河南理工大學萬方科技學院本科畢業(yè)論文 附錄： 外文資料： 外文資料與 中文翻譯NC Technolog y Shigley J E.1、 Research current situation of NC lathe in our times Research and development process to such various kinds of new technologies as numerical control lathe , machining center , FMS , CIMS ,etc. of countries all over the world, linked to with the international economic situation closely. The machine tool industry has international economy to mutually promote and develop, enter 21 alert eras of World Affairs, the function that people's knowledge plays is more outstanding , and the machine tool industry is regarded as the foundation of the manufacturing industry of the machine, its key position and strategic meaning are more obvious. Within 1991 -1994 years, the economic recession of the world, expensive FMS, CIMS lowers the temperature, among 1995-2000 years, the international economy increases at a low 1 河南理工大學萬方科技學院本科畢業(yè)論文 speed, according to requisition for NC lathe and the world four major international lathes exhibition in order to boost productivity of users of various fields of present world market (EMO , IMTS , JIMTOF , China CIMT of Japan of U.S.A. of Europe), have the analysis of the exhibit, there are the following several points mainly in the technical research of NC lathe in our times: （ 1 ） Pay more attention to new technology and innovation Worldwide , are launching the new craft , new material , new structure , new unit , research and development of the new component in a more cost-effective manner, developmental research of for instance new cutter material , the new electric main shaft of main shaft structure , high speed , high-speed straight line electrical machinery ,etc Regard innovating in improvement of the processing technology as the foundation, for process ultra and hard difficult to cut material and special composite and complicated part , irregular curved surface ,etc. research and develop new lathe variety constantly. 2 河南理工大學萬方科技學院本科畢業(yè)論文 （2）Improve the precision and research of machine tooling In order to improve the machining accuracy of the machining center , are improving rigidity of the lathe , reduction vibration constantly, dispel hotly and out of shape, reduce the noise , improve the precision of localization of NC lathe , repeat precision , working dependability , s tability , precision keeping, world a lot of country carry on lathe hot error , lathe sport and load out of shape software of error compensate technical research, take precision compensate , software compensate measure improve , some may make this kind of error dispel 60% already. And is developing retrofit constantly, nanometer is being processed. （3）Improve the research of the machine tooling productivity World NC lathe, machining center and corresponding some development of main shaft , electrical machinery of straight line , measuring system , NC system of high speed, under the prerequisite of boosting productivity. （4）What a lot of countries have already begun to the numerical control system melt intelligently, 3 河南理工大學萬方科技學院本科畢業(yè)論文 openly, study networkedly A、 elligent r esearch of the numerical control system Mainly showing in the following aspects: It is intelligent in order to pursue the efficiency of processing and process quality, the self-adaptation to the processing course is controlled, the craft parameter produces research automatically; Join the convenient one in order to improve the performance of urging and use intelligently, to the feedback control , adaptive operation , discerning automatically load selects models automatically , since carries on research whole definitely ,etc. of the electrical machinery parameter; There are such research of the respect as intelligent automatic programming , intelligent man-machine interface , intelligence diagnosing , intelligent monitoring ,etc B、 The numerical control system melts and studies open Mainly showing in the following aspects: The development of the numerical control system is on unified operation platform, face the lathe producer and support final ly, through changing, increasing or cutting out the structure target(numerical control target ), form the seriation, and can use users specially conveniently and the technical know -how is integrated in the control system, realize the open numerical control system of different variety , different grade fast, form leading brand 4 河南理工大學萬方科技學院本科畢業(yè)論文 products with distinct distinction. System structure norm of the open numerical control system at present, norm , disposing the norm , operation platform , numerical control systematic function storehouse and numerical control systematic function software developing instrument ,etc. are the core of present research to pass through. C、Meeting the manufacture system of the production line , demand for the information integration of the manufacturing company networkedly greatly of numerical control equipment, it is a basic unit of realizing the new manufacture mode too. 2、Classification of the machining center （1）Process according to main shaft space position when it classifies to be as follows, horizonta l an d ve rtical machining center. Horizontal machining center, refer to the machining center that the axis level of the main shaft is set up . Horizontal machining center for 3-5 sport coordinate axis, a common one three rectilinear motion coordinate axis and one turn the coordinate axis of sports round (turn the workingbench round), it can one is it is it finish other 4 Taxi processing besides installing surfaces and top surfaces to insert to install in work piece, 5 河南理工大學萬方科技學院本科畢業(yè)論文 most suitable for processing the case body work piece . Compared with strength type machining center it, the structure is complicated, the floor space is large, quality is large, the price is high. Vertical machining center, the axis of the main shaft of the vertical machining center, in order to set up vertically, its structure is mostly the regular post typ e, the workingbench is suitable for processing parts for the slippery one of cross, have 3 rectilinear motion coordinate axis generally , can find a room for one horizontal numerical control revolving stage (the 4th axle ) of axle process the spiral part at workingbench. The vertical machining center is of simple structure, the floor space is small, the price is low, after allocating various kinds of enclosures , can carry on the processing of most work pieces . Large-scale gantry machining center, the main shafts are mostly set up vertically, is especially used in the large-scale or with complicated form work piece , is it spend the many coordinate gantry machining center to need like aviation , aerospace industry , some processing of part of large-scale steam turbine. Five machining centers, this kind of machining center has function of the vertical and horizontal machining center, one is it after inserting , can finish all five Taxi processing besides installing the surface to install in work piece, the processing way can make form of work piece error lowest , save 6 河南理工大學萬方科技學院本科畢業(yè)論文 2 times install and insert working, thus improve production efficiency , reduce the process cost. (2)Classify by craf t use Is it mill machining center to bore, is it mill for vertical door frame machining center , horizontal door frame mill the machining center and Longmen door frame mill the machining center to divide into. Processing technology its rely mainly on the fact that the door frame is milled, used in case body, shell and various kinds of complicated part special curve and la rge processes , curved surface of outline process, suitable f or many varieties to produce in batches small. Complex machining center, point five times and compound and process mainly, the main shaft head can be turned round automatically, stand, lie and process, after the main shaft is turned round automatically, realize knowing that varies in the horizontal and vertical direction. (3)Classify by spe cial function Single workingbench , a pair of workingbench machining center; Single axle , dual axle , three axle can change machining center , main shaft of case; Transfer vertically to the tower machining center and transfer ; One hundred sheets of storehouses adds the main shaft and changes one one hundred sheets of machining centers; One hundred sheets o f storehouses connects and writes hands to 7 河南理工大學萬方科技學院本科畢業(yè)論文 add the main shaft and change one hundred sheets of machining centers;One hundred sheets of storehouses adds the manipulator and adds one pair of main shafts to transfer to the tower machining center. 3、Development trend of the current numerical control lathe At present, the advanced manufacturing technology in the world is rising constantly, such application of technology as ultrafast cutting , ultraprecision processing ,etc., the rapid development of the flexible manufacturing system and integrated system of the computer one is constant and ripe, have put forward higher demand to the process technology of numerical control. Nowadays the numerical control lathe i s being developed in several following directions. （1）The speed and precision at a high speed , high accuracy are two important indexes of the numerical control lathe , it concerns directly that processes efficiency and product quality. At present, numerical control system adopt-figure number, frequency high processor, in order to raise basic operation speed of system. Meanwhile , adopt the super large-scale integrated circuit and many microprocessors structure, in order to improve 8 河南理工大學萬方科技學院本科畢業(yè)論文 systematic data processing ability , namely improve and insert the speed and precision of mending operation. Adopt the straight line motor and urge the straight line of the lathe workingbench to be servo to enter to the way directly, it is quite superior that its responds the characteristic at a high speed and dynamically. Adopt f eedforward control technology , make it lag behind error reduce g reatly , thus improve the machining accuracy cut in corner not to track. For meet ultrafast demand that process, numerical control lathe adopt main shaft motor and lathe structure form that main shaft unite two into one, realize frequency conversion motor and lathe main shaft integrate , bearing , main shaft of electrical machinery adopt magnetism float the be aring , liquid sound pigeonhole such forms as the bearing or the ceramic rolling bearing ,etc At present, ceramic cutter and diamond coating cutter have already begun to get application. （2 ）Multi-functional to is it change all kinds of machining centers of organization (a of capacity of storehouse can up to 100 of the above ) automati cally to furnished with, can realize milling paring , boring and pares , bores such many kinds of processes as paring , turning , reaming , reaming , attacking whorl ,etc. to process at the same time on the same lathe , modern numerical control lathe adopt many main shaft , polyhedron cut also , carry on different cutting of way process to one different 9 河南理工大學萬方科技學院本科畢業(yè)論文 position of part at the same time. The numerical control system has because adopted many CPU structure and cuts off the control method in grades, can work o ut part processing and procedure at the same time on a lathe , realize so -called “ the front desk processes , the backstage supporter is an editor “. In order to meet the needs of integrating the systematic one in flexible manufacturing system and computer, numerical control system have remote serial interface , can network , realize data communication , numerical control of lathe, can control many numerical control lathes directly too. （3）Intelligent modern numerical control lathe introduce the adaptive control technology, according to cutting the change of the condition, automatic working parameter, make the processing course can keep the best working state , thus get the higher machining accuracy and roughness of smaller surface , can improve the service life of the cutter and production efficiency of the equipment at the same time . Diagnose by oneself , repair the function by oneself, among the whole working state, the system is diagnosed, checked by oneself to CNC system and various kinds of equipment linking to each other with it at any time. While breaking down , adopt the measure of shutting down etc. immediately , carry on the fault alarm, brief on position , reason to break down ,etc Can also make trouble module person who take off automatically , put through reserve module , so as to ensure 10 河南理工大學萬方科技學院本科畢業(yè)論文 nobody demand of working environment. For realize high trouble diagnose that requires , its development trend adopts the artificial intelligence expert to diagnose the system. （ 4 ） Numerical control programming automation with the development of application technology of the computer, CAD/CAM figure interactive automatic programming has already get more application at present, it is a new trend of the technical development of numerical control. It utilize part that CAD draw process pattern , is it calculate the trailing punishing to go on by cutter orbit data of computer and then, thus produce NC part and process the procedure automatically, in order to realize the integration of CAD and CAM. With the development of CIMS technology , the full-automatic programming way in which CAD/CAPP/CAM integrates has appeared again at present, it, and CAD/CAM systematic programming great difference their programming necessar y processing technolo gy parameter needn't by artificial to participate in most, get from CAPP database in system directly. （ 5 ） The dependability of the dependability maximization numerical control lathe has been the major indicator that users cared about most all the time . The numerical control system will adopt the circuit chip of higher integrated level , will utilize the extensive or super large-scale special-purpose and composite integrated circuit, in order to reduce the quantity of the 11 河南理工大學萬方科技學院本科畢業(yè)論文 components and parts , to improve dependability . Through the function software of the hardware, in order to meet various kinds of demands for controlling the function, adopt the module , standardization , universalization and seriation of the structure lathe noumenonn of the hardware at the same time , make not only improve the production lot of the hardware but also easy to is it produce to organize and quality check on Still through operating and starting many kinds of diagnostic programs of diagnosing , diagnosing , diagnosing off-line online etc. automatically, realize that diagnoses and reports to the police the trouble to hardware , software and various kinds of outside equipment in the sys tem. Utilize the warning suggestion, fix a breakdown in time; Utilize fault-tolerant technology, adopt and design the important part “ redundantly “, in order to realize the trouble resumes by oneself; Utilize various kinds of test , control technology , exceed Cheng , one one hundred sheets of damages , interfering , cutting out ,etc. at the time of various kinds of accidents as production, carry on corresponding protection automatically. （6）Control system miniaturization systematic miniaturization of numerical control benefit and combine the machine , electric device for an organic whole. Adopt the super large-scale integrated component , multi-layer printed circuit board mainly at present, adopt the three -dimensional installation method , 12 河南理工大學萬方科技學院本科畢業(yè)論文 make the electronic devices and components must use the high density to install, narrow systematic occupying the space on a larger scale. And ut ilize the new-type s lim display of color ed liquid crystal to substitute the traditional cathode ray tube, will make the operating system of numerical control miniaturize further. So can install it on the machine tool conveniently, benefit the operation of the numerical control lathe correctly even more. 本 文出 自 ： Shigley J E. Mechanical Engineering Design. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998 中文翻譯 ：13 河南理工大學萬方科技學院本科畢業(yè)論文 數(shù)控技術 一、當前世界 NC 機床的研究現(xiàn)狀 世界各國對數(shù)控機床、加工中心以至 FMS、CIMS 等各種新技術的研究與發(fā)展 進程，是與世 界經(jīng)濟形勢 緊密相連的。 機床工業(yè)有 世界經(jīng)濟相互促進和發(fā)展，進入 21 世界知識機警時代，人們的知識所起的作用更加突出 ，而機床工業(yè) 作為機器制 造業(yè)的基礎， 其重點地位 與戰(zhàn)略意義也更加明顯。在 1991—1994 年間，世界經(jīng)濟衰退，昂貴的 FMS，CIMS 降溫，1995 —2000 年間，世界經(jīng)濟在低速增長，根據(jù)當前世界市場各方面用戶為提高生產(chǎn)率對 NC 機床的要求以及世界四大國際機床展（歐洲的 EMO、美國的 IMTS、日本的 JIMTOF、中國的 CIMT）上展品的分析，當前世界 NC 機床的技術研究主要有以下幾點： （1） 、更加重視新技術和創(chuàng)新 在世界范圍內， 對新工藝、新材 料、新結構、新單 元、新元件的研究開發(fā)工 作正在大力開 展，如新的 刀具材料、新 的主軸結構 、高速電主軸、高速直線電機等的開發(fā)研究。以加工工藝的改進創(chuàng)新為基礎，為加工超硬 、難切削材料 及特殊復合 材料及復雜零 件、不規(guī)則 曲面等在不斷研究開發(fā)新機種。 （2） 、提高機床加工的精度和研究 為了提高加工中心的加工精度，不斷提高機床的剛度、減少振動，消除熱變形，降低噪聲，提高 NC 機床的定位精度、重復精度、工作可靠性、穩(wěn)定 性、精度保持 性，世界很 多國家都在進 行機床熱誤 差、機床運動及負 載變形誤差的 軟件補償技 術研究，并采 取精度補償 、軟件補償?shù)却胧┘右愿纳疲械囊呀?jīng)可以使此類誤差消除 60%。并在不斷開發(fā)精細加工，納米加工。 14 河南理工大學萬方科技學院本科畢業(yè)論文 （3） 、提高機床加工生產(chǎn)率的研究 世界 NC 機床、加工中心及相應的高速點主軸、直線電機、測量系統(tǒng)、NC 系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)，均以提高生產(chǎn)率為前提。 （4） 、 許多國家 都已經(jīng)開 始對數(shù)控系 統(tǒng)的智 能化、開放化、網(wǎng)絡化研究 A、數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的智能化的研究 主要表現(xiàn)在：為 追求加工效率和 加工質量的智能化 ，對加工過程的自適應控 制，工藝參數(shù) 自動生成進 行研究；為提 高驅動性能 及使用連接方便的 智能化，對反 饋控制、電 機參數(shù)的自適 應運算、自 動識別負載自動選 定模型、自整 定等進行研 究；還有智能 化的自動編 程、智能化的人機界面、智能診斷、智能監(jiān)控等方面的研究。 B、數(shù)控系統(tǒng)開放化研究 主要表現(xiàn)在：數(shù) 控系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)在 統(tǒng)一的運行平臺上 ，面向機床廠家和最終擁護，通過改變、增加或剪裁結構對象（數(shù)控對象） ，形成系列化，并可 方便地將用戶 的特殊應用 和技術訣竅集 成到控制系 統(tǒng)中，快速實現(xiàn)不 同品種、不同 檔次的開放 式數(shù)控系統(tǒng)， 形成具有鮮 明個性的名牌產(chǎn)品 。目前開放式 數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的 體系結構規(guī)范 、通行規(guī)范 、配置規(guī)范、運行 平臺、數(shù)控系 統(tǒng)功能庫以 及數(shù)控系統(tǒng)功 能軟件開發(fā) 工具等是當前研究的核心。 C、數(shù)控裝備的網(wǎng)絡化將極大地滿足生產(chǎn)線制造系統(tǒng)、制造企業(yè)對信息集成的需求，也是實現(xiàn)新的制造模式的基礎單元。 二、加工中心的分類 （1）按主軸加工時的空間位置分類有：臥式和立式加工中心。 15 河南理工大學萬方科技學院本科畢業(yè)論文 臥式加工中心， 是指主軸軸線水 平設置的加工中心 。臥式加工中心一般具有 3—5 個運動坐標軸，常見的是三個直線運動坐標軸和一個回轉運動坐標軸（回轉工作臺） ，它能在工件一次裝夾完成除安裝面和頂面以外的其余 4 個面的加工，最適合加工箱體類工件。它與力式加工中心相比，結構復雜，占地面積大，質量大，價格高。 立式加工中心， 立式加工中心主 軸的軸線為垂直設 置，其結構多為固定立柱 式，工作臺為 十字滑臺， 適合加工盤類 零件，一般 具有 3個直線運動坐標軸，并可在工作臺上安置一個水平軸的數(shù)控轉臺（第 4軸）來加工 螺旋類零件。 立式加工中 心結構簡單 ，占地面積 小，價格低，配備各種附件后，可進行大部分工件的加工。 大型龍門式加工 中心，主軸多為 垂直設置，尤其使 用于大型或形狀復雜的工 件，像航空、 航天工業(yè)及 大型汽輪機上 的某些零件 的加工都需要用這類多坐標龍門式加工中心。 五面加工中心， 這種加工中心具 有立式和臥式加工 中心的功能，在工件一次 裝夾后，能完 成除安裝面 外的所有五個 面的加工， 這種加工方式可以 使工件的形狀 誤差降到最 低，省去二次 裝夾工作， 從而提高生產(chǎn)效率，降低加工成本。 （2）按工藝用途分類有： 鏜銑加工中心， 分為立式樘銑加 工中心、臥式樘銑 加工中心和龍門樘銑加工 中心。其加工 工藝以樘銑 為主，用于箱 體，殼體以 及各種復雜零件特殊曲線和曲面輪廓的多工序加工，適合多品種小批量生產(chǎn)。 復合加工中心， 主要指五面復合 加工，主軸頭可自 動回轉，進行立，臥加工，在主軸自動回轉后，在水平和垂直方向實現(xiàn)知道變換。 （3）按特殊功能分類有： 16 河南理工大學萬方科技學院本科畢業(yè)論文 單工作臺、雙工作臺加工中心； 單軸、雙軸、三軸及可換主軸箱的加工中心； 立式轉塔加工中心和臥式轉塔加工中心； 刀庫加主軸換刀加工中心； 刀庫接寫手加主軸換刀加工中心； 刀庫加機械手加雙主軸轉塔加工中心。 三、當今數(shù)控機床的發(fā)展趨勢 目前，世界先 進制造技術不斷興起 ，超高速切削、超 精密加工等技術的應用，柔性制造系統(tǒng)的迅速發(fā)展和計算機集成系統(tǒng)的不斷成熟，對數(shù)控加工 技術提出了更 高的要求。 當今數(shù)控機床 正在朝著以 下幾個方向發(fā)展。 （1）高速度、高精度化速度和精度是數(shù)控機床的兩個重要指標，它直接關系 到加工效率和 產(chǎn)品質量。 目前，數(shù)控系 統(tǒng)采用位數(shù) 、頻率更高的處理 器，以提高系 統(tǒng)的基本運 算速度。同時 ，采用超大 規(guī)模的集成電路和 多微處理器結 構，以提高 系統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)處 理能力，即 提高插補運算的速 度和精度。并 采用直線電 動機直接驅動 機床工作臺 的直線伺服進給方 式，其高速度 和動態(tài)響應 特性相當優(yōu) 越。采用前 饋控制技術，使追蹤滯后誤差大大減小，從而改善拐角切削的加工精度。 為適應超高速加 工的要求，數(shù)控 機床采用主軸電動 機與機床主軸合二為一的 結構形式，實 現(xiàn)了變頻電 動機與機床主 軸一體化， 主軸電機的軸承采 用磁浮軸承、 液體動靜壓 軸承或陶瓷滾 動軸承等形 式。目前，陶瓷刀具和金剛石涂層刀具已開始得到應用。 （2）多功能化配有自動換刀機構(刀庫容量可達 100 把以上)的各類加工中心 ，能在同一臺 機床上同時 實現(xiàn)銑削、鏜 削、鉆削、 車削、17 河南理工大學萬方科技學院本科畢業(yè)論文 鉸孔、擴孔、攻螺紋等多種工序加工，現(xiàn)代數(shù)控機床還采用了多主軸、多面體切削，即同時對一個零件的不同部位進行不同方式的切削加工。數(shù)控系統(tǒng)由于采用了多 CPU 結構和分級中斷控制方式，即可在一臺機床上同時進 行零件加工和 程序編制， 實現(xiàn)所謂的“ 前臺加工， 后臺編輯” 。為了適應柔性制造系統(tǒng)和計算機集成系統(tǒng)的要求，數(shù)控系統(tǒng)具有遠距離串行 接口，甚至可 以聯(lián)網(wǎng)，實 現(xiàn)數(shù)控機床之 間的數(shù)據(jù)通 信，也可以直接對多臺數(shù)控機床進行控制。 （3）智能化現(xiàn)代數(shù)控機床將引進自適應控制技術，根據(jù)切削條件的變化，自 動調節(jié)工作參 數(shù)，使加工 過程中能保持 最佳工作狀 態(tài)，從而得到較高 的加工精度和 較小的表面 粗糙度，同時 也能提高刀 具的使用壽命和設 備的生產(chǎn)效 率。具有自 診斷、自修復 功能，在整 個工作狀態(tài)中，系統(tǒng)隨時對 CNC 系統(tǒng)本身以及與其相連的各種設備進行自診斷、檢查。一旦 出現(xiàn)故障時， 立即采用停 機等措施，并 進行故障報 警，提示發(fā)生故障 的部位、原因 等。還可以 自動使故障模 塊脫機，而 接通備用模塊，以確保無人化工作環(huán)境的要求。為實現(xiàn)更高的故障診斷要求，其發(fā)展趨勢是采用人工智能專家診斷系統(tǒng)。 （4）數(shù)控編程自動化隨著計算機應用技術的發(fā)展，目前 CAD／CAM圖形交互式 自動編程已得 到較多的應 用，是數(shù)控技 術發(fā)展的新 趨勢。它是利用 CAD 繪制的零件加工圖樣，再經(jīng)計算機內的刀具軌跡數(shù)據(jù)進行計算和后置處理，從而自動生成 NC 零件加工程序，以實現(xiàn) CAD 與 CAM的集成。隨著 CIMS 技術的發(fā)展，當前又出現(xiàn)了 CAD／CAPP／CAM 集成的全自動編程方式，它與 CAD／CAM 系統(tǒng)編程的最大區(qū)別是其編程所需的加工工藝參數(shù)不必由人工參與，直接從系統(tǒng)內的 CAPP 數(shù)據(jù)庫獲得。 （5）可靠性最大化數(shù)控機床的可靠性一直是用戶最關心的主要指18 河南理工大學萬方科技學院本科畢業(yè)論文 標。數(shù)控系 統(tǒng)將采用更高 集成度的電 路芯片，利用 大規(guī)?；虺?大規(guī)模的專用及混 合式集成電路 ，以減少元 器件的數(shù)量， 來提高可靠 性。通過硬件功能 軟件化，以適 應各種控制 功能的要求， 同時采用硬 件結構機床本體的 模塊化、標準 化和通用化 及系列化，使 得既提高硬 件生產(chǎn)批量，又便 于組織生產(chǎn)和 質量把關。 還通過自動運 行啟動診斷 、在線診斷、離線 診斷等多種診 斷程序，實 現(xiàn)對系統(tǒng)內硬 件、軟件和 各種外部設備進行 故障診斷和報 警。利用報 警提示，及時 排除故障； 利用容錯技術，對 重要部件采用 “冗余”設 計，以實現(xiàn)故 障自恢復； 利用各種測試、監(jiān) 控技術，當生 產(chǎn)超程、刀 損、干擾、斷 電等各種意 外時，自動進行相應的保護。 （6）控制系統(tǒng)小型化數(shù)控系統(tǒng)小型化便于將機、電裝置結合為一體。目前主 要采用超大規(guī) 模集成元件