J23-25開(kāi)式雙柱可傾曲柄壓力機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)【含CAD圖紙+文檔】
壓縮包內(nèi)含有CAD圖紙和說(shuō)明書(shū),均可直接下載獲得文件,所見(jiàn)所得,電腦查看更方便。Q 197216396 或 11970985
摘 要 曲柄壓力機(jī)是通過(guò)曲柄滑塊機(jī)構(gòu)將電動(dòng)機(jī)的旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)換為滑塊的直線往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng),對(duì)胚料進(jìn)行成行加工的鍛壓機(jī)械。曲柄壓力機(jī)動(dòng)作平穩(wěn),工作可靠,廣泛用于沖壓、擠壓、模鍛和粉末冶金等工藝。其結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,操作方便,性能可靠。關(guān)鍵詞:壓力機(jī),曲柄機(jī)構(gòu),機(jī)械制造IAbstract Crank pressure machine is pass crank a slippery piece organization to revolve electric motor conversion for slippery piece of straight line back and forth sport, Carries the formed processing to the semifinished materials the forging and stamping machinery. The crank press movement is steady, the work is reliable, widely uses in crafts and so on ramming, extrusion, drop forging and powder metallurgy. Its structure is simple ,the ease of operation , the performance is reliable .The coupling part uses the rigidity to transfer the key type coupling, the use service is convenient.Keywords: pressure machine, crank organization, machine manufacturingII前 言畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是對(duì)學(xué)生在畢業(yè)之前所進(jìn)行的一次綜合設(shè)計(jì)能力的訓(xùn)練,是為社會(huì)培養(yǎng)合格的工程技術(shù)人員最后而有及其重要的一個(gè)教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)。通過(guò)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)可以進(jìn)一步的培養(yǎng)和鍛煉我們的分析問(wèn)題能力和解決問(wèn)題的能力,這對(duì)我們今后走向工作崗位有很大的幫助。我們這次是一般選型和專題設(shè)計(jì)相結(jié)合的設(shè)計(jì),涉及內(nèi)容廣泛,幾乎四年所學(xué)知識(shí)或多或少涉及到。這次設(shè)計(jì)我們將本著:獨(dú)立分析,相互探討,仔細(xì)推敲,充分吃透整體設(shè)計(jì)的整體過(guò)程,使這次設(shè)計(jì)反映出我們的設(shè)計(jì)水平,并充分發(fā)揮個(gè)人的創(chuàng)新能力。作為一名未來(lái)的工程技術(shù)人員,應(yīng)當(dāng)從現(xiàn)在開(kāi)始做起,學(xué)好知識(shí),并不斷的豐富自己的專業(yè)知識(shí)和提高實(shí)際操作能力。在指導(dǎo)老師的精心指導(dǎo)下,我們較為圓滿的完成了這次設(shè)計(jì)工作,由于學(xué)識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)的不足,其中定會(huì)出現(xiàn)很多問(wèn)題,不足之處懇請(qǐng)各位老師加以批評(píng)和指導(dǎo)。III 目錄摘 要IAbstractII前 言III第一章 設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書(shū)1第一節(jié) 曲柄壓力機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)的目的1第二節(jié) 曲柄壓力機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)的內(nèi)容1第三節(jié) 曲柄壓力機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)設(shè)計(jì)步驟1第二章 電動(dòng)機(jī)選擇和飛輪設(shè)計(jì)3第一節(jié) 壓力機(jī)電力拖動(dòng)特點(diǎn)3第二節(jié) 電動(dòng)機(jī)的選擇3第三節(jié) 飛輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量及尺寸的計(jì)算5第三章 機(jī)械傳動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)11第一節(jié) 傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)分析11第二節(jié) V帶傳動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)13第三節(jié) 齒輪傳動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)16第四節(jié) 轉(zhuǎn)軸設(shè)計(jì)18第五節(jié) 平鍵連接22第六節(jié) 滾動(dòng)軸承的選擇23第四章 曲柄滑塊機(jī)構(gòu)27第一節(jié) 曲柄滑塊機(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)動(dòng)和受力分析27第二節(jié) 曲柄軸的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算28第三節(jié) 連桿和封閉高度調(diào)節(jié)裝置31第四節(jié) 滑動(dòng)軸承的設(shè)計(jì)35第五節(jié) 滑塊與導(dǎo)軌的形式37第五章 機(jī)身設(shè)計(jì)39第一節(jié) 機(jī)身結(jié)構(gòu)39第二節(jié) 機(jī)身計(jì)算39第六章 離合器與制動(dòng)器44第一節(jié) 離合器與制動(dòng)器的作用原理44第二節(jié) 離合器的選用44第三節(jié) 制動(dòng)器的選用47第七章 過(guò)載保護(hù)裝置49一、剪切破壞式過(guò)載保護(hù)裝置的結(jié)構(gòu)49二、剪切塊的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算50第八章 潤(rùn)滑系統(tǒng)52外文資料55中文翻譯61機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)簡(jiǎn)介61總 結(jié)66參考文獻(xiàn)67第一章 設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書(shū)第一節(jié) 曲柄壓力機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)的目的 曲柄壓力機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)是機(jī)械類專業(yè)和部分非機(jī)械類專業(yè)學(xué)生的一次較全面的機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)訓(xùn)練,是機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)課程重要的綜合性與實(shí)踐性教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié),其基本目的是:一、 通過(guò)曲柄壓力機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì),綜合運(yùn)用機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)課程和其他有關(guān)先修課程的理論,結(jié)合生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐知識(shí),培養(yǎng)分析和解決一般工程實(shí)際問(wèn)題的能力,并使所說(shuō)知識(shí),得到進(jìn)一步鞏固,深化和擴(kuò)展。二、 學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的一般方法,掌握通用機(jī)械零件,機(jī)械傳動(dòng)裝置或簡(jiǎn)單機(jī)械的設(shè)計(jì)原理和過(guò)程。三、 運(yùn)行機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)基本技能的訓(xùn)練,如計(jì)算、繪圖,熟悉和運(yùn)用設(shè)計(jì)資料(手冊(cè)、圖冊(cè)、 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)范等)以及使用經(jīng)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù),進(jìn)行經(jīng)驗(yàn)估算和數(shù)據(jù)處理等。第二節(jié) 曲柄壓力機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)的內(nèi)容內(nèi)容包括:選擇電動(dòng)機(jī)型號(hào),V帶傳動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì),齒輪傳動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì),曲柄滑塊傳動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì),壓力機(jī)機(jī)體設(shè)計(jì),繪制裝配圖及零件圖,在設(shè)計(jì)中完成了以下工作:壓力機(jī)裝配圖零件工作圖六張(帶輪、軸、齒輪、曲軸、連桿、滑塊)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)一份第三節(jié) 曲柄壓力機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)設(shè)計(jì)步驟它通常是根據(jù)任務(wù)書(shū)擬訂若干方案并進(jìn)行分析比較然后確定一個(gè)真確、合理的設(shè)計(jì)方案,進(jìn)行必要的計(jì)算和結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),最后用圖紙表達(dá)設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)果,用設(shè)計(jì)書(shū)明書(shū)表示設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)果。曲柄壓力機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)可按照以下所述的幾個(gè)階段進(jìn)行:一、 設(shè)計(jì)準(zhǔn)備 1、分析設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書(shū),明確工作條件,設(shè)計(jì)要求的內(nèi)容和步驟。 2、了解設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)象,閱讀有關(guān)資料,圖紙,觀察事物或模型以進(jìn)行減速器裝拆 試驗(yàn)等。 3、熟悉機(jī)械零件的設(shè)計(jì)方案和步驟。 4、準(zhǔn)備好設(shè)計(jì)需要的圖紙,資料和用具,并擬定設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)劃等。 二、傳動(dòng)裝置總體設(shè)計(jì) 1、確定傳動(dòng)方案 2、計(jì)算電定機(jī)的功率,轉(zhuǎn)速,選擇電動(dòng)機(jī)的型號(hào) 3、確定總傳動(dòng)比和分配各級(jí)傳動(dòng)比 4、計(jì)算各軸的功率,轉(zhuǎn)速和轉(zhuǎn)距 三、各級(jí)傳動(dòng)零件設(shè)計(jì) 四、壓力機(jī)裝配草圖設(shè)計(jì) 1、選擇比例尺,合理布置試圖,確定壓力機(jī)和零件的相對(duì)位置。 2、確定軸上立作用點(diǎn)及支點(diǎn)距離,減速器箱體,曲柄系統(tǒng)及其附件的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè) 計(jì)。 五、零件工作圖設(shè)計(jì) 1、壓力機(jī)裝配圖 2、帶輪零件圖 3、軸的零件圖 4、齒輪零件圖 5、曲軸零件圖 6、滑塊零件圖 7、連桿零件圖 第二章 電動(dòng)機(jī)選擇和飛輪設(shè)計(jì)第一節(jié) 壓力機(jī)電力拖動(dòng)特點(diǎn)壓力機(jī)的負(fù)載為一沖擊載荷,即在一個(gè)工作周期內(nèi)只在較短的時(shí)間內(nèi)承受工作負(fù)荷。而在較長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間內(nèi)為空運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。若按此短暫的工作時(shí)間來(lái)選擇電動(dòng)機(jī)的功率,則電動(dòng)機(jī)的功率會(huì)很大。為了減少電動(dòng)機(jī)功率,在傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中設(shè)置了飛輪,可以大大減少電動(dòng)機(jī)功率。采用飛輪后,當(dāng)滑塊不動(dòng)時(shí),電動(dòng)機(jī)帶動(dòng)飛輪旋轉(zhuǎn),使其儲(chǔ)備能量。而在沖壓工作的瞬時(shí),主要靠飛輪釋放能量。工件沖壓后,負(fù)荷減少,電動(dòng)機(jī)帶動(dòng)飛輪加速旋轉(zhuǎn),使其在下一個(gè)沖壓工作前恢復(fù)到原有角速度,節(jié)蓄能量。所以沖壓時(shí)所需的能量不是直接由電動(dòng)機(jī)供給,而是主要由飛輪供給,這樣電動(dòng)機(jī)功率可大大減少。第二節(jié) 電動(dòng)機(jī)的選擇一、 選擇電動(dòng)機(jī)型號(hào)根據(jù)原始數(shù)據(jù)可知工作機(jī)的工作阻力F = 250KN = 250000N,運(yùn)輸帶的速度= 65552mm/min = 0.119m/s。1、選擇電動(dòng)機(jī)功率工作機(jī)所需的電動(dòng)機(jī)輸出功率為 (采用飛輪機(jī)構(gòu)) = 15=15由電動(dòng)機(jī)至工作機(jī)之間的總效率為式中、 分別為聯(lián)軸器、帶傳動(dòng)、齒輪傳動(dòng)、滑動(dòng)軸承的效率。取=0.97、 =0.96、 =0.95、 =0.97,則 = 所以 = 15= 5.4KW2、確定電動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速 曲軸工作轉(zhuǎn)速 = 55r/min按推薦的合理傳動(dòng)比范圍,取V帶傳動(dòng)的傳動(dòng)比=4-6,單級(jí)齒輪傳動(dòng)比=5-7, 則合理總傳動(dòng)比的范圍為=20-42,故電動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速的可選范圍為 = i =(2042)55r/min = 11002310r/min綜合考慮,電動(dòng)機(jī)和傳動(dòng)裝置的尺寸、重量以及帶傳動(dòng)和壓力機(jī)的傳動(dòng)比,選擇電動(dòng)機(jī)的型號(hào)Y132M-4,額定功率7.5KW,滿載轉(zhuǎn)速1440r/min。二、計(jì)算總傳動(dòng)比和分配轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)比由選定電動(dòng)機(jī)的滿載轉(zhuǎn)速和工作機(jī)主軸的轉(zhuǎn)速 ,可得傳動(dòng)裝置的總傳動(dòng)比為 = = 取=5 則= = 5.24三、計(jì)算傳動(dòng)裝置的運(yùn)動(dòng)和動(dòng)力參數(shù)1、各軸轉(zhuǎn)速= 1440r/min= 1440r/min2、各軸的輸入功率 = 5.5KW3、各軸輸入轉(zhuǎn)矩運(yùn)動(dòng)和動(dòng)力參數(shù)的計(jì)算結(jié)果列于下表2-1 軸號(hào)P/KMT/Nmmn/(r/min)電動(dòng)機(jī)軸5.536.481440軸5.33535.3814400.97軸4.97164.828850.93曲軸4.58795.25555.240.92表 2-1第三節(jié) 飛輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量及尺寸的計(jì)算一、曲柄壓力機(jī)一工作周期所消耗的能量隨著離合器的單次和連續(xù)結(jié)合,滑塊的行程有單次和連續(xù)行程。單次行程時(shí)所需的周期能量連續(xù)行程時(shí)所需的周期能量式中單次行程周期能量; 連續(xù)行程周期能量; 工件成形能量; 工作行程時(shí),曲柄滑塊機(jī)構(gòu)的摩擦所消耗的能量; 受力系統(tǒng)彈性變形所消耗的能量; 滑塊克服氣墊壓緊力所消耗的能量; 滑塊空行程時(shí)所消耗的能量; 中間傳動(dòng)環(huán)節(jié)所消耗的能量; 離合器結(jié)合所消耗的能量; 滑塊停頓,飛輪空轉(zhuǎn)所消耗的能量。 1. 工件成形所需能量式中 壓力機(jī)公稱壓力(); 板料厚度(),根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式,對(duì)于慢速壓力機(jī)。 2. 工作行程時(shí),曲柄滑塊機(jī)構(gòu)的摩擦所消耗的能量實(shí)際機(jī)器的曲柄滑塊機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)副之間,存在著摩擦。電動(dòng)機(jī)在拖動(dòng)曲柄滑塊機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí),為克服摩擦消耗能量。在工作行程時(shí),曲柄滑塊機(jī)構(gòu)摩擦所消耗的能量,建議按下式計(jì)算:式中 公稱壓力角(),; 曲柄滑塊機(jī)構(gòu)的摩擦當(dāng)量力臂(mm),由第三章得出; 壓力機(jī)公稱壓力()。 3. 彈性變形所消耗的能量完成工序時(shí),壓力機(jī)受力系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生的彈性變形是封閉高度增加,受力零件儲(chǔ)藏變形位能對(duì)于沖裁工序?qū)⒁鹉芰繐p耗,損耗的多少與壓力機(jī)剛度、被沖裁的零件材料性質(zhì)等有關(guān)。從偏于安全出發(fā)損耗的能量可按下式計(jì)算:式中:壓力機(jī)公稱壓力(); 壓力機(jī)總的垂直剛度()。 壓力機(jī)垂直剛度,對(duì)于開(kāi)式壓力機(jī)。4. 滑塊克服氣墊壓緊力所消耗的能量 無(wú)氣墊壓緊裝置,5. 空行程時(shí)所消耗的能量 壓力機(jī)空行程中能量消耗與壓力機(jī)零件結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸、表面加工質(zhì)量、潤(rùn)滑情況、皮帶拉緊程度、制動(dòng)器調(diào)整情況等有關(guān)。通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)。通用壓力機(jī)連續(xù)行程所消耗的平均功率約為壓力機(jī)額定功率的。根據(jù)通用壓力機(jī)空行程損耗的實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)。6. 離合器結(jié)合搜消耗的能量 剛性離合器,7. 中間傳動(dòng)環(huán)節(jié)所消耗的能量在傳遞能量時(shí),皮帶、齒輪等中間環(huán)節(jié)因存在摩擦而引起能量損耗。中間環(huán)節(jié)所消耗的能量,可按下式近似計(jì)算:式中:工件成形能量; 工作行程時(shí),曲柄滑塊機(jī)構(gòu)的摩擦所消耗的能量; 受力系統(tǒng)彈性變形所消耗的能量; 滑塊克服氣墊壓緊力所消耗的能量; 離合器結(jié)合所消耗的能量; 考慮到齒輪傳動(dòng)的效率。其中:齒輪嚙合效率;一對(duì)軸承傳動(dòng)的效率; 考慮到皮帶傳動(dòng)的效率。其中:皮帶效率;一對(duì)軸承傳動(dòng)的效率;8. 滑塊停頓,飛輪空轉(zhuǎn)所消耗的能量根據(jù)測(cè)試,單動(dòng)壓力機(jī)滑塊停頓飛輪空轉(zhuǎn)時(shí),電機(jī)所需功率約為壓力機(jī)額定功率的6-30%,剛性離合器一般安置在曲軸上,且常用滑動(dòng)軸承。所以,對(duì)于具有剛性離合器的開(kāi)式曲柄壓力機(jī),此值偏高。飛輪空轉(zhuǎn)所消耗的能量為: 式中 飛輪空轉(zhuǎn)所需功率(); 壓力機(jī)行程次數(shù)利用系數(shù)(%),連續(xù)行程時(shí),=100%。對(duì)手工送料時(shí),行程利用系數(shù)按表2-2選取: 壓力機(jī)行程 次數(shù)1520-4040-7070-100200-500行程利用系數(shù)0.7-0.850.5-0.650.45-0.550.35-0.450.2-0.4表2-2 壓力機(jī)行程次數(shù)(次/min)。 該設(shè)計(jì)壓力機(jī)沒(méi)有拉伸墊裝置,具有剛性離合器的通用開(kāi)式曲柄壓力機(jī)。按單次行程工作方式計(jì)算:二、飛輪軸上轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量電動(dòng)機(jī)選定后,設(shè)計(jì)飛輪。這時(shí)有兩個(gè)假設(shè):1、 工作行程時(shí)所需能量全部由飛輪供應(yīng)。2、 工序結(jié)束時(shí),電機(jī)軸負(fù)載扭矩達(dá)到最大值,但不大于電機(jī)最大允許轉(zhuǎn)矩。實(shí)際上,沖壓時(shí)電動(dòng)機(jī)放出一部分能量,所以飛輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量應(yīng)按下式計(jì)算: 式中 工作行程時(shí)所需能量 電動(dòng)機(jī)在額定轉(zhuǎn)速下飛輪的角速度 飛輪轉(zhuǎn)速相對(duì)波動(dòng)情況的轉(zhuǎn)速不均勻系數(shù) 其中 實(shí)際電機(jī)系數(shù);實(shí)際電機(jī)系數(shù) 電機(jī)額定轉(zhuǎn)差率,; 電機(jī)軸到飛輪軸用三角皮帶傳動(dòng)時(shí),三角皮帶的當(dāng)量滑動(dòng)系數(shù),;修正系數(shù),。 公稱壓力角(); 壓力機(jī)行程次數(shù)利用系數(shù)(%) 三、飛輪尺寸計(jì)算根據(jù)求得的折算到飛輪軸上的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量設(shè)計(jì)飛輪。曲柄壓力機(jī)上,一般飛輪形狀如圖21所示,圖中: 是輪緣部分,其轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量為; 是輪輻部分,其轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量為;是輪轂部分,其轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量為。飛輪外徑由小皮帶輪和速比決定,由第三章已知,輪緣部分寬度。飛輪本身的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)慣量,其中輪緣部分是主要的,要比、大的多。故在近似計(jì)算中只考慮更趨于安全。 而所以式中 金屬密度(),對(duì)鑄鋼:。 圖21 四、飛輪輪緣線速度驗(yàn)算 飛輪是回轉(zhuǎn)體,為避免回轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)產(chǎn)生壞裂,必須驗(yàn)算輪緣線速度:4050,彎曲和扭轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)的絕對(duì)尺寸影響系數(shù);由機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)附表5,查得表面質(zhì)量系數(shù)。由于曲柄壓力機(jī)的軸所受載荷為脈動(dòng)循環(huán)性質(zhì),所以所以復(fù)合安全系數(shù)查表查得許用安全系數(shù),對(duì)于通用壓力機(jī),對(duì)于自動(dòng)壓力機(jī),因此,軸的疲勞強(qiáng)度亦符合要求。第五節(jié) 平鍵連接在開(kāi)式曲柄壓力機(jī)上,齒輪、皮帶輪等零件和軸的聯(lián)接常采用平鍵連接。為避免聯(lián)接中較弱零件(一般是輪轂)壓壞,應(yīng)驗(yàn)算擠壓應(yīng)力: 式中 鍵所需傳遞的總扭矩, 鍵與輪轂的接觸高度,; 鍵的工作長(zhǎng)度,對(duì)于C型普通平鍵,對(duì)于A型普通平鍵; 鍵的名義長(zhǎng)度; 鍵的寬度; 鍵的直徑; 鍵的個(gè)數(shù)為避免加工困難和過(guò)分削弱軸的強(qiáng)度,一般; K考慮鍵受載不均勻的系數(shù),當(dāng)Z=2時(shí)K=0.75,當(dāng)Z=1時(shí)K=1; 平鍵連接的許用擠壓應(yīng)力,輪轂材料為鋼時(shí),。對(duì)帶輪,材料為鑄鐵,采用A型鍵,查表得 ;,滿足要求。對(duì)齒輪,材料為鋼,采用A型鍵,查表得,滿足要求。 第六節(jié) 滾動(dòng)軸承的選擇 一、滾動(dòng)軸承概述滾動(dòng)軸承具有滾動(dòng)摩擦的特點(diǎn),因此它的優(yōu)點(diǎn)有:摩擦阻力小,啟動(dòng)及運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)力矩小,啟動(dòng)靈敏,功率損耗小且軸承單位寬度承載能力較大,潤(rùn)滑、安裝及維修方便等。與滑動(dòng)軸承相比,滾動(dòng)軸承的缺點(diǎn)是徑向輪廓尺寸大,接觸應(yīng)力高,高速重載下軸承壽命較低且噪音較大,抗沖擊能力較差。選擇軸承類型時(shí)應(yīng)考慮多種因素。1、 載荷條件載荷較大時(shí),一般選用線接觸的滾子軸承,反之選擇點(diǎn)接觸球軸承;軸承受純徑向載荷或主要承受徑向載荷,通常選用深溝球軸承、圓柱滾子軸承或滾針軸承;受純軸向載荷時(shí)選用推力球軸承,軸向力大時(shí)選用推力滾子軸承;當(dāng)軸承同時(shí)受徑向和軸向載荷時(shí)應(yīng)選用角接觸軸承或圓錐滾子軸承,當(dāng)軸向載荷較大時(shí),通常選用四點(diǎn)接觸球軸承或推力球軸承與深溝球軸承的組合結(jié)構(gòu)。2、 軸承轉(zhuǎn)速通常軸承的工作轉(zhuǎn)速應(yīng)低于其極限轉(zhuǎn)速。否則會(huì)降低使用壽命。一般轉(zhuǎn)速較高、載荷較小、要求旋轉(zhuǎn)精度高時(shí),宜選用極限轉(zhuǎn)速較高的球軸承。超過(guò)極限轉(zhuǎn)速較多時(shí),應(yīng)選用特制高速滾動(dòng)軸承。轉(zhuǎn)速低、載荷大獲沖擊載荷時(shí)應(yīng)選用滾子軸承。3、 調(diào)心性能各種軸承使用時(shí)允許的偏斜角應(yīng)控制在允許范圍內(nèi),否則會(huì)引起軸承的附加載荷而降低軸承的壽命。4、 安裝和拆卸要求為了便于軸承的安裝、拆卸和調(diào)整間隙,選用內(nèi)、外圈可分離的軸承。若軸承裝在長(zhǎng)軸上,為了便于裝拆和緊固,可選用帶內(nèi)錐孔或帶緊固套的軸承。5、 經(jīng)濟(jì)性選用軸承時(shí)應(yīng)考慮經(jīng)濟(jì)性。球軸承比滾子軸承便宜,同型號(hào)不同公差等級(jí)的軸承比價(jià)為P0:P6:P5:P41:1.5:2:6。選用高精度軸承時(shí)應(yīng)慎重。 二、滾動(dòng)軸承型號(hào)選擇根據(jù)上述的選擇原則,在J2325開(kāi)式曲柄壓力機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)軸上選用一對(duì)圓錐滾子軸承作支撐,分度圓的圓周力 ,軸承徑向力,法向力,轉(zhuǎn)速,運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)有沖擊,軸頸直徑,要求壽命,選擇軸承型號(hào)。 根據(jù)已知條件,預(yù)選32214型軸承進(jìn)行計(jì)算。每一個(gè)軸承承受的徑向負(fù)荷為:由于齒輪是直齒,所以忽略外加軸向力;又由于每端軸承是成對(duì)使用,徑向負(fù)荷產(chǎn)生的內(nèi)部軸向力S互相抵消,因此,軸向負(fù)荷為0。平均徑向負(fù)荷為: 平均軸向負(fù)荷當(dāng)量動(dòng)負(fù)荷,壽命系數(shù),速度系數(shù)所以 32214軸承的額定動(dòng)負(fù)荷,因此符合要求。第四章 曲柄滑塊機(jī)構(gòu)第一節(jié) 曲柄滑塊機(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)動(dòng)和受力分析一、 曲柄滑塊機(jī)構(gòu)如圖4-1所示,L連桿長(zhǎng)度; R曲柄半徑;S滑塊全行程;滑塊的位移,由滑塊的下死點(diǎn)算起;曲柄轉(zhuǎn)角,由曲柄軸頸最低位置沿曲柄旋轉(zhuǎn)的相反方向算起。從圖中的幾何關(guān)系可以得出滑塊位移的計(jì)算公式: 將上式對(duì)時(shí)間t微分,可求的滑塊的速度: 式中連桿系數(shù);曲柄的角速度。 在曲柄滑塊機(jī)構(gòu)的受力計(jì)算中,連桿作用力通常近似地取等于滑塊作用力,即 滑塊導(dǎo)軌的反作用力為: 式中摩擦系數(shù),;連桿上、下支承的半徑。曲柄所傳遞的扭矩可以看成由兩部分組成:無(wú)摩擦機(jī)構(gòu)所需的扭矩和由于存在摩擦所引起的附加扭矩,即式中理想當(dāng)量力臂;摩擦當(dāng)量力臂;曲軸支承頸半徑。則曲柄滑塊機(jī)構(gòu)的當(dāng)量力臂為: 曲軸扭矩為: 如果上式取和(公稱壓力,公稱壓力角),則曲柄壓力機(jī)所允許傳遞的最大扭矩為: 第二節(jié) 曲柄軸的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算一、 曲軸的結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖4-2圖 4-2二、曲柄軸強(qiáng)度設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算3. 曲柄軸尺寸經(jīng)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)支承頸直徑 (mm)式中 壓力機(jī)公稱壓力(KN),取 。其他各部分尺寸見(jiàn)下表4-1 曲軸各部分尺寸名稱代號(hào)經(jīng)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)實(shí)際尺寸(mm)曲柄頸直徑110支承頸長(zhǎng)度130曲柄兩臂外側(cè)面間的長(zhǎng)度240曲柄頸長(zhǎng)度136圓角半徑8曲柄臂的寬度140曲柄臂的高度150 表4-1 4. 曲軸強(qiáng)度計(jì)算曲軸的危險(xiǎn)截面為曲柄頸中央的截面和支承頸端部的截面。截面為彎扭聯(lián)合作用,但由于彎矩比扭矩大得多,故忽略扭矩計(jì)算出來(lái)的應(yīng)力。彎矩:彎曲應(yīng)力及強(qiáng)度條件:由上式可以導(dǎo)出滑塊上許用負(fù)荷:截面為扭彎聯(lián)合作用,但扭矩比彎矩大得多,故可以只計(jì)算扭矩的作用。扭矩:剪切應(yīng)力及強(qiáng)度條件:滑塊上許用應(yīng)力:考慮疲勞和應(yīng)力集中的影響,許用應(yīng)力如下計(jì)算:式中 曲軸材料屈服極限(MPa),調(diào)質(zhì)處理,; 安全系數(shù),取。三、曲軸剛度計(jì)算曲軸的剛度計(jì)算用摩爾積分法計(jì)算曲柄頸中部的撓度。第一項(xiàng)很小,可以忽略,故簡(jiǎn)化公式為: 式中 壓力機(jī)公稱壓力(KN); 彈性模量,對(duì)鋼曲軸; 曲柄臂厚度 支承頸、曲柄臂、曲柄頸的慣性矩(); 曲柄臂形心至曲柄頸形心的距離(mm)。第三節(jié) 連桿和封閉高度調(diào)節(jié)裝置一、 連桿和封閉高度調(diào)節(jié)裝置的結(jié)構(gòu)由設(shè)計(jì)條件知連桿長(zhǎng)度可調(diào),就用改變連桿長(zhǎng)度的方法改變壓力機(jī)的封閉高度。如圖43所示連桿和封閉高度調(diào)節(jié)裝置的結(jié)構(gòu),這種連桿由連桿蓋1、連桿2和球頭調(diào)節(jié)螺桿3等零件組成。其上端套在曲柄軸頸上,下端以球頭和滑塊6中的球座5及球頭壓蓋4連接。借扳手或用鐵棍撥動(dòng)棘爪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)球頭螺桿,就可以改變連桿長(zhǎng)度,從而改變壓力機(jī)的封閉高度。 圖4-31、連桿蓋 2、連桿 3、調(diào)節(jié)螺桿 4、球頭壓蓋 5、球頭下座 6、滑塊 7、螺釘 8、鎖緊塊 9、鎖緊塊二、連桿的計(jì)算1. 連桿的作用力:單點(diǎn)壓力機(jī):2. 確定連桿及調(diào)節(jié)螺桿主要尺寸的經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式:(4) 球頭式調(diào)節(jié)螺桿主要尺寸的經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式見(jiàn)表42:計(jì)算部位代號(hào)經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式實(shí)際尺寸球頭調(diào)節(jié)螺桿mm90706585連桿mm146184表4-2 (2)連桿總長(zhǎng)度L的確定確定連桿長(zhǎng)度L時(shí),應(yīng)根據(jù)壓力機(jī)的工作特點(diǎn),結(jié)構(gòu)型式,精度和剛度要求等全面考慮。一般開(kāi)式壓力機(jī)的連桿系數(shù),即連桿長(zhǎng)度。取,即三、連桿及球頭調(diào)節(jié)螺桿的強(qiáng)度計(jì)算連桿及因兩端有摩擦力矩存在,連桿及球頭調(diào)節(jié)螺桿受到壓應(yīng)力和彎曲應(yīng)力的聯(lián)合作用,應(yīng)當(dāng)演算其危險(xiǎn)截面AA的合成力使: 危險(xiǎn)截面的壓應(yīng)力:式中 連桿作用力(KN); 危險(xiǎn)截面AA的面積(); 危險(xiǎn)截面的彎曲應(yīng)力:式中危險(xiǎn)截面的截面模數(shù),圓形截面; 危險(xiǎn)截面的彎矩(Nm) 式中 摩擦系數(shù),?。?曲柄軸頸同連桿下支承端軸頸的半徑(mm); X危險(xiǎn)截面到連桿下支承軸頸中心的距離(mm), ; L連桿的總長(zhǎng)度(mm),對(duì)于長(zhǎng)度可調(diào)的連桿。 球頭調(diào)節(jié)連桿常用45鋼鍛造,調(diào)質(zhì)處理HBS220250,球頭表面淬火,硬度為42HRC。連桿體采用ZG35,正火處理。四、調(diào)節(jié)螺桿的螺紋調(diào)節(jié)螺桿的螺紋,常采用強(qiáng)度較高的特種鋸齒形螺紋和梯形螺紋。因?yàn)閴毫C(jī)是在重載情況下工作,故采用梯形螺紋,尺寸為M706。五、調(diào)節(jié)螺桿的螺紋計(jì)算由于螺母的材料一般較調(diào)節(jié)螺桿差,同時(shí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)梯形螺紋及特種鋸齒形螺紋的抗彎強(qiáng)度均比擠壓強(qiáng)度,剪切強(qiáng)度低,所以一般只計(jì)算螺母(即長(zhǎng)度可調(diào)連桿的連桿體,或調(diào)節(jié)螺母)的彎曲應(yīng)力。式中 、螺紋的外徑和內(nèi)徑; S螺距; H螺紋最小工作高度,; h螺紋牙根處高度,對(duì)于梯形螺紋; 連桿體或調(diào)節(jié)螺母螺紋的許用應(yīng)力,對(duì)鑄鋼ZG35,。六、連桿上的緊固螺栓連桿上端分成兩部分,應(yīng)用緊固螺栓連接。緊固螺栓承受的載荷較為復(fù)雜,一般不予計(jì)算。查閱相關(guān)資料并參考,螺栓個(gè)數(shù)4個(gè),螺栓直徑M24.第四節(jié) 滑動(dòng)軸承的設(shè)計(jì)滑動(dòng)軸承承受沖擊載荷的能力強(qiáng),主要用于曲軸的主軸承、連桿大小端支承等。如圖4-4所示。 a) b) c) 圖 4-4一、滑動(dòng)軸承的結(jié)構(gòu) 圖 4-5二、滑動(dòng)軸承的計(jì)算選用牌號(hào)為的滑動(dòng)軸承,曲柄連桿機(jī)構(gòu)中的滑動(dòng)軸承,速度較低,承受短時(shí)高峰負(fù)荷,軸承處在邊界摩擦的狀況下工作,設(shè)計(jì)中應(yīng)演算軸承軸瓦上的單位壓力p使式中 軸承上的單位壓力(); 作用在該軸承上的壓力(N); 軸瓦的許用單位壓力(); 軸承的支承投影面積(),與軸承的結(jié)構(gòu)、尺寸相關(guān)。1. 驗(yàn)算滑動(dòng)軸承的單位壓力p:曲軸支承軸瓦:連桿大端軸承:連桿小端軸承(球頭式):2. 滑動(dòng)軸承軸瓦上的速度:曲軸軸承的速度:連桿大端支承處的速度:式中 曲軸軸承直徑(mm); 曲柄軸頸直徑(mm); 曲軸轉(zhuǎn)速(r/min),; 連桿系數(shù),。3. 驗(yàn)算值:為防止發(fā)熱過(guò)于厲害,還應(yīng)驗(yàn)算它的值,即式中 軸承上的單位壓力; 軸承工作表面見(jiàn)的滑動(dòng)速度; 許用的值,與材料有關(guān)。對(duì)材料,。曲軸軸承:連桿大端軸承:第五節(jié) 滑塊與導(dǎo)軌的形式 滑塊上部與連桿相連,下底面安裝上沖模,內(nèi)部有連桿,推料裝置,有的還要裝設(shè)封閉高度調(diào)節(jié)裝置,平衡裝置,保險(xiǎn)裝置等,是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的箱型結(jié)構(gòu)。它具有形式隨壓力機(jī)的用途,結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn),公稱壓力大小,導(dǎo)軌形式等而改變。1、 滑塊的典型結(jié)構(gòu)如附圖所示滑塊導(dǎo)軌有關(guān)尺寸對(duì)照表如表4-3 表 4-3 2、開(kāi)式壓力機(jī)導(dǎo)軌的形式如圖4-6所示 圖 4-6 第五章 機(jī)身設(shè)計(jì) 第一節(jié) 機(jī)身結(jié)構(gòu) 開(kāi)式壓力機(jī)的機(jī)身由鑄造結(jié)構(gòu)和焊接結(jié)構(gòu)兩種,這里應(yīng)選用鑄造結(jié)構(gòu),鑄造結(jié)構(gòu)多用HT20-40灰口鑄鐵制造,這種材料比較容易供應(yīng),消震性較好。但重量較重,剛度較差。目前,較適合于成批產(chǎn)。開(kāi)式壓力機(jī)的主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)是操作方便。而主要問(wèn)題是剛度較差,特別是角變形存在,影響工件精度和模具壽命。因此提高壓力機(jī)和機(jī)身剛度就成為機(jī)身設(shè)計(jì)的重要問(wèn)題。提高機(jī)身剛度的途徑是合理設(shè)計(jì)截面。圖5-1中的截面一般為危險(xiǎn)截面。為了提高機(jī)身剛度,減少角變形,截面的尺寸應(yīng)合理設(shè)計(jì),例如盡量加大截面高度H,加大喉口壁厚等。 圖 5-1 第二節(jié) 機(jī)身計(jì)算一、計(jì)算原則由于開(kāi)式機(jī)身剛度是一個(gè)重要問(wèn)題,因此,應(yīng)按剛度設(shè)計(jì)較好,但剛度計(jì)算復(fù)雜,且要等到整個(gè)機(jī)身的結(jié)構(gòu)尺寸確定以后才能進(jìn)行計(jì)算。因此,為了設(shè)計(jì)方便,先進(jìn)行強(qiáng)度設(shè)計(jì),然后進(jìn)行剛度校核。在強(qiáng)度計(jì)算過(guò)程中,為了照顧機(jī)身剛度,許用應(yīng)力取得較低,因此,在合理的制造條件和正確的使用條件下,機(jī)身是不會(huì)產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)度破壞的。所以,一般來(lái)說(shuō),只需計(jì)算危險(xiǎn)截面(見(jiàn)圖5-2)即可。二、強(qiáng)度計(jì)算把機(jī)身看作承受偏心立身作用的桿系,則截面見(jiàn)圖5-2上受到彎矩M和拉力P的作用。彎矩M為:式中-公稱壓力 C-滑塊中心線到機(jī)身喉口內(nèi)緣的距離,即喉口深度 -喉口內(nèi)緣到截面形心的距離 最大應(yīng)力為: 式中 計(jì)算最大拉應(yīng)力計(jì)算最大壓應(yīng)力H危險(xiǎn)截面的高度F危險(xiǎn)截面的面積J危險(xiǎn)截面的慣性矩開(kāi)式壓力機(jī)機(jī)身計(jì)算應(yīng)力與實(shí)測(cè)應(yīng)力見(jiàn)表5-1壓力機(jī)型號(hào)或噸位機(jī)身材料危險(xiǎn)截面計(jì)算應(yīng)力危險(xiǎn)截面實(shí)測(cè)應(yīng)力實(shí)測(cè)應(yīng)力集中最大值J23-25HT20-40224230308235565 表 5-1 開(kāi)式壓力機(jī)危險(xiǎn)截面尺寸見(jiàn)表5-2壓力機(jī)型號(hào)或噸位HabBCJ23-254401202003013060210290表 5-2 三、剛度計(jì)算 在強(qiáng)度計(jì)算和畫出機(jī)身零件圖后,再進(jìn)行剛度核算。圖5-2為機(jī)身結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)圖和計(jì)算簡(jiǎn)圖。AB、BC和CD各通過(guò)截面、和的形心。截面是這樣選取的,它通過(guò)導(dǎo)軌長(zhǎng)度ab的中點(diǎn)e而垂直于圖中斜面fg。J1J2和J3為截面、和的慣性矩。 根據(jù)摩爾積分法,喉口的相對(duì)角變形為: 式中 公稱壓力機(jī)床計(jì)算簡(jiǎn)圖如圖5-2所示 a) b) 圖 5-2a結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)圖 b計(jì)算簡(jiǎn)圖截面面積序號(hào)寬高面積各塊面積形心坐標(biāo)面積與形心坐標(biāo)乘積各塊面積形心至整個(gè)危險(xiǎn)截面形心的距離各塊面積對(duì)本身形心的慣性矩1212.5174258.53612.58.53070010235222.56532532.510562.515.578080114430323.52.517.563.751083.7546.75382479.1合計(jì)767.515258.75147027124674危險(xiǎn)截面慣性矩:危險(xiǎn)截面截面積:危險(xiǎn)截面最大計(jì)算拉應(yīng)力: 最大實(shí)際拉應(yīng)力:式中 截面形狀系數(shù),取,; 動(dòng)載系數(shù),取1.5; 許用系數(shù),對(duì)于鋼板。 危險(xiǎn)截面最大壓應(yīng)力: 式中 許用壓應(yīng)力(),對(duì)于鋼板。第六章 離合器與制動(dòng)器第一節(jié) 離合器與制動(dòng)器的作用原理在曲柄壓力機(jī)的傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中,一般在飛輪傳動(dòng)的后面都設(shè)有離合器和制動(dòng)器,用來(lái)控制滑塊的運(yùn)動(dòng)和停止。離合器和制動(dòng)器一般是設(shè)在飛輪軸上或主軸上。壓力機(jī)開(kāi)動(dòng)后,電動(dòng)機(jī)和起蓄能作用的飛輪是在一直不停地旋轉(zhuǎn)著。每當(dāng)滑塊需要運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí),則離合器接合,主動(dòng)部分的飛輪通過(guò)離合器使從動(dòng)部分零件(如傳動(dòng)軸、齒輪、曲軸和滑塊等)得到運(yùn)動(dòng)并傳遞工作時(shí)所必要的扭矩;當(dāng)滑塊需要停止在所需的位置上(滑塊行程的上死點(diǎn)或行程中的任意位置),則離合器脫開(kāi),主動(dòng)部分的飛輪和從動(dòng)部分零件即不發(fā)生聯(lián)系,因而不能再傳遞運(yùn)動(dòng)和扭矩。但是離合器脫開(kāi)后,離合器部分從動(dòng)部分以后的零件還儲(chǔ)有一定的能量,會(huì)使曲軸繼續(xù)旋轉(zhuǎn)。因此,制動(dòng)器是用來(lái)在一個(gè)較短的時(shí)間內(nèi)吸收從動(dòng)部分零件的能量,以使滑塊停止在所需要的位置上。所以,在壓力機(jī)傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中的離合器和制動(dòng)器是保證壓力機(jī)正常工作的必要部件,而兩者又必須是密切的配合和協(xié)調(diào)地工作;或當(dāng)離合器接合前的瞬時(shí),制動(dòng)器應(yīng)該松開(kāi),這個(gè)工作關(guān)系是由操縱系統(tǒng)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。一般壓力機(jī)在不工作時(shí),離合器總是處在脫開(kāi)狀態(tài),而制動(dòng)器則總是處在制動(dòng)狀態(tài)中。由此可見(jiàn),離合器和制動(dòng)器部件是用于電動(dòng)機(jī)和飛輪不停地轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)情況下,使壓力機(jī)的曲柄連桿機(jī)構(gòu)開(kāi)動(dòng)或停止。因此,對(duì)任何壓力機(jī)而言,離合器和制動(dòng)器不僅是極其重要而不可缺少的部件,而且還決定著壓力機(jī)的操作規(guī)范。第二節(jié) 離合器的選用一、 離合器的類型、工作特性及其選用原則在開(kāi)式壓力機(jī)上廣泛采用的離合器有剛性離合器和圓盤摩擦離合器,其主要類型如下:離合器剛性離合器圓盤摩擦離合器嵌牙式滑銷式轉(zhuǎn)鍵式單盤式(嵌塊式)多盤式(圓盤式)目前,常見(jiàn)的剛性離合器有嵌牙離合器、滑銷離合器和轉(zhuǎn)鍵離合器。剛性離合器主要的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單緊湊、制造維修方便。但是由于受到爪齒、滑銷和轉(zhuǎn)鍵等連接件零件強(qiáng)度的限制,因而能傳遞的扭矩不大;其次,在離合器軸轉(zhuǎn)速處于較高的情況下,剛性離合器在接合時(shí)會(huì)產(chǎn)生很大的沖擊設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書(shū)畢業(yè)生姓名專業(yè)指導(dǎo)教師姓名類別學(xué)號(hào)班級(jí)職稱 外聘、 本校一、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)題目J23-25開(kāi)式雙柱可傾曲柄壓力機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)二、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)提供的原始數(shù)據(jù)資料1、傳動(dòng)簡(jiǎn)圖曲柄壓力機(jī)的傳動(dòng)裝置工作原理如圖所示。電動(dòng)機(jī)1通過(guò)V帶傳動(dòng)2驅(qū)動(dòng)齒輪傳動(dòng)3,再驅(qū)動(dòng)曲軸4轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),通過(guò)連桿5使滑塊6在導(dǎo)軌7中往復(fù)移動(dòng),實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)安裝在工作臺(tái)9上的工件8的施壓。2、原始數(shù)據(jù)滑塊公稱壓力F=250KN,滑塊行程H=65mm,滑塊行程頻率55次/min。工作條件:每天一班,工作8小時(shí),有粉塵。壽命為10年,小批生產(chǎn)。三、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)完成主要內(nèi)容:1、說(shuō)明書(shū):1)選擇電動(dòng)機(jī)型號(hào)2)V帶傳動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)3)齒輪傳動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)4)曲柄滑塊傳動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)5)壓力機(jī)機(jī)體設(shè)計(jì)2、圖紙:1)壓力機(jī)裝配圖2)連桿零件圖3)軸的零件圖4)齒輪零件圖5)曲軸零件圖6)滑塊零件圖四、畢業(yè)生應(yīng)提交的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)資料要求1、說(shuō)明書(shū):設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算說(shuō)明書(shū)一份2、圖紙:1)壓力機(jī)裝配圖2)連桿零件圖3)軸的零件圖4)齒輪零件圖5)曲軸零件圖6)滑塊零件圖五、設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)度安排(從第3周起)序號(hào)時(shí)間周次設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)完成的內(nèi)容及質(zhì)量要求14月1日4月6日第3周熟悉設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù),借閱設(shè)計(jì)資料2第4周傳動(dòng)零件設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算3第5周傳動(dòng)零件設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算4第6周傳動(dòng)零件結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)5第7周箱體結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)6第8周壓力機(jī)操縱機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)7第9周繪制裝配圖8第10周繪制零件圖9第11周編寫設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)10第12周檢查修改錯(cuò)誤11第13周打印和裝訂六、主要參考文獻(xiàn)資料1、工具書(shū):機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)2、參考資料:1)機(jī)械原理2)機(jī)械零件3)壓力機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)4)互換性與技術(shù)測(cè)量5)機(jī)械創(chuàng)新設(shè)計(jì)七、簽字欄簽 字 欄畢業(yè)生姓名專業(yè)班級(jí)要求設(shè)計(jì)工作起止日期教師審核指導(dǎo)教師(簽字)日期20xx年 月 日教研室主任審查(簽字)日期20xx年 月 日系主任批準(zhǔn)(簽字)日期20xx年 月 日第2頁(yè) 共 2頁(yè)J23系列開(kāi)式可傾壓力機(jī)參數(shù)技術(shù)參數(shù)Specifications單位 UnitJ23-1.0J23-1.6J23-3.5J23-4.0J23-6.3J23-10J23-16J23-25J23-35J23-40J23-63J23-63J23-80J23-100J23-125J23-160J23-250J23-350滑塊公稱壓力Nominal Capacity KN10162535406310016025035040063063080010001250160025003500公稱力行程N(yùn)ominal Stoke mm2222.53.5667778滑塊行程N(yùn)ominal Stoke mm354555658090110110120140150行程次數(shù)Slide Strokes Pre Minute 快速High Speed times/min170145120低速Low Speed 5550455040383835封閉高度Maximum Die Set Heightmm150180220270290320360390440480500封閉高度調(diào)劑量Die Height Adjustmentmm303545556065808090100100滑塊中心線至機(jī)距離Throat Depthmm110130160200220250260310350380390立柱距離Distance Be tween Uprightsmm150180220270280340350420450560550滑塊底面尺寸Slide Bottom Size 左右 LRmm140170200250250300300400430540540前后 FBmm120150180220220220260360360480480模柄孔尺寸Stemhole Size 直徑Diamm3030404040505050606060深度Depthmm5555606060707070757575工作臺(tái)尺寸Bolster Size 左右 LRmm31037045056061070076086095010801100前后 FBmm200240300370400460480570650710720工作臺(tái)板厚度Bolster Thicknessmm3035405060658080100120130最大傾斜角度Max.Angle Of Inclination 4535353030303020201513工作臺(tái)離地面距離Bolster Surface Height mm750730750800815850810850850850860外形尺寸Overall Dimensions前后 FBmm780900115013451460172118101958206022542200左右 LRmm6206658479501058133513501500171517901790高 Hmm15031658191021302225248827402868329036253590地腳螺拴距離Distance Between Foundation Bolts 前后 FBmm5306107809201020106011801300136015501710左右 LRmm314394450600650750850920101011301110電動(dòng)機(jī)功率Motor PowerKW0.751.11.52.245.55.57.57.51111重量 Weight(Approximate)KG42059510951830265036004200558080201080012035外文資料Introduction to Mechanical DesignMechanical design is the application of science and technology to devise new or improved products for the purpose of satisfying human needs. It is a vast field of engineering technology which not only concerns itself with the original conception of the product in terms of its size, shape and construction details, but also considers the various factors involved in the manufacture, marketing and use of the product. People who perform the various functions of mechanical design are typically called designers, or design engineers. Mechanical design is basically a creative activity. However, in addition to being innovative, a design engineer must also have a solid background in the areas of mechanical drawing, kinematics, dynamics, materials engineering, strength of materials and manufacturing processes.As stated previously, the purpose of mechanical design is to produce a product which will serve a need for man. Inventions, discoveries and scientific knowledge by themselves do not necessarily benefit people; only if they are incorporated into a designed product will a benefit be derived. It should be recognized, therefore, that a human need must be identified before a particular product is designed.Mechanical design should be considered to be an opportunity to use innovative talents to envision a design of a product, to analyze the system and then make sound judgments on how the product is to be manufactured. It is important to understand the fundamentals of engineering rather than memorize mere facts and equations. There are no facts or equations which alone can be used to provide all the correct decisions required to produce a good design. On the other hand, any calculation made must be done with the utmost care and precision. For example, if a decimal point is misplaced, a otherwise acceptable design may mot function.Good designs require trying mew ideas and being willing to take a certain amount of risk, knowing that if the mew idea does not work the existing method can be reinstated. Thus a designer must have patience, since there is no assurance of success for the time and effort expended. Creating a completely new design generally requires that many old and well-established methods be thrust aside. This is not easy since many people cling to familiar ideas, techniques and attitudes. A design engineer should constantly search for ways to improve an existing product and must decide what old, proven concepts should be used and what new, untried ideas should be incorporated.New designs generally have “bugs” or unforeseen which must be worked out before the superior characteristics of the new designs can be enjoyed. Thus there is a chance for a superior product, but only at higher risk. It should be emphasized that, if a design does not warrant radical new methods, such methods should not be applied merely for the sake of change. During the beginning stages of design, creativity should be allowed to flourish without a great number of constraints. Even though many impractical ideas may arise, it is usually easy to eliminate then in the early stages of design before firm details are required by manufacturing. In this way, Innovative ideas are not inhibited. Quite often, more than one design is developed, up to the point where they can be compared against each other. It is entirely possible that the design which is ultimately accepted will use ideas existing in one of the rejected designs that did not show as much overall promise.Psychologists frequently talk about trying to fit people to the machines they operate. It is essentially the responsibility of the engineer to strive to fit machines to people. This is not an easy task, since there is really no average person for which certain operating dimensions and procedures are optimum.Another important point which should be recognized is that a design engineer must be able to communicate ideas to other people if they ate to be incorporated. Communicating the design to others is the final, vital step in the design process. Undoubtedly many great designs, inventions, and creative works have been lost to mankind simply because the originators were unable or unable or unwilling to explain their accomplishments to others. Presentation is a selling job. The engineer when presenting a new solution to administrative, management, or supervisory persons, is attempting to sell or to prove to them that this solution is a better one. Unless this can be done successfully, the time and effort spent on obtaining the solution have been largely wasted. Basically, there ate only three means of communication available to us. These are the written, the oral, and the graphical forms. Therefore the successful engineer will be technically competent and versatile in all three forms of communication. A technically competent person who lacks ability in any one of these forms is severely handicapped. If ability in all three forms is lacking, no one will ever know how competent that person is! The competent engineer should not be afraid of the possibility of not succeeding in a presentation. In fact, occasional failure should be expected because failure or criticism seems to accompany every really creative idea. There is a great deal to learn from a failure, and the greatest gains ate obtained by those wiling to risk defeat. In the final analysis, the real failure would lie in decoding not to make the presentation at all. To communicate effectively, the following questions must be answered:1、Does the design really serve a human need?2、Will it be competitive with existing products of rival companies?3、It is economical to profit?4、Can it be readily maintained?5、Will it sell and make a profit? Only time will provide the true answers to the preceding questions, but the product should be designed, manufactured and marketed only with initial affirmative answers. The design engineer also must communicate the finalized design to manufacturing through the use of detail and assembly drawings. Quite often, a problem will occur during the manufacturing cycle. It may be that a exchange is required in the dimensioning or tolerancing of a part so that it can be more readily produced. This falls in the category of engineering changes which must be approved by the design engineer so that the product function will not be adversely affected. In other cases, a deficiency in the design may appear during assembly or testing just prior to shipping. Engineering design is a systematic process by which solutions to the needs of humankind are obtained. The process is applied to problems (needs) of varying complexity. For example, mechanical engineers will use the design process to find an effective, efficient method to convert reciprocating motion to circular motion for the drive train in an internal combustion engine; electrical engineers will use the process to design electrical generating systems using falling water as the power source; and materials engineers use the process to design ablative materials which enable astronauts to safely the earths atmosphere.The vast majority of complex problems in todays high technology society depend for solution not on a single engineering discipline, but on teams of engineers, scientists, environmentalists, economists, sociologists, and legal personnel. Solutions are not only dependent upon the appropriate applications of technology but also upon public sentiment, government regulations and political influence. As engineers we are empowered with the technical expertise to develop new and improved products and systems, but at the same time we must be increasingly aware of the impact of our actions on society and the environment in general and work conscientiously toward the best solution in view of all relevant factors.Design is the culmination of the engineering educational process; it is the salient feature that distinguishes engineering from other professions. A formal definition of engineering design is found in the curriculum guidelines of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (AENT). ABEN accredits curricula in engineering schools and derives its membership from the various engineering professional societies. Each accredited curriculum has a well-deigned design component which falls within the ABEN guideline. The ABEN statement on design reads as follows: Engineering design is the process of devising a system, component, or process to meet desired needs. It is a decision making process (often iterative ), in which the basic sciences, mathematic, and engineering sciences are applied to convert resources optimally to meet a stated objective. Among the fundamental elements of the design process are the establishment of objectives and criteria, synthesis, analysis, construction, testing, and evaluation. The engineering design component of a curriculum must include most of the following features: development of student creativity, use of open-ended problems, development and use of modern design theory mad methodology, formulation of design problem statements and specifications, consideration of alternative solutions, feasibility considerations, production processes, concurrent engineering design, and detailed system descriptions. Further, it is essential to include a variety of realistic constraints such as economic factors, safety, reliability, aesthetics, ethics, and social impact.If anything can be said about the last half of the twentieth century, it is that we have had an explosion of information. The amount of data that can be uncovered on most subjects is overwhelming. People in the upper levels of most organizations have assistants who condense most of the things that they must read, hear, or watch. When you begin a search for information, be prepared to scan many of your sources and document their location so that you can find them easily if the date subsequently appear to be important.Some of the sources that are available include the following: 1、 Exiting solutions. Much can be learned from the current status of solutions to a specific need if actual products can be located, studied and, in some cases, purchased for detailed analysis. An improved solution or an innovative new solution new solution cannot be found unless the existing solutions are thoroughly understood.2、 Your library. Many universities have courses that teach you how to use your library. Such courses are easy when you compare them with those in chemistry and calculus, but their importance should not be underestimated. There are many sources in the library that can lead you to the information that you are seeking. You may find what you need in an index such as the Engineering Index. There are many other indexes that provide specialized information. The nature of your problem will direct which ones may be helpful to you. Dont hesitate to ask for assistance from the librarian. You should use to advantage the computer databases found in libraries and often available through CD-ROM technology.3、Professional organizations. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers is a technical society that will be of interest to students majoring in mechanical engineering. Each major in your college is associated with not one but often several such societies. The National Society of Professional Engineers is an organization that most engineering students well eventually join, as well as at least one technical society such as the society of manufacturing engineers, the American Society of civil engineers (ASCE), or any one of dozens that serve the technical interests of the host of specialties with which professional practices seem most closely associated. May engineers are members of several associations and societies.4、Trade journals. They are published by the hundreds, usually specializing in certain classes of products and services. Money and economics are part of engineering design and decision making. We live in a society that is based on economics and competition. It is no doubt true that many good ideas never get tried because they are deemed to be economically infeasible. Most of us have been aware of this condition in our daily lives. We started with our parents explaining why we could not have some item that we wanted because it cost too much. Likewise, we will not put some very desirable component into our designs because the value gained will not return enough profit in relation to its cost. Industry is continually looking for new products of all types. Some are desired because the current product is not competing well in the marketplace. Others are tried simply because it appears that people will buy them. How do manufacturers know that a new product will be popular? They seldom know with certainty. Statistics is an important consideration in market analysis. Most of you will find that probability and statistics are an integral part of your chosen engineering curriculum. The techniques of this area of mathematics allow us to make inferences about how large groups of people react based on the reactions of a few中文翻譯機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)簡(jiǎn)介機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是為了滿足人類需要而制定出的新產(chǎn)品或者改進(jìn)舊產(chǎn)品時(shí)對(duì)科學(xué)與技術(shù)的應(yīng)用。 它是工程技術(shù)的一個(gè)巨大領(lǐng)域,這個(gè)領(lǐng)域不僅關(guān)注原先這種產(chǎn)品的尺寸,形狀以及構(gòu)造方式, 而且考慮涉及這種產(chǎn)品的制造,銷售和使用的其它各方面的因素。進(jìn)行機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的各種各功能的人們被通常叫為設(shè)計(jì)者或者設(shè)計(jì)工程師。 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)基本上是一次創(chuàng)造活動(dòng)。 然而, 除富有創(chuàng)新精神之外, 一位設(shè)計(jì)工程師也必須在機(jī)械制圖,運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué),力學(xué),材料工程,材料強(qiáng)度和制造工藝有一定的背景知識(shí)。精確的說(shuō),機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的目的就是為了滿足人們的需求。 發(fā)明,創(chuàng)造和科學(xué)知識(shí)它們自己可能不能讓人獲益; 但是只要他們合并在一起并設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)品,其益處就會(huì)被得到。因此,在一種特別的產(chǎn)品被設(shè)計(jì)之前,人的需求必須被鑒定,這一點(diǎn)應(yīng)該被認(rèn)識(shí)到。機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)被視為一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì),利用創(chuàng)新人才的設(shè)想設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)產(chǎn)品,分析系統(tǒng),然后就如何制造產(chǎn)品作出正確的判斷。對(duì)工程基礎(chǔ)的理解而不是僅僅記住事實(shí)和方程式,這一點(diǎn)是很重要的。 沒(méi)有哪個(gè)事實(shí)或方程式能單獨(dú)提供要求生產(chǎn)一種好設(shè)計(jì)的全部的正確的決定。 另一方面,任何計(jì)算必須得最大限度小心和精密。 例如,一個(gè)小數(shù)點(diǎn)放錯(cuò),就有可能得不到所要設(shè)計(jì)得到的結(jié)果。好的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)該需要嘗試新的方法并且愿意承擔(dān)一定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),知道如果新想法不起作用,這種現(xiàn)有的方法可能被重新使用。由于為了成功所付出的時(shí)間以及努力是不能保證的,因此一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)者必須要有耐心。創(chuàng)造一個(gè)完全新的設(shè)計(jì)一般要求很多舊的以及被建立起來(lái)的方法來(lái)推動(dòng)。這并不容易因?yàn)楹芏嗳藞?jiān)持舊的想法,技術(shù)和態(tài)度。設(shè)計(jì)工程師要不斷尋找方法,以改善現(xiàn)有的產(chǎn)品,并且決定哪些舊的、已被證明的概念須要采納,哪些新的、未曾嘗試的想法應(yīng)該被包刮進(jìn)來(lái)。在那些新設(shè)計(jì)的優(yōu)勢(shì)特性可以被享有之前,新設(shè)計(jì)一般有缺陷或者一些未預(yù)見(jiàn)的缺點(diǎn)。因此,有機(jī)會(huì),提供優(yōu)異的產(chǎn)品,但只有在較高的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)下。應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)指出,如果一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)并不需要激進(jìn)的新方法,這種方法不應(yīng)適用而僅僅是為了改變。在設(shè)計(jì)的開(kāi)始階段,創(chuàng)造性應(yīng)該被提倡而沒(méi)有許多限制條件。 即使很多不實(shí)用的想法可能出現(xiàn),在穩(wěn)定的細(xì)節(jié)生產(chǎn)被要求之前,這些在設(shè)計(jì)早期通常是容易消除的。以這種方法,富創(chuàng)新精神的想法不被抑制。 經(jīng)常,不止一種設(shè)計(jì)被提出,甚至到他們可能對(duì)彼此被進(jìn)行比較的方面。 這是完全可能的:最終被接受的設(shè)計(jì)將可能使用被拒絕的設(shè)計(jì)之中的一個(gè)想法。心理學(xué)家經(jīng)常談?wù)撆κ顾麄儾僮鞯哪切C(jī)器適合人。努力使機(jī)器適應(yīng)人基本上是工程師的責(zé)任。這不是一項(xiàng)容易的任務(wù),因?yàn)檎娴臎](méi)有人能夠把某一個(gè)生產(chǎn)尺寸加工到最優(yōu)化的程度。另一個(gè)要點(diǎn)是:一位設(shè)計(jì)工程師必須能把想法傳達(dá)給其他人,當(dāng)他們的想法可以被采納時(shí)。 把設(shè)計(jì)思想傳達(dá)給其它人是最后環(huán)節(jié),也是在設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程里的至關(guān)重要的步驟。無(wú)疑很多重要的設(shè)計(jì),發(fā)明和有創(chuàng)造性的作品被人們所不認(rèn)同,僅僅是因?yàn)槟切﹦?chuàng)始人不能或者不愿意對(duì)其它人解釋他們的成就。 贈(zèng)送是一個(gè)出售的工作。 當(dāng)提出一個(gè)新的解決方案,管理或者監(jiān)督的人的方法時(shí),工程師, 正試圖出售或者向他們證明這個(gè)解決辦法是更好的。 除非這能被成功操作,否則關(guān)于獲得這個(gè)解決辦法所花費(fèi)的時(shí)間和努力基本上是浪費(fèi)的?;旧希抢镏挥形覀兛捎玫?個(gè)通信手段。 它們是寫,口頭,以及圖表的形式。 因此成功的工程師將精通這3 種交際方式的能力。缺乏其中任何一個(gè)交際能力的一個(gè)技術(shù)人員就相當(dāng)于嚴(yán)重殘疾。如果全部3個(gè)交際能力都缺乏的話,沒(méi)有人知道此人是多么有能力!有能力的工程師不應(yīng)該害怕推薦自己不成功的可能性。實(shí)際上,偶然的失敗應(yīng)該被期望,因?yàn)槭』蛘吲u(píng)好像伴隨每個(gè)真的有創(chuàng)造性的想法。 有許多都是從失敗中獲悉,巨大收獲都是從那些冒險(xiǎn)獲得的。歸根到底,真正的失敗將在于根本不會(huì)做推薦自己。 為了有效地交流,下列問(wèn)題必須被回答:(1)這設(shè)計(jì)真的能服務(wù)人需要嗎? (2)它將與現(xiàn)有的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)公司的產(chǎn)品競(jìng)爭(zhēng)嗎? (3)獲益是實(shí)惠的嗎? (4)它能被比較容易的保持嗎? (5)它將能被出售并且贏利嗎? 只有時(shí)間能提供上述問(wèn)題的正確的答案,但是產(chǎn)品應(yīng)該被設(shè)計(jì),只用最初肯定的答案生產(chǎn)并且銷售。設(shè)計(jì)工程師也必須通過(guò)使用細(xì)節(jié)和裝配圖多溝通定稿設(shè)計(jì)到生產(chǎn)。經(jīng)常,一個(gè)問(wèn)題將在生產(chǎn)的循環(huán)期間產(chǎn)生。這可能是在一個(gè)部分的定尺寸或者加工過(guò)程中所要求一次交換,以便它能夠被更容易生產(chǎn)。這在被設(shè)計(jì)工程師批準(zhǔn)的工程變化的種類方面下降,以便產(chǎn)品功能將不被相反影響。 在其他情況里,在設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中的一種缺陷可能在裝運(yùn)之前的裝配或檢測(cè)測(cè)試期間出現(xiàn)。工程設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)系統(tǒng)的過(guò)程,其中的解決方案是為了滿足人類需要而得到的。進(jìn)程是不同的復(fù)雜性的問(wèn)題(需求)的應(yīng)用。例如,機(jī)械工程師,將利用設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中,以找到一個(gè)有效率的方式轉(zhuǎn)換成往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng),在一個(gè)內(nèi)部?jī)?nèi)燃機(jī)以圓周運(yùn)動(dòng)來(lái)驅(qū)動(dòng)列車;電氣工程師在使用過(guò)程中,以設(shè)計(jì)電動(dòng)發(fā)電機(jī)系統(tǒng)使用,水位下降為能源;材料工程師使用過(guò)程中,以設(shè)計(jì)燒蝕材料,使宇航員平安返回地球的大氣層。在今天的高科技社會(huì),絕大多數(shù)的復(fù)雜問(wèn)題賴以解決的方案不僅僅取決于單一的工程學(xué)科,而且還取決于團(tuán)隊(duì)的工程師,科學(xué)家,環(huán)境學(xué)家,經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家,社會(huì)學(xué)家,法律人員。解決方案不僅取決于適當(dāng)技術(shù)的應(yīng)用而且還取決于公眾情緒,政府規(guī)章和政治影響力。作為工程師,我們有權(quán)與技術(shù)專家發(fā)展和改進(jìn)新的產(chǎn)品和系統(tǒng),但同時(shí)我們必須意識(shí)到我們行動(dòng)的影響:對(duì)社會(huì)和環(huán)境的總體工作,認(rèn)真對(duì)待最好的解決辦法,鑒于對(duì)所有的相關(guān)因素。 設(shè)計(jì)是經(jīng)過(guò)工程教育的過(guò)程,這是區(qū)別其他工程專業(yè)的顯著的特點(diǎn)。它的一個(gè)正式的定義是:工程設(shè)計(jì)是有工程與技術(shù)評(píng)審委員會(huì)( AENT )的指引下建立的 。 AENT委派的課程,在工程學(xué)校和源于其成員來(lái)自各工程專業(yè)社團(tuán)。各派駐課程已有一套完善的設(shè)計(jì)部分,其中屬于ABEN的指引。該AENT聲明,對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容如下: 工程設(shè)計(jì)是,制訂一個(gè)系統(tǒng),組件的過(guò)程,以應(yīng)付預(yù)期的需求。同時(shí)它也是一個(gè)決策過(guò)程(通常迭代) ,其中基礎(chǔ)科學(xué),數(shù)學(xué),科學(xué)和工程科學(xué)的應(yīng)用轉(zhuǎn)換成資源,以最大限度地滿足目標(biāo)。其中基本要素的設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中,是設(shè)立目標(biāo)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn),合成,分析,構(gòu)造,測(cè)試和評(píng)價(jià)。工程設(shè)計(jì)組成的一個(gè)課程必須具有以下大部分特點(diǎn):發(fā)展學(xué)生的創(chuàng)造力,利用不限名額問(wèn)題,開(kāi)發(fā)和利用現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)理論的方法,配方設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題,報(bào)表和規(guī)格,考慮其他的解決辦法,可行性的考慮,生產(chǎn)進(jìn)程,并行工程設(shè)計(jì),以及詳細(xì)的系統(tǒng)說(shuō)明。此外,它必須包括各種現(xiàn)實(shí)的制約因素,如經(jīng)濟(jì)因素,安全性,可靠性,美學(xué),倫理學(xué)和社會(huì)的影響。關(guān)于最近二十世紀(jì)下半葉,其最大的特點(diǎn),那就是:我們處在一個(gè)資訊爆炸時(shí)代??砂l(fā)現(xiàn)的數(shù)據(jù)量大部分的科目是壓倒性的。在上級(jí)的大多數(shù)組織的人們已經(jīng)幫助凝聚在他們必須讀,聽(tīng),或看的大部分的事情。當(dāng)你開(kāi)始尋找資料,準(zhǔn)備以瀏覽你的許多消息來(lái)源,并記錄其位置,如果有日期就能方便你能夠輕松的找到。一些消息的來(lái)源也可以包括以下幾個(gè)方面: 1、飛離解決方案。在某些情況下,根據(jù)具體需要從目前的現(xiàn)狀解決辦法,如果實(shí)際的產(chǎn)品可以研究,購(gòu)買詳細(xì)的分析,我們可以從中學(xué)到很多東西。一種改進(jìn)的解決辦法或是一個(gè)嶄新的解決方案均不能被找到,除非現(xiàn)有的解決方案是徹底的了解。 2、你的圖書(shū)館。許多大學(xué)有課程,教你如何使用你的圖書(shū)館。此類課程的目的是很容易當(dāng)你比較他們與那些在化學(xué)和微積分,但其重要性是不可低估的。在圖書(shū)館有許多來(lái)源,這些來(lái)源可以把你帶到你想要尋找的資料。你可以找到你所需要的一個(gè)指標(biāo),如工程索引。還有很多其他的指標(biāo),提供專門的信息。你的問(wèn)題的性質(zhì),將直接哪些是可以幫助你。不要再猶豫向館員請(qǐng)求幫助。你應(yīng)該使用,以圖書(shū)館建立的電腦數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),而且往往可以通過(guò)光盤技術(shù)。 3、專業(yè)組織。美國(guó)機(jī)械工程師學(xué)會(huì)是一個(gè)技術(shù)性的社會(huì),這將是學(xué)生感興趣的主修機(jī)械工程。在你的大學(xué)里,每項(xiàng)重大的項(xiàng)目往往都是幾個(gè)社團(tuán)一起協(xié)助的而不是一個(gè)。國(guó)家專業(yè)工程師協(xié)會(huì),是一個(gè)大多數(shù)工程系學(xué)生都想加入的組織,以及技術(shù)協(xié)會(huì)如社會(huì)制造工程師,美國(guó)土木工程師協(xié)會(huì)(ASCE ) ,或任何一個(gè)幾十項(xiàng)服務(wù)技術(shù)東道國(guó)的利益的組織,專業(yè)與專業(yè)的做法似乎有最密切聯(lián)系在一起的。 5月工程師協(xié)會(huì)成員也是其它幾個(gè)社團(tuán)和協(xié)會(huì)的成員。 4、貿(mào)易雜志。公布這些數(shù)據(jù)是由數(shù)百個(gè)團(tuán)體,這些團(tuán)體通常是專門從事某些類別的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)。金錢和經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)是工程設(shè)計(jì)與決策的一部分。我們生活在一個(gè)基于經(jīng)濟(jì)及競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的社會(huì)中。毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)確實(shí)有很多好的想法從來(lái)沒(méi)有得到通過(guò),是因?yàn)樗麄儽徽J(rèn)為在經(jīng)濟(jì)上不可行。我們大部分人已經(jīng)意識(shí)到我們?nèi)粘I畹倪@種狀況。我們開(kāi)始與我們的父母解釋為什么我們不能有我們所希望的一些項(xiàng)目,因?yàn)樗某杀咎吡?。同樣,我們將不?huì)把一些非??扇〉某煞秩谌胛覀兊脑O(shè)計(jì)中,因?yàn)閮r(jià)值上漲將不會(huì)獲得足夠的利潤(rùn),相對(duì)于其成本。 工業(yè)正不斷尋求所有種類的新的產(chǎn)品。有些是可取的,因?yàn)樵谑袌?chǎng)上目前的產(chǎn)品不能與之相互競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。而其它的都試圖簡(jiǎn)單,因?yàn)樵谒磥?lái),人們會(huì)購(gòu)買他們。制造商怎么知道一個(gè)新的產(chǎn)品將受歡迎呢?他們很少確定。在市場(chǎng)分析中統(tǒng)計(jì)是一項(xiàng)重要的考慮因素。你們中的大部分人會(huì)發(fā)覺(jué):概率統(tǒng)計(jì)是一個(gè)不可分割的組成部分,在你所選擇的工程課程中。該技術(shù)在本領(lǐng)域的數(shù)學(xué),使我們作出的推論:對(duì)如何大群體的人的反應(yīng)的基礎(chǔ)上的反應(yīng)數(shù)。
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