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外 文 翻 譯
Clutch
The clutch is located in the power train between the engine and the transmission. Its purpose is to permit the driver to couple or uncouple the engine and transmission.
The clutch is a friction-type uncoupling device. It is linked to a clutch pedal in the river’s compartment. When the driver pushes down the clutch pedal, the linkage forces a flat disk, or plate, to move. The movement releases the pressure from a friction disk. With the pressure released. There is no friction at work in the clutch. And the power flow is therefore interrupted. Then, the engine runs without transmitting power to the power train.
When the clutch is in the coupling(or normal running) position, power flows through it from the engine to the transmission. If the transmission is in gear, then power flows on through to the car wheels so that the car moves.
Essentially , then, the clutch ha the job of permitting the driver to uncouple the engine temporarily so that the gears can be shifted from one to another forward gear position (or into reverse or neutral).It is necessary to interrupt the flow of power( by uncoupling) before gears are shifted. Otherwise, gear shifting would be extremely difficult if not impossible.
The clutch contains friction disk(or driven plate)about 300millimetre in diameter. It also contains a spring arrangement and a pressure plate for pressing this disk tightly against the smooth rear face of the flywheel. The friction disk is splined to the clutch shaft. The splines consist of two sets of teeth, an internal set on the hub of the friction disk and a matching external set on the clutch shaft. They permit the friction disk to slide back and forth along the shaft but force the disk and the shaft to rotate together. All automotive clutches used with standard transmissions are very similar in construction and operation. There are some differences in the details of the linkages as well as in the pressure-plate assemblies. In addition , some clutches for heavy-duty applications have two friction disks and an intermediate pressure plate. Also, some clutches are operated by hydraulic means. Three types of clutch are the coil-pressure-spring type, diaphragm-spring type, and semicentrefugal type. Cars equipped with automatic transmission operateds automatically so that the driver is not required to use a clutch to shift gears.
離 合 器
在傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中,離合器位于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)與變速器之間,其作用是使駕駛員可以把發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)與變速器結(jié)合或脫離.
離合器是一種摩擦式分離裝置,與駕駛室中離合踏板相連接. 當(dāng)駕駛員踩下離合器踏板時(shí), 聯(lián)動(dòng)裝置使離合器的壓盤移動(dòng). 這一運(yùn)動(dòng)減少了作用在摩擦盤上的壓力. 隨著壓力的減小, 離合器工作狀態(tài)下的摩擦力消失,動(dòng)力被切斷. 這樣, 雖然發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)仍在轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng), 而動(dòng)力卻不在傳遞到傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng).
當(dāng)離合器處于結(jié)合狀態(tài)時(shí)(或者說處于正常運(yùn)行狀態(tài)時(shí)),動(dòng)力從發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)傳遞到變速器. 如果變速器已掛上適當(dāng)?shù)臋n位,那么動(dòng)力就會(huì)傳動(dòng)到車輪上, 汽車即開動(dòng)起來.從本質(zhì)上說, 離合器的作用是使駕駛員可以暫時(shí)地切斷發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的動(dòng)力. 這樣一來,傳動(dòng)裝置就可以從某一檔換到另一檔(或者換到倒檔或空檔).在變速之前,一定要切斷動(dòng)力傳遞.不然,換檔即使不是完全不可能, 也會(huì)是十分困難的.
離合器有一直徑大約300毫米, 并帶有摩擦襯片的圓盤, 還有一彈簧裝置和一壓力盤, 用來把摩擦盤緊緊地壓在飛輪光滑地壁面上. 帶有摩擦襯片的圓盤, 通過花鍵與離合器軸相連. 花鍵包括二套花鍵齒. 可以使摩擦盤沿著主軸向后或向前滑動(dòng), 又可以使圓盤和主軸同時(shí)移動(dòng).
所有使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的汽車離合器在構(gòu)造和操作上都很相似. 只是在壓緊機(jī)構(gòu)和連動(dòng)裝置的細(xì)節(jié)上稍有不同. 此外, 一些在重載荷情況下工作的離合器,有兩個(gè)帶摩擦襯片的圓盤和一個(gè)中間壓力盤. 還有一些離合器是液壓式的. 離合器的三種類型為:螺旋彈簧式, 嗼片彈簧式和半離心式.
裝有自動(dòng)變速裝置的汽車一般不需要離合器. 在這些汽車上, 變速器自動(dòng)操作, 因此駕駛員不必使用離合器來換檔.
Brake System
Brakes are necessary to slow or stop the car. Modern cars can travel very fast, so good brakes are essential for safety. Practically all cars use hydraulics brakes (which operate by applying pressure to a fluid). The brakes system can be divided into two principal parts, hydraulic system and wheel brake assemblies.
In most modern brake systems, there is a fluid-filled cylinder, called the master cylinder, which contains two separate sections, there is a piston in each section and both pistons are connected to a brake pedal in the driver’s compartment. When the brake pedal is pushed by the driver the two pistons move in the two sections of the master cylinder. This forces brake fluid out and through the brake lines, or tubes , to the brake mechanisms at the wheels. In a typical system, the brake fluid from one section of the master cylinder goes to the two front-wheel brakes. The brake fluid from the other section goes to the two rear-wheel brakes. The purpose of this is that, if one section fails, the other section will still provide braking.
There are two different types of brake mechanisms at the wheels, the drum-and-shoe type of brake , and the disk type. In the drum-and-shoe type, there is a wheel brake cylinder with two pistons. When brake fluid is forced into the brake cylinder by the action at the master cylinder , the two pistons are forced outward. This causes the curved brake shoes to move into contact with the brake drum. The brake shoes apply friction to the brake drum, forcing it and the wheel to slow or stop.
In the disk type, a rotating disk, attached to the wheel , is positioned between flat brake shoes. One or more pistons, actuated by the brake fluid from the master cylinder , force the shoes into contact with the rotating disk and this slows or stops the car.
制 動(dòng) 系 統(tǒng)
制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)必須能夠強(qiáng)制汽車減速或停車. 現(xiàn)代汽車速度很快, 良好的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)是安全的基本保證. 實(shí)際上所有的汽車都使用液壓制動(dòng)(通過向液體加壓來完成的).制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)可以分為兩個(gè)基本部分: 液壓系統(tǒng)和車輪制動(dòng)總成.
大多數(shù)現(xiàn)代制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中具有充滿液體的油缸, 叫做主缸, 主缸有兩套各自獨(dú)立的管路,每套管路各有一活塞, 并且兩個(gè)活塞都與駕駛室中的制動(dòng)踏板相連接. 當(dāng)駕駛員踩動(dòng)踏板時(shí), 主缸的這兩套管路中的兩個(gè)活塞移動(dòng). 制動(dòng)液從主缸中壓出, 經(jīng)油管進(jìn)入各個(gè)車輪的制動(dòng)裝置中. 其目的是,如果其中一條管路失靈, 那么另一條關(guān)路仍然能夠提供制動(dòng).
車輪上有兩種不同的制動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu): 蹄-鼓式制動(dòng)器和盤式制動(dòng)器. 在蹄-鼓式制動(dòng)器中,有一個(gè)帶有兩個(gè)活塞的制動(dòng)輪缸. 當(dāng)制動(dòng)液由于主缸的作用強(qiáng)制進(jìn)入輪缸時(shí),推動(dòng)兩個(gè)活塞向外側(cè)移動(dòng). 這使得圓弧狀的制動(dòng)蹄與制動(dòng)鼓想接觸. 制動(dòng)蹄對制動(dòng)鼓所產(chǎn)生的摩擦力迫使制動(dòng)鼓和車輪減速或停車.
在盤式制動(dòng)器中, 制動(dòng)盤位于制動(dòng)蹄之間, 與車輪相連接, 隨車輪一起轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng). 主缸的制動(dòng)液推動(dòng)一個(gè)或多個(gè)活塞, 將制動(dòng)蹄片壓在轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的制動(dòng)盤上, 使汽車減速或停下.