夾片沖壓工藝及模具設(shè)計【含CAD圖紙+文檔】
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任務(wù)書畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)題目 夾片沖壓工藝及模具設(shè)計 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)工作內(nèi)容與基本要求(目標、任務(wù)、途徑、方法,應(yīng)掌握的原始資料(數(shù)據(jù))、參考資料(文獻)以及設(shè)計技術(shù)要求、注意事項等)(紙張不夠可加頁)工作內(nèi)容:通過對夾片零件進行冷沖壓工藝分析,設(shè)計出相應(yīng)的沖壓模具。設(shè)計要求: 1)查閱相關(guān)資料,完成文獻綜述; 2)結(jié)合設(shè)計內(nèi)容,完成外文文獻翻譯; 3)對于支撐板零件,進行沖壓成形工藝分析,編制出三種以上的成形工藝路線,進行沖壓工藝方案論證。對其中的部分關(guān)鍵工序設(shè)計出相應(yīng)的成形模具,包括總裝配圖和主要的零件圖; 4)按照畢業(yè)設(shè)計要求撰寫設(shè)計說明書; 5)設(shè)計過程中,強化綜合能力的培養(yǎng),包括:通過各種途徑查找相關(guān)參考資料的能力;熟練運用設(shè)計手冊,參考文獻的能力;運用外文資料的能力;分析問題,解決問題的能力;熟練運用計算機進行輔助設(shè)計和編輯電子文檔的能力,等等 。 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)時間: 20xx 年 2 月 13 日至 20xx 年 5月 15 日計 劃 答 辯 時 間: 20xx 年 5 月 19日 工作任務(wù)與工作量要求:原則上查閱文獻資料不少于12篇,其中外文資料不少于2篇;文獻綜述不少于3000字;設(shè)計說明書不少于8000字(同時提交有關(guān)圖紙和附件),畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)撰寫規(guī)范要求,請查閱黃河科技學(xué)院主頁本科設(shè)計(論文)指導(dǎo)手冊。專業(yè)(教研室)審批意見: 審批人簽名 Characteristics and Sheet Metal Forming 1.The article overview Stamping is a kind of plastic forming process in which a part is produced by means of the plastic forming the material under the action of a die. Stamping is usually carried out under cold state, so it is also called stamping. Heat stamping is used only when the blank thickness is greater than 8100mm. The blank material for stamping is usually in the form of sheet or strip, and therefore it is also called sheet metal forming. Some non-metal sheets (such as plywood, mica sheet, asbestos, leather)can also be formed by stamping. Stamping is widely used in various fields of the metalworking industry, and it plays a crucial role in the industries for manufacturing automobiles, instruments, military parts and household electrical appliances, etc. The process, equipment and die are the three foundational problems that needed to be studied in stamping.The characteristics of the sheet metal forming are as follows: ,(1) High material utilization (2) Capacity to produce thin-walled parts of complex shape.(3) Good interchangeability between stamping parts due to precision in shape gib and dimension. (4) Parts with lightweight, high-strength and fine rigidity can be obtained. (5) High productivity, easy to operate and to realize mechanization and automatization.The manufacture of the stamping die is costly, and therefore it only fits to mass production. For the manufacture of products in small batch and rich variety, the simple stamping die and the new equipment such as a stamping machining center, are usually adopted to meet the market demands. The materials for sheet metal stamping include mild steel, copper, aluminum, magnesium alloy and high-plasticity alloy-steel, etc. Stamping equipment includes plate shear punching press. The former shears plate into strips with a definite width, which would be pressed later. The later can be used both in shearing and forming. 2Characteristics of stamping forming There are various processes of stamping forming with different working patterns and names. But these processes are similar to each other in plastic deformation. There are following conspicuous characteristics in stamping: (1)The force per unit area perpendicular to the blank surface is not large but is enough to cause the material plastic deformation. It is much less than the inner stresses on the plate plane directions. In most cases stamping forming can be treated approximately as that of the plane stress state to simplify vastly the theoretical analysis and the calculation of the process parameters. (2)Due to the small relative thickness, the anti-instability capability of the blank is weak under compressive stress. As a result, the stamping process is difficult to proceed successfully without using the anti-instability device (such as blank holder). Therefore the varieties of the stamping processes dominated by tensile stress are more than dominated by compressive stress. (3)During stamping forming, the inner stress of the blank is equal to or sometimes less than the yield stress of the material. In this point, the stamping is different from the bulk forming. During stamping forming, the influence of the hydrostatic pressure of the stress state in the deformation zone to the forming limit and the deformation resistance is not so important as to the bulk forming. In some circumstances, such influence may be neglected. Even in the case when this influence should be considered, the treating method is also different from that of bulk forming. (4)In stamping forming, the restrain action of the die to the blank is not severs as in the case of the bulk forming (such as die forging). In bulk forming, the constraint forming is proceeded by the die with exactly the same shape of the part. Whereas in stamping, in most cases, the blank has a certain degree of freedom, only one surface of the blank contacts with the die. In some extra cases, such as the forming of the blank on the deforming zone contact with the die. The deformation in these regions are caused and controlled by the die applying an external force to its adjacent area.Due to the characteristics of stamping deformation and mechanics mentioned above, the stamping technique is different form the bulk metal forming: (1)The importance or the strength and rigidity of the die in stamping forming is less than that in bulk forming because the blank can be formed without applying large pressure per unit area on its surface. Instead, the techniques of the simple die and the pneumatic and hydraulic forming are developed. (2)Due to the plane stress or simple strain state in comparison with bulk forming, more research on deformation or force and power parameters has been done. Stamping forming can be performed by more reasonable scientific methods. Based on the real time measurement and analysis on the sheet metal properties and stamping parameters, by means of computer and some modern testing apparatus, research on the intellectualized control of stamping process is also in proceeding. (3)It is shown that there is a close relationship between stamping forming and raw material. The research on the properties of the stamping forming, that is, forming ability and shape stability, has become a key point in stamping technology development, but also enhances the manufacturing technique of iron and steel industry, and provides a reliable foundation for increasing sheet metal quality. 3Categories of stamping forming Many deformation processes can be done by stamping, the basic processes of the stamping can be divided into two kinds: cutting and forming.Cutting is a shearing process that one part of the blank is cut from the other. It mainly includes blanking, punching, trimming, parting and shaving, where punching and blanking are the most widely used. Forming is a process that one part of the blank has some displacement from the other. It mainly includes deep drawing, bending, local forming, bulging, flanging, necking, sizing and spinning.In substance, stamping forming is such that the plastic deformation occurs in the deformation zone of the stamping blank caused by the external force. The stress state and deformation characteristic of the deformation zone are the basic factors to decide the properties of the stamping forming. Based on the stress state and deformation characteristics of the deformation zone, the forming methods can be divided into several categories with the same forming properties and be studied systematically. The deformation zone in almost all types of stamping forming is in the plane stress state. Usually there is no force or only small force applied on the blank surface. When is assumed that the stress perpendicular to the blank surface equals to zero, two principal stresses perpendicular to each other and act on the blank surface produce the plastic deformation of the material. Due to the small thickness of the blank, it is assumed approximately the two principal stresses distribute uniformly along the thickness direction. Based on this analysis, the stress state and the deformation characteristics of the deformation zone in all kinds of stamping forming can be denoted by the points in the coordinates of the plane principal stresses and the coordinates of the corresponding plane principal strains.4Raw materials for stamping forming There are a lot of raw materials used in stamping forming, and the properties of these materials may have large difference. The stamping forming can be succeeded only by determining the stamping method, the forming parameters and the die structures according to the properties and characteristics of the raw materials. The deformation of the blank during stamping forming has been investigated quite thoroughly. The relationships between the material properties decided by the chemistry component and structure of the material and the stamping forming has been established clearly. Not only the proper material can be selected based on the working condition and usage demand, but also the new material can be developed according to the demands of the blank properties during processing the stamping part. This is an important domain in stamping forming research. The research on the material properties for stamping forming is as follows:(1)Definition of the stamping property of the material. (2)Method to judge the stamping property of the material, find parameters to express the definitely material property of the stamping forming, establish the relationship between the property parameters and the practical stamping forming, and investigate the testing methods of the property parameters. |(3)Establish the relationship among the chemical component, structure, manufacturing process and stamping property.The raw materials for stamping forming mainly include various metals and nonmetal plate. Sheet metal includes both ferrous and nonferrous metals. Although a lot of sheet metals are used in stamping forming, the most widely used materials are steel, stainless steel, aluminum alloy and various composite metal plates.5Stamping forming property of sheet metal and its assessing method The stamping forming property of the sheet metal is the adaptation capability of the sheet metal to stamping forming. It has crucial meaning to the investigation of the stamping forming property of the sheet metal. In order to produce stamping forming parts with most scientific, economic and rational stamping forming process and forming parameters, it is necessary to understand clearly the properties of the sheet metal, so as to utilize the potential of the sheet metal fully in the production. On the other hand, to select plate material accurately and rationally in accordance with the characteristics of the shape and dimension of the stamping forming part and its forming technique is also necessary so that a scientific understanding and accurate judgment to the stamping forming properties of the sheet metal may be achieved. There are direct and indirect testing methods to assess the stamping property of the sheet metal. Practicality stamping test is the most direct method to assess stamping forming property of the sheet metal. This test is done exactly in the same condition as actual production by using the practical equipment and dies. Surely, this test result is most reliable. But this kind of assessing method is not comprehensively applicable, and cannot be shared as a commonly used standard between factories. The simulation test is a kind of assessing method that after simplifying and summing up actual stamping forming methods, as well as eliminating many trivial factors, the stamping properties of the sheet metal are assessed, based on simplified axial-symmetric forming method under the same deformation and stress states between the testing plate and the actual forming states. In order to guarantee the reliability and generality of simulation results, a lot of factors are regulated in detail, such as the shape and dimension of tools for test, blank dimension and testing conditions(stamping velocity, lubrication method and blank holding force, etc). Indirect testing method is also called basic testing method its characteristic is to connect analysis and research on fundamental property and principle of the sheet metal during plastic deformation, and with the plastic deformation parameters of the sheet metal in actual stamping forming, and then to establish the relationship between the indirect testing results(indirect testing value) and the actual stamping forming property (forming parameters). Because the shape and dimension of the specimen and the loading pattern of the indirect testing are different from the actual stamping forming, the deformation characteristics and stress states of the indirect test are different from those of the actual one. So, the results obtained form the indirect test are not the stamping forming parameters, but are the fundamental parameters that can be used to represent the stamping forming property of the sheet metal. 6 夾片沖壓工藝及模具設(shè)計 摘 要闡述了沖孔、落料復(fù)合模、壓彎模具的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計及工作原理。通過工藝分析,在沖壓材料厚度較薄的小型彎曲件時,采用沖孔、落料、彎曲復(fù)合模比采用連續(xù)或級進模簡單。通過沖裁力、頂件力、卸料力等計算,確定模具類型。該模具采用后側(cè)導(dǎo)柱模架結(jié)構(gòu)形式。廢料從凸凹模和下底座中所開的槽中排出。本模具性能可靠,運行平穩(wěn),能夠適應(yīng)大批量生產(chǎn)要求,提高了產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和生產(chǎn)效率,降低勞動強度和生產(chǎn)成本。關(guān)鍵詞:沖壓,沖孔,落料,彎曲Clamping Sheet Stamping Process and Die DesignAbstract Expounded punching, blanking, bending modulus of the composite structure design and principle. Process analysis by the stamping of thinner material thickness small curved pieces, will use the punching, blanking, flexural modulus composites than continuous or Progressive Die simple. Punching through, the top pieces, such as the discharge of calculation to determine the type mold. The posterior mold using derivative-scale structures form. Waste from the punch and die and the base under which opened the tank discharges. The mold reliable, stable operation to adapt to the requirements of large-scale production, improve product quality and production efficiency. reduce labor intensity and the cost of production. Key words: Stamping, Punching, Blanking, Bending目 錄1 緒 論11.1 冷沖壓與模具設(shè)計簡介11.2 我國沖壓模具水平狀況12 沖壓件工藝性分析及沖裁方案的確定32.1沖裁件的結(jié)構(gòu)工藝性32.2沖裁方案的確定43 排樣圖的設(shè)計及材料利用率的計算53.1排樣的設(shè)計54 沖裁工藝力的計算74.1沖裁力的計算74.1.1沖壓力的行程曲線74.1.2沖裁力的計算公式84.2卸料力、推件力等其他力的計算84.3沖壓壓力中心95 沖壓設(shè)備的選擇125.1沖壓設(shè)備類型的選擇125.2確定設(shè)備的規(guī)格126 沖裁模工作部分設(shè)計計算156.1沖裁間隙156.1.1對沖裁件質(zhì)量的影響156.2合理間隙的選用167 沖壓模具總體設(shè)計187.1模具類型的選擇187.2確定送料方式187.3定位方式的選擇187.4卸料、出件方式的選擇187.5導(dǎo)向方式的選擇188 主要零部件設(shè)計208.1 落料凹模設(shè)計208.1.1落料凹模刃口形式208.1.1落料凹模外形和尺寸的確定208.2凸、凹模設(shè)計208.2.1模具的結(jié)構(gòu)形式和固定方法218.2.2凸凹模長度的確定218.2.3凸凹模結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計228.3沖孔凸模228.3.1沖孔凸模的固定形式228.3.2沖孔凸模長度的確定228.3.3凸模強度校核238.3.4 沖孔凸模的結(jié)構(gòu)248.4 卸料彈簧的選擇248.5 打桿的選擇259 標準件的選擇279.1模架及模柄的選擇279.2凸模固定板及墊板的選擇279.3 導(dǎo)尺的選擇289.4模具閉合高度的校核289.5卸料螺釘289.6推桿的選擇299.7螺釘及銷釘?shù)倪x擇2910 落料沖孔復(fù)合模的及繪制3011 彎曲模具分析及設(shè)計3011.1 彎曲工藝方案的確立3111.2 模具總體結(jié)構(gòu)的確定3111.2.1模具類型的選擇3111.2.2定位方式的選擇3111.2.3卸料和出件方式的選擇3111.2.4送料方式的確定3211.3 有關(guān)工藝與設(shè)計計算3211.3.1彎曲中性層位置的確定3211.3.2影響最小相對彎曲半徑的因素3211.3.3求中性層長度3311.3.4按中性層尺寸求中心角3311.3.5最小彎曲半徑3411.3.6回彈量的確定3411.3.7彎曲凸模和凹模間隙3411.4彎曲總工藝力的確定3511.4.1彎曲力的計算3511.4.2校正彎曲時的彎曲力計算3511.4.3頂件力的計算3611.4.4壓料力的計算3611.4.5彎曲的工藝總力3611.4.6壓力機的選擇3611.5模具主要零部件設(shè)計3711.5.1彎曲模凸、凹模工作尺寸計算3811.5.2 凹模外形尺寸的確定3811.5.3模座的標準化3911.5.4彎曲凸模的設(shè)計3911.6壓力機的校核與選定4411.6.1沖壓設(shè)備的校核4411.6.2模柄的選用4511.7 壓力機的選擇4512 彎曲模具的裝配46結(jié) 論48致謝49參考文獻501 緒 論1.1 冷沖壓與模具設(shè)計簡介我國沖壓模具無論在數(shù)量上,還是在質(zhì)量、技術(shù)和能力等方面都已有了很大發(fā)展,但與國民經(jīng)濟需求和世界先進水平相比,差距仍很大,一些大型、精密、復(fù)雜、長壽命的高檔模具每年仍大量進口,特別是中高檔轎車的覆蓋件模具,目前仍主要依靠進口。一些低檔次的簡單沖模,已趨供過于求,市場競爭激烈。根據(jù)我國海關(guān)統(tǒng)計資料,2004年我國共進口沖壓模具5.61億美元,約合46.6億元。從上述數(shù)字可以得出2004年我國沖壓模具市場總規(guī)模約為266.6億元。其中國內(nèi)市場總需求為260.4億元,總供應(yīng)約為213.8億元,市場滿足率為82%。在上述供求總體情況中,有幾個具體情況必須說明:一是進口模具大部分是技術(shù)含量高的大型精密模具,而出口模具大部分是技術(shù)含量較低的中低檔模具,因此技術(shù)含量高的中高檔模具市場滿足率低于沖壓模具總體滿足率,這些模具的發(fā)展已滯后于沖壓件生產(chǎn),而技術(shù)含量低的中低檔模具市場滿足率要高于沖壓模具市場總體滿足率;二是由于我國的模具價格要比國際市場低格低許多,具有一定的競爭力,因此其在國際市場的前景看好,2005年沖壓模具出口達到1.46億美元,比2004年增長94.7%就可說明這一點;三是近年來港資、臺資、外資企業(yè)在我國發(fā)展迅速,這些企業(yè)中大量的自產(chǎn)自用的沖壓模具無確切的統(tǒng)計資料,因此未能計入上述數(shù)字之中。1.2 我國沖壓模具水平狀況近年來,我國沖壓模具水平已有很大提高。大型沖壓模具已能生產(chǎn)單套重量達50多噸的模具。為中檔轎車配套的覆蓋件模具國內(nèi)也能生產(chǎn)了。精度達到12m,壽命2億次左右的多工位級進模國內(nèi)已有多家企業(yè)能夠生產(chǎn)。表面粗糙度達到Ra1.5m的精沖模,大尺寸(300mm)精沖模及中厚板精沖模國內(nèi)也已達到相當高的水平。21世紀開始CAD/CAM技術(shù)逐漸普及,現(xiàn)在具有一定生產(chǎn)能力的沖壓模具企業(yè)基本都有了CAD/CAM技術(shù)。其中部分骨干重點企業(yè)還具備各CAE能力。模具CAD/CAM技術(shù)能顯著縮短模具設(shè)計與制造周期,降低生產(chǎn)成本,提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量,已成為人們的共識。在“八五”、“九五”期間,已有一大批模具企業(yè)推廣普及了計算機繪圖技術(shù),數(shù)控加工的使用率也越來越高,并陸續(xù)引進了相當數(shù)量的CAD/CAM系統(tǒng)。如美國EDS的UG,美國ParametricTechnology公司的Pro/Engineer,美國CV公司的CADS5,英國DELCAM公司的DOCT5,日本HZS公司的CRADE及space-E,以色列公司的Cimatron,還引進了AutoCAD、CATIA等軟件及法國Marta-Daravision公司用于汽車及覆蓋件模具的Euclid-IS等專用軟件。國內(nèi)汽車覆蓋件模具生產(chǎn)企業(yè)普遍采用了CAD/CAM技術(shù)。DL圖的設(shè)計和模具結(jié)構(gòu)圖的設(shè)計均已實現(xiàn)二維CAD,多數(shù)企業(yè)已經(jīng)向三維過渡,總圖生產(chǎn)逐步代替零件圖生產(chǎn)。且模具的參數(shù)化設(shè)計也開始走向少數(shù)模具廠家技術(shù)開發(fā)區(qū)域。2 沖壓件工藝性分析及沖裁方案的確定沖裁件的工藝性,是指沖裁件對沖裁工藝的適應(yīng)性,即沖裁件的形狀結(jié)構(gòu)、尺寸大小、尺寸偏差、形位公差與尺寸基準等是否符合沖裁工藝的要求。一般情況下,對沖裁件工藝性影響最大是幾何形狀、尺寸、精度要求。良好的沖裁件工藝性能滿足材料省、工序少、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量穩(wěn)定、模具較易加工、操作方便且壽命較高等要求,從而顯著降低沖裁件的制造成本。2.1沖裁件的結(jié)構(gòu)工藝性沖裁材料為H62軟黃銅。板厚:d=1mm 圖2.1夾片零件圖特性及適用范圍為:有良好的力學(xué)性能,熱態(tài)下塑性好,冷態(tài)下塑性也可以,切削性好,易釬焊和焊接,耐蝕,但易產(chǎn)生腐蝕破裂。此外價格便宜,是應(yīng)用廣泛的一個普通黃銅品種。力學(xué)性能為:抗剪強度 t=235MPa抗拉強度 b=294MPa屈服強度 s=98MPa伸長率 10(%)=40沖裁件的結(jié)構(gòu)形狀應(yīng)盡可能簡單、對稱、避免復(fù)雜形狀的曲線,在許可的情況下,把沖裁件設(shè)計成少、無廢料排樣的形狀,以減少廢料,矩形孔兩端宜用圓弧連接,以利于模具加工。該工件結(jié)構(gòu)簡單,也無復(fù)雜形狀的曲線。2.2沖裁方案的確定工藝方案的內(nèi)容是確定沖裁件的工藝路線,主要包括確定工序數(shù)、工序的組合和工序的順序安排等,應(yīng)在工藝分析的基礎(chǔ)上制定幾種可能的方案,再根據(jù)工件的批量、形狀、尺寸等多方面的因素,全面考慮、綜合分析,選取一個較為合理的方案。沖裁工序按工序的組合程度可分為單工序沖裁、復(fù)合沖裁和級進沖裁。復(fù)合沖裁是在壓力機的一次行程中,在模具的同一位置同時完成兩個或兩個以上的工序;級進沖裁是把一個沖裁件的幾個工序,排列成一定順序,組成級進模,在壓力機的一次行程中,模具的不同位置同時完成兩個或兩個以上的工序,除最初幾次沖程外,每次沖程都可完成一個沖裁件。該工件包括沖孔、落料、彎曲三個基本工序,可以有以下三種工藝方案:方案一:先沖孔,再落料,最后彎曲。采用單工序模生產(chǎn)。方案二:沖孔落料-復(fù)合沖壓-彎曲成形。采用復(fù)合模生產(chǎn)。方案三:沖孔-落料-彎曲級進沖壓。采用級進模生產(chǎn)。方案一結(jié)構(gòu)簡單,但需三道工序、三副模具才能完成,生產(chǎn)效率也低,如此則浪費了人力、物力、財力,從經(jīng)濟性的角度來考慮不妥當,難以滿足大批量的生產(chǎn)要求。方案三是一種多工位、效率高的加工方法,但級進模輪廓尺寸較大,制造復(fù)雜,成本較高,一般適用于大批量、小型沖壓件。而且工作周期長,模具結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,生產(chǎn)成本過高。方案二采用復(fù)合模具生產(chǎn),只需兩副模具即可成型,模具結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊,沖出的制件的精度及生產(chǎn)效率都比較高,適合大批量生產(chǎn)。制件質(zhì)量由于壓料沖裁同時得到校平,制件平正不彎曲,且有較好的剪切斷面。沖裁件內(nèi)孔和外緣的相對位置精度容易保證,而且板料的定位精度要求比級進模低。沖裁薄材小型彎曲件,模具制造工作量和成本比級進模低。通過上述三種方案的分析比較,該工件的沖壓生產(chǎn)采用方案二為佳。3 排樣圖的設(shè)計及材料利用率的計算3.1排樣的設(shè)計沖壓件大批量生產(chǎn)成本中,毛坯材料費用占60%以上,排樣的目的就在于合理利用原材料。衡量排樣經(jīng)濟性、合理性的指標是材料利用率。要提高材料利用率,就必須減少廢料面積,沖裁過程中所產(chǎn)生的廢料,可分為兩種情況。(如圖3-1所示) 圖3.1廢料種類1-料頭(搭邊) 2-側(cè)搭邊 3-搭邊 4-結(jié)構(gòu)廢料1 結(jié)構(gòu)廢料 由于工件結(jié)構(gòu)形狀的需要,如工件內(nèi)孔的存在而產(chǎn)生的廢料稱為結(jié)構(gòu)廢料,它取決于工件的形狀,一般不能夠改變。2 工藝廢料 工件之間和工件與條料邊緣之間存在的搭邊,定位需要切去的料邊與定位孔,不可避免的料頭和料尾廢料稱為工藝廢料,它決定沖壓方式和排樣方式。因此,提高材料利用率要從減少工藝廢料著手,同一個工件,可以有幾種不同的排樣方法。根據(jù)材料的利用情況,排樣的方法可以有三種:(一)有廢料排樣沿工件的全部外形沖裁,工件與工件之間,工件與條料側(cè)邊之間都有工藝余料(搭邊)存在,沖裁后搭邊成為廢料,如圖3-2a所示。(二)少廢料排樣沿工件的部分外形輪廓切斷或沖裁,只在工件之間或是工件與條料側(cè)邊之間有搭邊存在,如圖3-2b所示。(三)無廢料排樣工件與工件之間。工件與條料側(cè)邊之間均無搭邊存在,條料沿直線或曲線切斷而得工件。如圖3-2c所示。 圖3.2 排樣方法a) 有廢料排樣 b) 少廢料排樣 c)無廢料排樣有廢料的排樣法材料利用率較低,但制件的質(zhì)量和沖模壽命較高,常用于工件形狀復(fù)雜、尺寸精度要求較高的排樣。合理的排樣方法,應(yīng)是將工藝廢料減到最少??紤]到該工件的外形特征和材料的利用情況,此采用有廢料直排的排樣方式,如圖3-3所示: 圖3.3沖裁件的排樣4 沖裁工藝力的計算4.1沖裁力的計算沖裁力計算包括沖裁力、卸料力、推件力、頂件力的計算。沖裁力是凸模與凹模相對運動使工件與板料分離的力,其大小主要與材料力學(xué)性能、厚度及沖裁件分離的輪廓長度等參數(shù)有關(guān)。沖裁力是設(shè)計模具、選擇壓力機的重要參數(shù)。計算沖裁力的目的是為了合理的選用沖壓設(shè)備和設(shè)計模具。選用沖壓設(shè)備的標稱壓力必須大于所計算的沖裁力,所設(shè)計的模具必須能傳遞和承受所計算的沖裁力,以適應(yīng)沖裁的要求。 4.1.1沖壓力的行程曲線圖4.1 沖裁力凸模行程曲線在沖裁過程中,沖裁力的大小是不段變化的,圖4-1為沖裁時沖裁力-凸模行程曲線。圖中AB段相當于沖裁的彈性階段,凸模進入材料后,載荷急劇上升,但當凸模刃口一旦擠入材料,即進入塑性變形階段,載荷的上升就緩慢下來,如BC段所示。雖然由于凸模擠入材料使承受沖裁力的材料面積秒減小,但只要材料加工硬化的影響超過受剪切面積小的影響,沖裁力就繼續(xù)上升,當兩者達到相當?shù)挠绊懙乃查g,沖裁力達最大值,即圖中C點。此后,受剪面積的減少超過硬化的影響,于是沖裁力下降。凸模再繼續(xù)下壓,材料內(nèi)部產(chǎn)生裂紋并迅速擴張,沖裁力急劇下降,如圖中CD段所示,此為沖裁的斷裂階段。此后所用的力僅是克服摩擦阻力,推出已分離的料。4.1.2沖裁力的計算公式?jīng)_裁力的大小主要與材料力學(xué)性能、厚度及沖裁件分離的輪廓長度有關(guān)??紤]到成本和沖裁件的質(zhì)量要求,此用平刃口模具沖裁,沖裁力F(N):F=KLt 見文獻沖壓工藝與模具設(shè)計P50式(4-1)式中 L沖裁件周邊長度(mm); t材料厚度(mm);材料抗剪強度(MPa);K系數(shù)??紤]到模具刃口的磨損,模具間隙的波動,材料力學(xué)性能的變化及材料厚度偏差等因素,一般取系數(shù)K=1.3。沖裁件周邊長度L=94-2.8+2.82+23.141.3+23.143.25-2.8=64.57mm材料的抗剪強度(MPa)查文獻沖模設(shè)計與制造實用計算手冊表P4-3:取=235MPab=294MP F=Ltb=64.570.5294=9491.79N式中b材料的抗拉強度(MPa)。4.2卸料力、推件力等其他力的計算當沖裁完成后,由于沖裁中材料的彈性變形及摩擦的存在,在板材上沖裁出的廢料(或工件)孔徑沿徑向發(fā)生彈性收縮,會箍在凸模上。而沖裁下來的工件或(廢料)徑向會擴張, 因此會卡在凹模內(nèi),為了使沖裁過程連續(xù),操作方便,就需要把套在凸模上的材料卸下,把卡在凹模孔內(nèi)的工件或廢料推出。從凸模上將零件或廢料卸下來的力稱卸料力,順著沖裁方向?qū)⒘慵驈U料從凹模腔推出的力稱推件力,逆著沖裁方向?qū)⒘慵驈U料從凹模腔內(nèi)頂出的力稱。卸料力、推件力、頂件力是由壓力機和模具的卸料、頂件裝置獲得的。影響這些力的因素主要有材料的力學(xué)性能、材料厚度、模具間隙、凸、凹模表面粗糙度、零件形狀和尺寸以及潤滑情況等。在此用經(jīng)驗公式計算: 卸料力、推件力、頂件力系數(shù)查表4.1。表4.1 卸料力、推件力和頂件力系數(shù)料厚(mm)K卸K推K頂鋁 鋁合金紫銅 黃銅0.0250.080.020.060.030.070.030.09 注:卸料力系數(shù)K卸在沖多孔、大搭邊和輪廓復(fù)雜時取上限值。沖裁時,所需沖壓力為沖裁力、卸料力和推件力之和,這些力在選擇壓力機時是否要考慮進去,應(yīng)根據(jù)不同的模具結(jié)構(gòu)區(qū)別對待。采用剛性卸料裝置和下出料的沖裁模的總壓力為 采用彈性卸料裝置和下出料的總壓力為 采用彈性卸料裝置和上出料方式的的總壓力為 卸料力:=9491.790.05=474.5895N(1)沖孔力:=23.141.30.5294=1200.108N(2)推件力:凹模孔口直壁高度 查沖壓模具簡明設(shè)計手冊表2.40得;材料厚度為t=0.5mm則工件數(shù)目為n=h/t=10 =0.06101200.108=720.0648N=9491.79+474.5895+1200.108+720.0648+193.47=11886.5523N12.0KN4.3沖壓壓力中心沖裁時的合力作用或多工序模各工序沖壓力的合力作用點,稱為模具壓力中心。如果模具壓力中心與滑塊的壓力中心不一致,沖壓時會產(chǎn)生偏載,導(dǎo)致模具以及滑塊與導(dǎo)軌的急劇磨損,降低模具壽命和壓力機的使用壽命。計算壓力中心時,先畫出凹模型口圖,如圖4-2所示。,將xoy坐標系建立在圖示的對稱中心上,因為該工件輪廓是軸對稱圖形,在計算壓力中心時,只需要計算如圖x軸方向的值即可。將沖裁輪廓線按集合圖形分解為共段基本線段,用解析法求得該模具的壓力中心C點的坐標(7.83,0)。若選用J23-3.15壓力機,模柄孔25,C點仍在壓力機模柄孔投影面積范圍內(nèi),滿足要求。有關(guān)計算如表4.2。 圖4.2 壓力中心的計算 表4.2 壓力中心計算結(jié)果基本要素長度L/mm基本要素壓力中心坐標值XL1=6.5X1=3.25L2=4.7X2=7L3=3.1X3=8.5L4=4X4=10.5L5=9X5=12.5L6=4X6=10.5L7=3.1X7=8.5L8=4.7X8=7L9=6.5X9=3.25其計算公式如下: =7.83 式中 x1、x2xn各圖形沖裁力的x軸坐標(mm); 、各圖形沖裁周邊長度(mm)。5 沖壓設(shè)備的選擇 5.1沖壓設(shè)備類型的選擇根據(jù)所要完成的沖壓工藝的性質(zhì)、生產(chǎn)批量的大小、沖壓件的幾何尺寸和精度要求來選定設(shè)備類型。開式曲柄壓力機雖然剛度差,降低了模具壽命。但是它成本低,且有三個方向可以操作的優(yōu)點廣泛適用于中小型沖裁件、彎曲件或拉深件的生產(chǎn)中。閉式曲柄壓力機剛度好、精度高,只能兩個方向操作,適用于大型復(fù)雜沖壓件的生產(chǎn)。雙動曲柄壓力機有兩個滑塊,壓邊可靠易調(diào),適用于較復(fù)雜的大中型拉深件的生產(chǎn)。高速壓力機或多工位自動壓力機適用于大批量生產(chǎn)。液壓機沒有固定的工作行程,不會因板厚超差而過載,全行程中壓力恒定,但是壓力機的速度低、生產(chǎn)效率低。適用于小批量,尤其是大型厚板沖壓件的生產(chǎn)。摩擦壓力機結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、造價低、不易發(fā)生超負荷損壞。在小批量生產(chǎn)中用來完成彎曲、成型等沖壓工作。肘桿式精壓機剛度大、滑塊行程小,在行程末端停留時間長,適用于校平、校正和整形等類沖壓工序??紤]到以上的因素,選用開式曲柄壓力機比較合適。5.2確定設(shè)備的規(guī)格(1)壓力機的行程大小,應(yīng)該能保證成型零件的取出和毛坯的放進,例如拉深所用的壓力機行程,至少應(yīng)大于成型零件高度兩倍以上。(2)壓力機工作臺面的尺寸應(yīng)大于沖模平面尺寸,且還需留有安裝固定的余地,但過大的工作臺面上安裝小尺寸的沖模,工作臺的受力條件也是不利的。(3)所選壓力機的閉合高度應(yīng)與沖模閉合高度相適應(yīng)。模具的閉合高度H0是指上模在最低工作位置時,下模板的底面到上模板的頂面的距離,如圖5.1。壓力機的閉合高度H是指滑塊在下死點時,工作臺面到滑塊下端面的距離。大多數(shù)壓力機,其連桿長度能調(diào)節(jié),也即壓力機的閉合高度可以調(diào)整,故壓力機有最大的閉合高度,最小閉合高度。圖5.1 壓力機與模具的閉合高度設(shè)計模具時,模具的閉合高度的數(shù)值應(yīng)該滿足下式: 無特殊情況H0應(yīng)取上限值,即最好取在:,這是為了避免連桿調(diào)節(jié)過長,螺紋接觸面積小而壓壞。如果模具閉合高度實在太小,可以在壓床下面加墊板。如圖5-1所示。(4) 沖壓力與壓力機能的配合關(guān)系:當進行沖裁等沖壓加工時,由于其施力行程較小,近于板材的厚度,所以可按沖壓過程中作用于壓力機滑塊上所有力的總和F總選取壓力機。通常取壓力機的名義噸位比F總大20%30%。當拉深行程較大,特別是采用落料拉深復(fù)合沖壓時,不能簡單地將落料力和拉深力疊加去選擇壓力機。因為曲柄壓力機的標稱壓力上指滑塊下死點(或接近下死點)時發(fā)生的。因此,應(yīng)該注意曲柄壓力機允許壓力曲線。否則,很可能會由于過早地出現(xiàn)最大沖壓力而使壓力機超載損壞。由于復(fù)合模的特點,為防止設(shè)備超載,可按公稱壓力F壓(1.61.8)F總選擇壓力機??紤]到制件的精度要求,按參考文獻模具設(shè)計與制造簡明手冊P37表1-68初選J23-3.15壓力機,其主要技術(shù)參數(shù)如下: 公稱壓力:31.5KN 滑塊行程:25mm 最大封閉高度:120mm 封閉高度調(diào)節(jié)量:25mm 工作臺尺寸(前后左右):160250mm 工作臺孔徑(前后左右直徑):90120110mm模柄孔尺寸(直徑深度):25mm40mm6 沖裁模工作部分設(shè)計計算6.1沖裁間隙沖裁間隙是沖裁模的凸模和凹模刃口之間的間隙。沖裁間隙分為單邊間隙和雙邊間隙單邊間隙用C表示,雙邊間隙用Z表示。間隙值的大小對沖裁件質(zhì)量、模具壽命、沖裁力的影響很大,是沖裁工藝與模具設(shè)計中一個極其重要的工藝參數(shù)。6.1.1對沖裁件質(zhì)量的影響沖裁件的質(zhì)量主要是指斷面質(zhì)量、尺寸精度、和形狀誤差。斷面應(yīng)平直、光滑;圓角小;無裂紋、撕裂、夾層和毛刺等缺陷。零件表明應(yīng)盡可能平整。尺寸應(yīng)在圖樣規(guī)定的公差范圍內(nèi)。影響沖裁件質(zhì)量的因素有:凸、凹模間隙值的大小及其分布的均勻性,模具刃口鋒利狀態(tài)、模具結(jié)構(gòu)與制造精度,材料性能等,其中,間隙值的大小與分布的均勻性是主要因素。當間隙較大時,材料所受拉伸作用增大,沖裁完畢后,因材料的彈性恢復(fù),沖裁件尺寸向?qū)嶓w方向收縮,使落料件尺寸小于凹模尺寸,而沖孔件的尺寸則大于凸模尺寸。當間隙較小時,凸模壓入板料接近擠壓狀態(tài),材料受凸、凹模擠壓力大,壓縮變形大,沖裁完畢后,材料的彈性恢復(fù)使落料件尺寸增大,而沖孔件的孔徑則變小。此外,尺寸變化量的大小還與材料力學(xué)性能、厚度、軋制方向、沖裁件形狀等因素有關(guān)。材料軟,彈性變形量小,沖裁后彈性恢復(fù)量就小,零件的精度也就高。材料硬,彈性恢復(fù)就大。上述討論的是模具在制造精度一定的前途下進行的,間隙對沖裁件精度的影響比模具本身制造精度的影響要小得多,若模具刃口制造精度低,沖裁出的工件精度也就無法得到保證。模具的制造精度與沖裁件精度之間的關(guān)系見表6.1。表6.1 沖裁件精度沖模制造精度材 料 厚 度 t (mm)0.50.81.01.52345681012IT6IT7IT7IT9IT9IT8-IT8IT9-IT9IT10-IT10IT10IT12IT10IT12IT12-IT12IT12-IT12IT12-IT12-IT14-IT14-IT14-IT14模具的磨損及模具刃口在壓力作用下產(chǎn)生的彈性變形也會影響到間隙及沖裁件應(yīng)力狀態(tài)的改變,對沖裁件的質(zhì)量會產(chǎn)生綜合性影響。6.2合理間隙的選用由以上分析可知,凸、凹模間隙是沖裁過程最重要的工藝參數(shù),它對沖裁件質(zhì)量、模具壽命、沖裁力和卸料力等都有很大的影響。因此,設(shè)計模具時,一定要選擇一個合理的間隙,使沖裁件的斷面質(zhì)量好,尺寸精度高,模具壽命長,所需沖裁力小。但嚴格來說,并不存在一個同時滿足所有理想要求的合理間隙??紤]到模具制造中的偏差及使用中的磨損,生產(chǎn)中通常是選擇一個適當?shù)姆秶?,就可以基本滿足以上各項要求,沖出合格制件。這個范圍的最小值稱為最小合理間隙,最大值稱為最大合理間隙??紤]到模具在使用過程中的逐步磨損,設(shè) 圖6-2 合理沖裁間隙的確定計和制造新模具時應(yīng)采用最小合理間隙。確定合理間隙的方法主要有理論計算法和查表選取法兩種。由于這種方法用起來不方便,所以目前生產(chǎn)上普遍使用的是查表選取法。查表選取法如上所述,間隙的選取主要與材料的種類、厚度有關(guān),但由于各種沖壓件對其斷面質(zhì)量和尺寸精度的要求不同,以及生產(chǎn)條件的差異,在生產(chǎn)實踐中就很難有一種統(tǒng)一的間隙數(shù)值,各種資料中給的間隙值并不相同,有的相差較大,選用時應(yīng)按使用要求分別表6-2 與值材料(%)t4軟鋼中硬鋼硬鋼75706560544770656055474565555548443850404535352556454選取。對于斷面質(zhì)量和尺寸精度要求高的工件,應(yīng)選用小的間隙值,而對于精度要求不高的工件,則應(yīng)盡可能采用大間隙,以利于提高模具壽命、降低沖裁力。同時還必須結(jié)合生產(chǎn)條件,根據(jù)沖裁件尺寸和形狀、模具材料和加工方法、沖壓方法及生產(chǎn)率等,靈活掌握、斟情增減。本模具設(shè)計沖裁間隙的選取,參考表6-3選取。表6-3 沖裁模具初始雙面間隙Z(電器儀表行業(yè)用)(mm)材料厚度軟 鋁紫銅、黃銅、軟鋼(C0.08%C0.2%)杜拉鋁、中等硬鋼(C0.3%C0.4%)硬 鋼(C0.2%C0.6%)0.20.0080.0120.0100.0140.0120.0160.0140.0180.30.0120.0180.0150.0210.0180.0240.0210.0270.40.0160.0240.0200.0280.0240.0320.0280.0360.50.0200.0300.0250.0350.0300.0400.0350.0450.60.0240.0360.0300.0420.0360.0480.0420.0540.70.0280.0420.0350.0490.0420.0560.0490.0638.00.7200.8800.8000.9600.8801.0400.9601.1209.00.8100.9900.9001.0800.9901.1701.0801.26010.00.9001.1001.0001.2001.1001.3001.2001.400本模具所沖裁的材料為軟黃銅,材料厚度為0.5mm,查表得:=0.025mm,=0.035mm.7 沖壓模具總體設(shè)計7.1模具類型的選擇由沖壓工藝分析可知,采用復(fù)合模沖壓,所以模具類型為復(fù)合模具。7.2確定送料方式 模具相對于模架是采用從右往左的橫向送料方式,還是采用從前往夠的縱向送料方式,這主要取決于凹模的周界尺寸。如L(送料方向的凹模長度)B(垂直于送料方向的凹模寬度)時,采用縱向送料方式;LB時,則采用橫向送料方式;L=B時,縱向或橫向均可。就本模具而言,其送料方式應(yīng)采用橫向送料。7.3定位方式的選擇由于該模具采用的是條料,控制條料送進方向采用導(dǎo)料板??刂茥l料送進步距采用擋料銷。而第一件工件的沖壓位置因為條料長度有一定余量,可以靠操作工目測來定。7.4卸料、出件方式的選擇模具是采用彈壓卸料板,還是采用固定卸料板,取決于卸料力的大小,其中材料料厚是主要考慮因素。由于彈壓卸料模具操作時比固定卸料模具方便,操作者可以看見條料在模具中的送進動作,且彈壓卸料板卸料時對條料施加的是柔性力,不會損傷工件表面,因此實際設(shè)計中盡量采彈壓卸料板,而只有在彈壓卸料板卸料力不足時,才改用固定卸料板。隨著模具用彈性元件彈力的增強(如采用矩形彈簧),彈壓卸料板的卸料力大大增強。根據(jù)目前情況,當材料料厚約在2mm以下時采用彈壓卸料板,大于2mm時采用固定卸料板較為貼近實際。本模具所沖材料的料厚為0.5mm,因此可采用彈壓卸料板。7.5導(dǎo)向方式的選擇如采用縱向送料方式,適宜采用中間導(dǎo)柱導(dǎo)套模架(對角導(dǎo)柱導(dǎo)套模架也可);橫向送料適宜采用對角導(dǎo)柱導(dǎo)套模架:而后側(cè)導(dǎo)柱導(dǎo)套模架有利于送料(縱橫向均可且送料較順暢),但工作時受力均衡性和對稱性比中間導(dǎo)柱導(dǎo)套模架及對角導(dǎo)柱導(dǎo)套模架差一些;四角導(dǎo)柱導(dǎo)套模架則常用于大型模具;而精密模具還須采用滾珠導(dǎo)柱導(dǎo)套。本模具采用后側(cè)導(dǎo)柱導(dǎo)套模架,對橫向送料方式較適宜,同時也提高模具壽命和工件質(zhì)量,方便操作。8 主要零部件設(shè)計8.1 落料凹模設(shè)計凹模的設(shè)計是模具設(shè)計一項很重要的工作8.1.1落料凹模刃口形式 考慮到工件的出件方式,采用如圖8-1的凹模刃口形式:該刃口形式的特點是刃邊強度較好,刃磨后工作部分尺寸不變,但洞口積存廢料或制件,推件力大且磨損大,刃磨時磨去的尺寸多。一般用于形狀復(fù)雜的上出件的模具。 8.1.1落料凹模外形和尺寸的確定 圓形凹??捎衫錄_模國家標準或工廠標準件中選用。非標準尺寸的凹模受力狀態(tài)比較復(fù)雜,目前還不能用理論計算方法確定,一般按照經(jīng)驗公式概略地計算,如8.1圖所示:凹模高度 H=Kb (15mm)凹模壁厚 c(1.52)H(3040mm)式中 b沖壓件最大外形尺寸 K系數(shù),考慮板材厚度的影響,其值可查文獻沖壓工藝與模具設(shè)計。查得K=0.3。 凹模高度H=Kb=0.312.5=3.75mm15mm由于大批量生產(chǎn),考慮到總的修模量,凹模厚度H取15mm.凹模壁厚取30mm.則凹模周界尺寸 圖8.1凹模尺寸 B=b+2c=12.5+302=72.5mmL=H+2c=15+302=75mm 8.2凸、凹模設(shè)計 凸凹模是本模具中相當重要的工作零件,是完成沖壓工作的主要零件。圓形凸模已趨于標準化。非圓形凸模固定部分應(yīng)做成圓形或矩形,如果采用線切割或成型磨削時,固定部分應(yīng)和工作部分一致。8.2.1模具的結(jié)構(gòu)形式和固定方法凸、凹模的固定形式有以下幾種方式:直接固定在模板上;臺階固定,螺栓壓緊;鉚接,凸模上無臺階,裝配時端面鉚開然后磨平;采用緊固配合固定;粘接劑澆注法固定;螺釘、銷釘固定。由于凸凹模落料部分具有復(fù)雜外形和較大的斷面積,所以模具采用直通式,采用圖8.2示的鉚接固定: 圖8.2 凸凹模固定形式 圖8.3 凸模長度的確定凸模上無臺階,全部長度尺寸相同,裝配時上面鉚開然后磨平,這種形式適用于形狀較復(fù)雜的零件,加工凸模時便于全長一起磨削。8.2.2凸凹模長度的確定凸、凹模的長度一般是根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)上的需要確定的,如圖8.3所示:凸凹模長度 L=h1+h2+t+a式中h1固定板厚度(mm); h2卸料板厚度(mm); t材料厚度(mm),t=0.5mm; a附加長度,它包括凸模的修模量、凸模進入凹模的深度級凸模固定板與卸料板的安全距離等。這一尺寸如無特殊要求,可取1020mm。 固定板厚度h1取20mm,卸料板厚度8mm,凸凹模長度為 L=20+8+0.5+10=38.5mm 取凸凹模長度40mm.由于凸凹模的斷面積較大,故不需要進行強度核算以及抗彎能力和承壓能力的校核。8.2.3凸凹模結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計由于凸凹模同時起到落料凸模和沖孔凹模的作用,并且也肩負著排除廢料的責任,故模具設(shè)計成如圖8.4所示的結(jié)構(gòu): 圖8.4 凸凹模結(jié)構(gòu)8.3沖孔凸模凸凹模的材料選擇T10A,HRC4050。由于所沖的孔為圓形,而且不屬于需要特別保護的小凸模,所以沖孔凸模采用直接固定在固定板中的形式。一方面加工簡單,另一方面又便于裝配和更換。8.3.1沖孔凸模的固定形式由于沖孔凸模結(jié)構(gòu)簡單,故采用如圖8.5所示的固定形式,凸模與固定板用H7/g6配合。8.3.2沖孔凸模長度的確定沖孔凸模長度的確定跟凸凹模的長度確定一樣。L=h1+h2+t+a取固定板厚度為12mm,卸料板厚度取8mm,附加長度a初取20mm。故L=12+8+0.5+20=40.5mm 8.3.3凸模強度校核1)一般情況下,凸模的強度是足夠的,沒有必要作強度校核。但對于特別細長的凸?;蛐⊥鼓_厚而硬的材料時,必須進行凸模承壓能力和抗縱向彎曲能力的校驗。1)承壓能力的校核。沖裁時,凸模承受壓應(yīng)力 ,必須小于凸模材料允許的壓應(yīng)力 : 對圓形凸模,由上式可得: 對于其他各種斷面的凸模:式中凸模最小直徑(mm); 料厚(mm);材料抗剪強度(MPa);沖裁力(N); 8.5 凸模固定形式凸模最小截面積(mm); 凸模材料的許用壓應(yīng)力(MPa),它的大小取決于材料種類、熱處理和凸模的結(jié)構(gòu)與工作條件。碳素工具鋼淬火之后的許用壓應(yīng)力一般為淬火前的1.53.0倍。對于T8A、T10A、Cr12MoV、GCr15等,淬火硬度為5862HRC時,可取=(1.01.6)103MPa,凸模有特殊的導(dǎo)向時,可取=(23)103MPa。F=Ltb=64.570.5294=1200.108N沖孔時承受的壓應(yīng)力為=1200.108/(3.141.32 )=226MPa 圖8.6 無導(dǎo)向與有導(dǎo)向凸模2)抗縱向彎曲能力的校核。為了凸模在沖裁時不致發(fā)生縱向彎曲失穩(wěn),凸模的自由長度必須受到限制。凸模無導(dǎo)向裝置時,見圖8.6 a)對于非圓形凸模(135425)對于圓形凸模(3095)凸模有導(dǎo)向裝置時,見圖8.7 b) 對于非圓形凸模(3801200) 對于圓形凸模 (85270) 式中 凸模允許的最大自由度(mm); F該凸模的沖壓力(N); I凸模最小斷面慣性矩(mm4); d凸模最小直徑(mm)。 以上凸??箯澞芰统袎耗苄:说墓骄∮谖墨I沖壓工藝與模具設(shè)計P225。由于該凸模是有導(dǎo)向的圓形凸模,所以=85 =16.58mm該凸模的自由長度為20mm16.58mm,故需要重新確定沖孔凸模的長度。附加長度為15mm,沖孔凸模總長度為35.5mm。8.3.4 沖孔凸模的結(jié)構(gòu) 根據(jù)以上構(gòu)思和計算,沖孔凸模設(shè)計成下圖8.8所示的結(jié)構(gòu):8.4 卸料彈簧的選擇因為工件料厚為0.5mm,相對較薄,卸料力也比較小,故采用彈性卸料。根據(jù)卸料力474.5895N采用4個彈簧,此時每個彈簧擔負的卸料力為約119N。沖裁時卸料板的工作行程h2= t+1=1.7 mm ;考慮凸模的修模余量h3=5 mm,彈簧的預(yù)壓量為h1;故彈簧總壓縮量為 H總=h1+h2+h3=h1+6.7 mm 圖8.8 沖孔凸??紤]卸料的可靠性,取彈簧在預(yù)壓量為h1時就有應(yīng)力117N的壓力。初選彈簧直徑d=4mm,彈簧中徑D2=26mm,工作極限負荷980N;自由高度h0=45 mm,工作極限載荷下彈簧的變形量hj=14.8mm。該彈簧在預(yù)備壓量h1時,卸料力達557N,即 h1=F1/Fjhj=119/98014.8mm=1.79mm故 H總=6.7+1.79=8.49mm20.2mm 故所選螺釘長度滿足要求,定卸料螺釘窩深h=33.5mm。 9.6推桿的選擇按照JB/T7650.1-94選擇帶肩推桿B680 JB/T7650.1,直徑d=6mm,長度L=80mm,材料45鋼,熱處理:硬度4348HRC。9.7螺釘及銷釘?shù)倪x擇用于固定凸凹模固定板的螺釘參考文獻吳宗澤,羅圣國主編機械設(shè)計課程設(shè)計手冊(第二版)P37表3-9選擇2個螺栓 GB 5782-86 M880,螺紋規(guī)格d=8mm,公稱長度l=80,性能等級為8.8級、表面氧化、A級的六角頭螺栓。定位銷選用參考文獻機械設(shè)計課程設(shè)計手冊P54表4-4選擇銷GB 119-86 B880,公稱直徑d=8mm,長度l=80mm,材料為35鋼,熱處理硬度2838HRC。凸凹模中打入的銷釘參考文獻機械設(shè)計課程設(shè)計手冊54表4-4選擇銷GB 119-86 B440,公稱直徑d=4mm,長度l=40mm,材料為35鋼,熱處理硬度2838HRC。導(dǎo)尺固定的螺栓參考文獻機械設(shè)計課程設(shè)計手冊選擇P37表3-9選擇2個螺栓 GB 5782-86 M825,螺紋規(guī)格d=8mm,公稱長度l=25,性能等級為8.8級、表面氧化、A級的六角頭螺栓。定位銷參考文機械設(shè)計課程設(shè)計手冊54表4-4選擇銷GB 119-86 B825公稱直徑d=8mm,長度l=25mm,材料為35鋼,熱處理硬度2838HRC。凹模框固定螺釘參考文獻機械設(shè)計課程設(shè)計手冊P37表3-9選擇2個螺栓 GB 5782-86 M880,螺紋規(guī)格d=8mm,公稱長度l=80,性能等級為8.8級、表面氧化、A級的六角頭螺栓。定位銷選用參考文獻機械設(shè)計課程設(shè)計手冊P54表4-4選擇銷GB 119-86 B880,公稱直徑d=8mm,長度l=80mm,材料為35鋼,熱處理硬度2838HRC。彈頂器固定螺釘參考文獻機械設(shè)計課程設(shè)計手冊P39表3-12選擇GB898-88 M1280的雙頭螺柱。參考文獻機械設(shè)計課程設(shè)計手冊P45表3-19選擇兩個GB 6172-86 M8螺母,螺紋規(guī)格d=12mm,性能等級為10級、不經(jīng)表面處理。10 落料沖孔復(fù)合模的及繪制運用Auto CAD軟件,按照以上設(shè)計的尺寸,繪制模具裝配總圖及各零件圖。繪圖過程中嚴格按照國標制圖標準繪制。標準圖見所附圖紙,總裝圖示意圖10.1所示。 圖10.1模具總裝圖示意圖1.墊板 2.推桿 3.螺釘 4.推板 7.沖孔凸模 8.推件塊 9.銷釘 11.上模座 12.凸模固定板 14.落料凹模 17.凸凹模固定板, 21.凸凹模 23.彈簧彈頂擋料銷 25.彈簧 26.下模座 27.導(dǎo)料板11 彎曲模具分析及設(shè)計11.1 彎曲工藝方案的確立彎曲件工序安排原則: (1)簡單形狀的彎曲件,如V形、L形、U形件等只需一次彎曲。 (2)尺寸特別小的彎曲件,應(yīng)盡可能用一副復(fù)雜彎曲模一次彎曲成形,以便于毛坯的定位和生產(chǎn)操作,保證彎曲件的尺寸精度,提高生產(chǎn)效率。 (3)大批量生產(chǎn)的中小型彎曲件,應(yīng)盡可能用一副多工位級進模完成沖裁,彎曲等所有沖壓加工任務(wù),以提高生產(chǎn)效率。 (4)在能夠保證彎曲件彎曲成形的前提下,應(yīng)盡量減少彎曲工序數(shù)量。 (5)每次彎曲成形的部位不應(yīng)過多,以防止彎曲件變薄,翹曲或拉傷,簡化模具結(jié)構(gòu)。 (6)多次彎曲時,彎曲工
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