組成)承受的力為舵[]?機(jī)的重量,約為 200g. 故而0 614.30.2981.[].9.Fm??????由上述計(jì)算可以看出電機(jī)聯(lián)接螺栓的強(qiáng)度合格。同理,顯然機(jī)體聯(lián)接螺栓也合格。在以下部件的螺栓聯(lián)接校核部分省略,因?yàn)槿〉氖峭瑯拥闹睆?,故而同樣合格?.2.3 大腿機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)機(jī)器人大腿也同樣采用外輪廓為圓弧形。其最大外輪廓直徑為 360mm,電機(jī)安裝圓弧直徑為 300mm。圖 4.3 大腿機(jī)構(gòu)示意圖4.2.4 小腿機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)小腿機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)與大腿略有不同,因?yàn)樵跈C(jī)器人運(yùn)動(dòng)規(guī)劃中有一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)需要小腿內(nèi)側(cè)觸地,支撐整個(gè)機(jī)器人完成翻滾動(dòng)作。小腿機(jī)構(gòu)示意圖如圖 4.4.圖 4.4 大腿機(jī)構(gòu)示意圖4.2.5 足部設(shè)計(jì)如前所述,在小腿觸地使機(jī)器人翻滾過(guò)程中,為了使小腿與地面的摩擦足夠大,應(yīng)使小腿內(nèi)側(cè)與地面完全接觸,而非契形接觸。這樣有利于增加受力面積,改善其動(dòng)力學(xué)性能。為了使小腿內(nèi)側(cè)邊與地面完全接觸,設(shè)計(jì)使足關(guān)節(jié)的高度與小腿電機(jī)安裝中心點(diǎn)到內(nèi)側(cè)平面的距離相當(dāng)。足部的示意圖如圖 4.5 所示。圖 4.5 足部結(jié)構(gòu)圖第四章 設(shè)計(jì)總結(jié)4.1 主要內(nèi)容小結(jié)隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)和人工智能的飛速發(fā)展,移動(dòng)機(jī)器人技術(shù)得到了迅速的發(fā)展。廣闊的市場(chǎng)需求使移動(dòng)機(jī)器人的發(fā)展獲得了源源不斷的強(qiáng)大動(dòng)力,也是與其相關(guān)的若干關(guān)鍵技術(shù)不斷取得進(jìn)步的根源所在。隨著移動(dòng)機(jī)器人所擔(dān)負(fù)任務(wù)要求的不斷提高,作業(yè)環(huán)境往往并不局限于單一特征,例如城市建筑平坦路面和樓梯臺(tái)階共存;又或者會(huì)應(yīng)用于未知特征環(huán)境執(zhí)行任務(wù),例如火星表面。這種情況下,單一運(yùn)動(dòng)方式的移動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)將不再滿(mǎn)足多重特征環(huán)境的任務(wù)需求。于是,兼具幾種運(yùn)動(dòng)方式的移動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)正在成為研究的熱點(diǎn)。本課題正是在這種背景下提出的,是一項(xiàng)具有重要理論意義和實(shí)踐價(jià)值的課題。經(jīng)過(guò)幾個(gè)月的學(xué)習(xí)與努力,結(jié)合相關(guān)的理論知識(shí),主要完成了以下工作:(1)進(jìn)行了機(jī)器人總體運(yùn)動(dòng)方案設(shè)計(jì)。結(jié)合移動(dòng)機(jī)器人技術(shù)的相關(guān)知識(shí),并將仿生學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)引入到機(jī)器人設(shè)計(jì)當(dāng)中,使機(jī)器人能夠以一種機(jī)構(gòu)完成多種運(yùn)動(dòng)方式的自主互換。設(shè)計(jì)出了機(jī)器人的運(yùn)動(dòng)方案以及機(jī)器人的總體結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸。(2)在機(jī)器人結(jié)構(gòu)本體設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中,充分調(diào)查了各類(lèi)移動(dòng)機(jī)器人的本體結(jié)構(gòu)特征,對(duì)它們的結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行了分析。這使我對(duì)各類(lèi)移動(dòng)機(jī)器人結(jié)構(gòu)有了更為充分的了解,以便于在結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)中得到符合技術(shù)性能的結(jié)構(gòu),保證其運(yùn)動(dòng)精度。為使試驗(yàn)樣機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,控制方便,同時(shí)也為了降低成本,機(jī)器人各關(guān)節(jié)均采用舵機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)。(3) 在對(duì)機(jī)器人關(guān)鍵部件的校核中,通過(guò)材料力學(xué)和理論力學(xué)等力學(xué)相關(guān)知識(shí),對(duì)在運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程中受力最大的部位進(jìn)行了分析,最后運(yùn)用強(qiáng)度和剛度設(shè)計(jì)理論對(duì)各個(gè)零部件進(jìn)行了校核,對(duì)不滿(mǎn)足設(shè)計(jì)要求的零部件進(jìn)行了修正和優(yōu)化,保證了強(qiáng)度和剛度的可靠性。這一過(guò)程加強(qiáng)了我的理論知識(shí),并得到了實(shí)際運(yùn)用的機(jī)會(huì)。(4) 最后是圖紙的繪制,這一過(guò)程中結(jié)合設(shè)計(jì)和工藝要求,對(duì)各零部件進(jìn)行了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)繪圖,得到了的具體圖紙,鍛煉了 AutoCAD 繪圖軟件的運(yùn)用能力。4.2 設(shè)計(jì)心得體會(huì)實(shí)踐,是一面很亮的鏡子,能夠通過(guò)它看出我們自身的缺點(diǎn),能夠通過(guò)它查找出自身缺乏的知識(shí)。通過(guò)這次設(shè)計(jì),我明顯感覺(jué)到“書(shū)到用時(shí)方恨少”。大學(xué)四年的學(xué)習(xí)雖讓我們具備了一定的機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí),但總的來(lái)說(shuō)我們的知識(shí)缺乏實(shí)踐的檢驗(yàn),還是相當(dāng)?shù)牧闵?,所進(jìn)行的設(shè)計(jì)很粗糙,在以后的生活中我會(huì)不斷地學(xué)習(xí)充實(shí)自己。另外,設(shè)計(jì)行業(yè)是一個(gè)需要時(shí)間積累的行業(yè),工程師往往需要大量的時(shí)間去磨礪。成功等于 99%的勤奮+1%的天賦。在今后的工作和學(xué)習(xí)中我會(huì)更加堅(jiān)定自己的目標(biāo),勇往無(wú)前而奮斗!參考文獻(xiàn)[1] 常勇,馬書(shū)根 ,王洪光等. 輪式移動(dòng)機(jī)器人運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)建模方法[J]. 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The International Journal of Robotics Research, 2005(12):1033-1053.[38] 劉金國(guó), 王越超,李斌等.鏈?zhǔn)娇芍貥?gòu)模塊化機(jī)器人變形機(jī)理與實(shí)現(xiàn)[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械學(xué)報(bào),2005(9):101-105.附 錄序號(hào) 圖名 圖號(hào) 紙張 1 總體尺寸圖 RQR-Z A0 2 機(jī)體 RQR-00 A0 3 大腿內(nèi)側(cè)板 RQR-01 A2 4 大腿外側(cè)板 RQR-02 A1 5 小腿內(nèi)側(cè)板 RQR-03 A3 6 小腿外側(cè)板 RQR-04 A2 7 電機(jī)聯(lián)接螺栓 RQR-05 A1 8 機(jī)體支撐架 RQR-06 A2 9 大腿支撐架 RQR-07 A1 10 小腿支撐架 RQR-08 A311 足 RQR-09 A3外文資料High-speed machining and demand for the development ofHigh-speed machining is contemporary advanced manufacturing technology an important component of the high-efficiency, High-precision and high surface quality, and other features. This article presents the technical definition of the current state of development of China's application fields and the demand situation.High-speed machining is oriented to the 21st century a new high-tech, high-efficiency, High-precision and high surface quality as a basic feature, in the automobile industry, aerospace, Die Manufacturing and instrumentation industries gained increasingly widespread application, and has made significant technical and economic benefits. contemporary advanced manufacturing technology an important component part.HSC is to achieve high efficiency of the core technology manufacturers, intensive processes and equipment packaged so that it has a high production efficiency. It can be said that the high-speed machining is an increase in the quantity of equipment significantly improve processing efficiency essential to the technology. High-speed machining is the major advantages : improve production efficiency, improve accuracy and reduce the processing of cutting resistance.The high-speed machining of meaning, at present there is no uniform understanding, there are generally several points as follows : high cutting speed. usually faster than that of their normal cutting 5 -10 times; machine tool spindle speed high, generally spindle speed in -20000r/min above 10,000 for high-speed cutting; Feed at high velocity, usually 15 -50m/min up to 90m/min; For different cutting materials and the wiring used the tool material, high-speed cutting the meaning is not necessarily the same; Cutting process, bladed through frequency (Tooth Passing Frequency) closer to the “machine-tool - Workpiece “system the dominant natural frequency (Dominant Natural Frequency), can be considered to be high-speed cutting. Visibility high-speed machining is a comprehensive concept.1992. Germany, the Darmstadt University of Technology, Professor H. Schulz in the 52th on the increase of high-speed cutting for the concept and the scope, as shown in Figure 1. Think different cutting targets, shown in the figure of the transition area (Transition), to be what is commonly called the high-speed cutting, This is also the time of metal cutting process related to the technical staff are looking forward to, or is expected to achieve the cutting speed.High-speed machining of machine tools, knives and cutting process, and other aspects specific requirements. Several were from the following aspects : high-speed machining technology development status and trends.At this stage, in order to achieve high-speed machining, general wiring with high flexibility of high-speed CNC machine tools, machining centers, By using a dedicated high-speed milling, drilling. These equipment in common is : We must also have high-speed and high-speed spindle system feeding system, Cutting can be achieved in high-speed process. High-speed cutting with the traditional cutting the biggest difference is that “Machine-tool-workpiece“ the dynamic characteristics of cutting performance is stronger influence. In the system, the machine spindle stiffness, grip or form, a long knife set, spindle Broach, torque tool set, Performance high-speed impact are important factors.In the high-speed cutting, material removal rate (Metal Removal Rate, MRR), unit time that the material was removed volume, usually based on the “machine-tool-workpiece“ whether Processing System “chatter.“ Therefore, in order to satisfy the high-speed machining needs, we must first improve the static and dynamic stiffness of machine spindle is particularly the stiffness characteristics. HSC reason at this stage to be successful, a very crucial factor is the dynamic characteristics of the master and processing capability.In order to better describe the machine spindle stiffness characteristics of the project presented new dimensionless parameter - DN value, used for the evaluation of the machine tool spindle structure on the high-speed machining of adaptability. DN value of the so-called “axis diameter per minute speed with the product.“ The newly developed spindle machining center DN values have been great over one million. To reduce the weight bearing, but also with an array of steel products than to the much more light ceramic ball bearings; Bearing Lubrication most impressive manner mixed with oil lubrication methods. In the field of high-speed machining. have air bearings and the development of magnetic bearings and magnetic bearings and air bearings combined constitute the magnetic gas / air mixing spindle.Feed the machine sector, high-speed machining used in the feed drive is usually larger lead, multiple high-speed ball screw and ball array of small-diameter silicon nitride (Si3N4) ceramic ball, to reduce its centrifugal and gyroscopic torque; By using hollow-cooling technology to reduce operating at high speed ball screw as temperature generated by the friction between the lead screw and thermal deformation.In recent years, the use of linear motor-driven high-speed system of up to'' Such feed system has removed the motor from workstations to Slide in the middle of all mechanical transmission links, Implementation of Machine Tool Feed System of zero transmission. Because no linear motor rotating components, from the role of centrifugal force, can greatly increase the feed rate. Linear Motor Another major advantage of the trip is unrestricted. The linear motor is a very time for a continuous machine shop in possession of the bed. Resurfacing of the very meeting where a very early stage movement can go, but the whole system of up to the stiffness without any influence. By using high-speed screw, or linear motor can greatly enhance machine system of up to the rapid response. The maximum acceleration linear motors up to 2-10G (G for the acceleration of gravity), the largest feed rate of up to 60 -200m/min or higher.2002 world-renowned Shanghai Pudong maglev train project of maglev track steel processing, Using the Shenyang Machine Tool Group Holdings Limited McNair friendship company production plants into extra-long high-speed system for large-scale processing centers achieve . The machine feeding system for the linear guide and rack gear drive, the largest table feed rate of 60 m / min, Quick trip of 100 m / min, 2 g acceleration, maximum speed spindle 20000 r / min, the main motor power 80 kW. X-axis distance of up to 30 m, 25 m cutting long maglev track steel error is less than 0.15 mm. Maglev trains for the smooth completion of the project provided a strong guarantee for technologyIn addition, the campaign machine performance will also directly affect the processing efficiency and accuracy of processing. Mold and the free surface of high-speed machining, the main wiring with small cut deep into methods for processing. Machine requirements in the feed rate conditions, should have high-precision positioning functions and high-precision interpolation function, especially high-precision arc interpolation. Arc processing is to adopt legislation or thread milling cutter mold or machining parts, the essential processing methods.Cutting Tools Tool Material development high-speed cutting and technological development of the history, tool material is continuous progress of history. The representation of high-speed cutting tool material is cubic boron nitride (CBN). Face Milling Cutter use of CBN, its cutting speed can be as high as 5000 m / min, mainly for the gray cast iron machining. Polycrystalline diamond (PCD) has been described as a tool of the 21st century tool, It is particularly applicable to the cutting aluminum alloy containing silica material, which is light weight metal materials, high strength, widely used in the automobile, motorcycle engine, electronic devices shell, the base, and so on. At present, the use of polycrystalline diamond cutter Face Milling alloy, 5000m/min the cutting speed has reached a practical level. In addition ceramic tool also applies to gray iron of high-speed machining;Tool Coating : CBN and diamond cutter, despite good high-speed performance, but the cost is relatively high. Using the coating technology to make cutting tool is the low price, with excellent mechanical properties, which can effectively reduce the cost. Now high-speed processing of milling cutter, with most of the wiring between the Ti-A1-N composite technology for the way of multi-processing, If present in the non-ferrous metal or alloy material dry cutting, DLC (Diamond Like Carbon) coating on the cutter was of great concern. It is expected that the market outlook is very significant;Tool clamping system : Tool clamping system to support high-speed cutting is an important technology, Currently the most widely used is a two-faced tool clamping system. Has been formally invested as a commodity market at the same clamping tool system are : HSK, KM, Bigplus. NC5, AHO systems.In the high-speed machining, tool and fixture rotary performance of the balance not only affects the precision machining and tool life. it will also affect the life of machine tools. So, the choice of tool system, it should be a balanced selection of good products.Process Parameters.Cutting speed of high-speed processing of conventional shear velocity of about 10 times. For every tooth cutter feed rate remained basically unchanged, to guarantee parts machining precision, surface quality and durability of the tool, Feed volume will also be a corresponding increase about 10 times, reaching 60 m / min, Some even as high as 120 m / min. Therefore, high-speed machining is usually preclude the use of high-speed, feed and depth of cut small cutting parameters. Due to the high-speed machining cutting cushion tend to be small, the formation of very thin chip light, Cutting put the heat away quickly; If the wiring using a new thermal stability better tool materials and coatings, Using the dry cutting process for high-speed machining is the ideal technology program.High-speed machining field of application.Flexible efficient production line.To adapt to the needs of new models, auto body panel molds and resin-prevention block the forming die. must shorten the production cycle and reduce the cost of production and, therefore, we must make great efforts to promote the production of high-speed die in the process. SAIC affiliated with the company that : Compared to the past, finishing, further precision; the same time, the surface roughness must be met, the bending of precision, this should be subject to appropriate intensive manual processing. Due to the extremely high cutting speed, and the last finishing processes, the processing cycle should be greatly reduced.To play for machining centers and boring and milling machining center category represented by the high-speed machining technology and automatic tool change function of distinctions Potential to improve processing efficiency, the processing of complex parts used to be concentrated as much as possible the wiring process, that is a fixture in achieving multiple processes centralized processing and dilute the traditional cars, milling, boring, Thread processing different cutting the limits of technology, equipment and give full play to the high-speed cutting tool function, NC is currently raising machine efficiency and speed up product development in an effective way. Therefore, the proposed multi-purpose tool of the new requirements call for a tool to complete different parts of the machining processes, ATC reduce the number of ATC to save time, to reduce the quantity and tool inventory, and management to reduce production costs. More commonly used in a multifunctional Tool, milling, boring and milling, drilling milling, drilling-milling thread-range tool. At the same time, mass production line, against the use of technology requires the development of special tools, tool or a smart composite tool, improve processing efficiency and accuracy and reduced investment. In the high-speed cutting conditions, and some special tools can be part of the processing time to the original 1 / 10 below, results are quite remarkable.HSC has a lot of advantages such as : a large number of materials required resection of the workpiece with ultrafine, thin structure of the workpiece, Traditionally, the need to spend very long hours for processing mobile workpiece and the design of rapid change, short product life cycle of the workpiece, able to demonstrate high-speed cutting brought advantages.中文翻譯高速加工和高速加工的發(fā)展,高效率,高精度,高表面質(zhì)量,以及其他功能是當(dāng)代先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的重要組成部分。本文主要介紹技術(shù)定義,目前的狀況發(fā)展,我國(guó)的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域和需求情況。 高速加工是面向 21 世紀(jì)的一門(mén)新興的高科技,高效率,高精度,高表面質(zhì)量的一門(mén)工藝,在汽車(chē)行業(yè),航空航天,模具制造和儀器儀表行業(yè)日益得到廣泛應(yīng)用,并已取得了重大技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)利益,是當(dāng)代先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的重要組成部分。 高速加工是實(shí)現(xiàn)高效率的核心技術(shù),制造商,密集的生產(chǎn)工序和設(shè)備,包裝,使其具有較高的生產(chǎn)效率。可以說(shuō),高速加工是提高設(shè)備的數(shù)量顯著提高加工效率必不可少的技術(shù)。高速加工的主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)是:提高生產(chǎn)效率,提高準(zhǔn)確性和減少加工切削阻力。高速加工中的意義,目前還沒(méi)有統(tǒng)一的理解,有一般的幾點(diǎn)如下:高切削速度。通??煊谡G懈?5-10 倍;機(jī)床主軸轉(zhuǎn)速高,一般轉(zhuǎn)速在 -20000r/min 高速切削;送料速度很高,通常為 15 -50m/min;對(duì)于不同的切削材料和電線(xiàn)用刀具材料,高速切削的含義不一定是相同的;切削過(guò)程中,刀片通過(guò)頻率(傳遞頻率)更接近于“機(jī)床 -工件” 系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)勢(shì)自然頻率(主導(dǎo)的固有頻率) ,可以被認(rèn)為是高速切削??梢?jiàn)高速加工是一個(gè)綜合概念。 1992 年。德國(guó)達(dá)姆施塔特技術(shù)大學(xué)教授舒爾茨閣下增加高速切削的概念和范圍,認(rèn)為不同的切割指標(biāo),圖中所示的過(guò)渡區(qū)(過(guò)渡) ,是所謂的高速切削,這也是金屬切削過(guò)程中有關(guān)技術(shù)人員正期待著,或者是預(yù)計(jì)能實(shí)現(xiàn)的切削速度。高速加工機(jī)床,刀具和切削過(guò)程,和其他方面的具體要求主要來(lái)自以下幾個(gè)方面:高速加工技術(shù)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀和趨勢(shì)。在這一階段,為了實(shí)現(xiàn)高速加工,一般電線(xiàn)具有高靈活性的高速數(shù)控機(jī)床,加工中心,通過(guò)一個(gè)專(zhuān)用的高速銑,鉆。這些設(shè)備的共同特點(diǎn)是:我們還必須有高速和高速主軸系統(tǒng)喂料系統(tǒng),切割,才能實(shí)現(xiàn)高速進(jìn)程。高速切削與傳統(tǒng)切削的最大區(qū)別是,“機(jī)床,工件”的動(dòng)態(tài)特性,切削性能強(qiáng)的影響力。在該系統(tǒng)中,機(jī)床主軸的剛度,控制或形式,長(zhǎng)期套刀,主軸拉刀,扭矩工具,性能高,速度的影響的重要因素。 在高速切削,材料去除率(金屬去除率,降低死亡率) ,單位時(shí)間的材料去除量,通常是根據(jù)“機(jī)床,工件”是否處理系統(tǒng)“聊天” 。因此,為了滿(mǎn)足高速加工的需求,我們必須首先提高靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)剛度,尤其是機(jī)床主軸的剛度特性。造血干細(xì)胞的理由在這個(gè)階段要取得成功,一個(gè)非常關(guān)鍵的因素是動(dòng)態(tài)特性的掌握和處理能力。為了更好地描述了機(jī)床主軸剛度特性的項(xiàng)目提出了新的無(wú)量綱參數(shù)- DN 值,用于評(píng)估機(jī)床主軸結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)高速加工的適應(yīng)性。 DN 值所謂的“邪惡軸心直徑速度每分鐘的產(chǎn)品。 ”新開(kāi)發(fā)的加工中心主軸的 DN 值已超過(guò) 100 萬(wàn)偉大。為了減少負(fù)重,而且還提供了一系列的鋼鐵產(chǎn)品,而不是更加輕陶瓷球軸承,軸承潤(rùn)滑最令人印象深刻的方式混合油潤(rùn)滑的方法。領(lǐng)域中的高速加工。有空氣軸承和發(fā)展磁力軸承和磁力軸承和空氣軸承相結(jié)合構(gòu)成的磁氣體/空氣混合主軸。 飼料機(jī)械部門(mén),高速加工飼料中使用驅(qū)動(dòng)器通常是較大的鉛,多個(gè)高速滾珠絲杠和球的小直徑氮化硅( Si3N4 陶瓷)陶瓷球,以減少其離心和陀螺力矩;使用中空冷卻技術(shù),以降低運(yùn)營(yíng)高速滾珠絲杠作為所產(chǎn)生的溫度之間的摩擦和絲杠熱變形。 近年來(lái),利用直線(xiàn)電機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)的高速系統(tǒng)最多''這種飼料系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)取消了汽車(chē)從工作站幻燈片中所有的機(jī)械傳動(dòng)鏈,實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)床進(jìn)給系統(tǒng)的零傳動(dòng)。由于沒(méi)有直線(xiàn)電機(jī)旋轉(zhuǎn)部件,從離心力的作用,可以大大提高了進(jìn)給速度。直線(xiàn)電機(jī)的另一個(gè)主要優(yōu)勢(shì),此行是無(wú)限制的。直線(xiàn)電機(jī)是一種非常的時(shí)間,連續(xù)車(chē)間擁有床位。重的非常會(huì)議上,非常初級(jí)的階段,可以去運(yùn)動(dòng),但整個(gè)系統(tǒng)的行動(dòng)的剛度沒(méi)有任何影響。通過(guò)使用高速螺絲,或直線(xiàn)電機(jī)可以大大提高計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的行動(dòng)的快速反應(yīng)。最大加速度直線(xiàn)電機(jī)的 2 -萬(wàn)兆( G 的重力的重力加速度) ,最大進(jìn)給速度高達(dá) 60 -200m/min 或更高。 2002 年世界著名的上海浦東磁懸浮列車(chē)項(xiàng)目的磁懸浮軌道鋼鐵加工,利用沉陽(yáng)機(jī)床集團(tuán)控股有限公司捷友誼公司的生產(chǎn)工廠(chǎng)到超長(zhǎng)高速系統(tǒng)的大型加工中心實(shí)現(xiàn)。本機(jī)進(jìn)給系統(tǒng)的直線(xiàn)導(dǎo)軌和齒條齒輪傳動(dòng),最大的表進(jìn)給速度 60 米/分,快速行程為 100 米/分鐘,二克加速,最高時(shí)速主軸 20000 轉(zhuǎn)/分,主電機(jī)功率 80 千瓦。X 軸的距離可達(dá) 30 米,長(zhǎng) 25 米切削鋼磁懸浮軌道誤差小于 0.15毫米。磁懸浮列車(chē)的順利完成該項(xiàng)目提供了強(qiáng)有力的保證技術(shù) 。此外,該系列機(jī)器的性能也將直接影響到加工效率和精度加工。模具和自由表面的高速加工,主要的線(xiàn)路與小切口深的方法進(jìn)行處理。機(jī)所需飼料率條件下,應(yīng)該有高精密定位功能和高精度的插值函數(shù),特別是高精密圓弧插補(bǔ)。電弧處理是通過(guò)立法或螺紋銑刀加工模具或零件的基本處理方法。 刀具刀具材料的發(fā)展,高速切削技術(shù)的發(fā)展歷史,是刀具材料不斷進(jìn)步的歷史。代表性的高速切削刀具材料是立方氮化硼( cBN ) 。面銑刀使用立方氮化硼,其切削速度可高達(dá)五 000 米/分鐘,主要用于灰鑄鐵加工。聚晶金剛石(聚晶金剛石)已被描述為一個(gè)工具, 21 世紀(jì)的工具,它特別適用于切割含有硅鋁合金材料,這是重量輕金屬材料,強(qiáng)度高,廣泛應(yīng)用于汽車(chē),摩托車(chē)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī),電子設(shè)備的外殼,該基地,等等。目前,使用聚晶金剛石刀具面銑刀合金, 5000m/min 的切削速度已達(dá)到實(shí)用水平。此外陶瓷刀具也適用于灰口鑄鐵的高速加工; 刀具涂層:立方氮化硼和金剛石刀具,盡管良好的高速性能,但成本也相對(duì)較高。采用涂層技術(shù),使刀具的價(jià)格低,具有優(yōu)良的力學(xué)性能,可有效降低成本?,F(xiàn)在的高速加工銑刀,大部分線(xiàn)路之間的鈦格 A1 - N 復(fù)合技術(shù),以多種方式處理,如果目前在非鐵金屬或合金材料干切削,金剛石(類(lèi)金剛石)涂層刀具是非常關(guān)注的問(wèn)題。預(yù)計(jì)該市場(chǎng)前景是非常重要的; 刀具夾緊系統(tǒng):刀具夾緊系統(tǒng),以支持高速切削是一項(xiàng)重要的技術(shù),目前使用最廣泛的是兩面工具夾緊系統(tǒng)。已正式投入市場(chǎng)作為一種商品在同一夾緊工具系統(tǒng)是:阿霍系統(tǒng)。在高速加工,工具和夾具旋轉(zhuǎn)性能的平衡,不僅影響精密加工和刀具壽命。它也將影響到生活的機(jī)床。因此,在選擇工具系統(tǒng),它應(yīng)該是一個(gè)平衡的選擇好的產(chǎn)品。工藝參數(shù),切削速度高速加工常規(guī)剪切速度的 10 倍左右。每齒刀進(jìn)給速度基本保持不變,以保證零件的加工精度,表面質(zhì)量和耐用性的工具,飼料量也將相應(yīng)增加約 10 倍,達(dá)到 60 米/分鐘,有的甚至高達(dá) 120 米/ 民。因此,高速加工通常是排除使用高速,飼料和切削深度小切削參數(shù)。由于高速加工切割墊往往很小,形成非常薄的片光,熱切割把消失;如果使用新的布線(xiàn)熱穩(wěn)定性更好的工具,材料和涂料,使用干式切削加工過(guò)程中的高高速加工技術(shù)是一種理想的計(jì)劃。 高速加工領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用,靈活高效的生產(chǎn)線(xiàn),為了適應(yīng)需求的新車(chē)型,汽車(chē)車(chē)身模具和樹(shù)脂小組預(yù)防阻止成形模具。必須縮短生產(chǎn)周期,降低生產(chǎn)成本,因此,我們必須作出巨大努力,以促進(jìn)生產(chǎn)高速芯片的過(guò)程中。上汽集團(tuán)下屬公司:與過(guò)去相比,精加工,進(jìn)一步精度;同時(shí),表面粗糙度必須滿(mǎn)足的,彎曲的精確度,本應(yīng)受到適當(dāng)?shù)拿芗娜斯ぬ幚?。由于極高的切削速度,最后整理過(guò)程,處理周期應(yīng)大大減少。 發(fā)揮的加工中心和鏜銑類(lèi)加工中心為代表的高速加工技術(shù)和自動(dòng)換刀功能的區(qū)別可能改善加工效率,加工復(fù)雜零件用來(lái)集中盡可能布線(xiàn)過(guò)程中,這是一個(gè)固定在實(shí)現(xiàn)多個(gè)進(jìn)程的集中處理和淡化傳統(tǒng)的車(chē),銑,鏜,線(xiàn)切割加工不同的限制的技術(shù),設(shè)備和充分發(fā)揮高速切削工具的功能,目前正在提高數(shù)控機(jī)床效率和加快產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)的一條有效途徑。因此,擬議的多用途工具的新的要求需要一個(gè)工具來(lái)完成不同地區(qū)的加工過(guò)程,空中交通管制的次數(shù)減少了,空管,以節(jié)省時(shí)間,減少數(shù)量和工具清單,和管理,以降低生產(chǎn)成本。較常用的一種多功能工具,銑削,鏜銑,鉆銑,鉆,銑螺紋范圍工具。與此同時(shí),大規(guī)模的生產(chǎn)線(xiàn),對(duì)技術(shù)的利用,需要制定專(zhuān)門(mén)的工具,工具或智能復(fù)合工具,提高加工效率和精度,并減少投資。在高速切削條件下,和一些特殊的工具,可以部分的時(shí)間來(lái)處理原始的 1 / 10 以下,結(jié)果是相當(dāng)驚人的。 高速加工有很多優(yōu)點(diǎn),如:大量的材料需要切除工件超細(xì),超薄結(jié)構(gòu)的工件,傳統(tǒng)上,需要花費(fèi)很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間處理移動(dòng)工件和設(shè)計(jì)的快速變化,短期產(chǎn)品生命周期工件,能夠證明高速切削帶來(lái)的好處。