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考點(diǎn)24 ＂介詞＋關(guān)系代詞＂引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 高考頻度：★★★★★ 考向一 ＂介詞+關(guān)系代詞＂引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句 ●＂介詞＋關(guān)系代詞＂的用法 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，我們通常用＂介詞＋關(guān)系代詞＂引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。如果指＂人＂，用＂介詞＋whom＂；如果指＂物＂，用＂介詞＋which＂。 ●＂介詞＋關(guān)系代詞＂結(jié)構(gòu)中介詞的選用 1.一般來(lái)說(shuō)，確定關(guān)系代詞前的介詞，可以從以下三方面入手：①先行詞的意義；②從句中的動(dòng)詞或形容詞與先行詞的固定搭配；③句子的意思。 ?I’ll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country. 我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記孩童時(shí)代我在鄉(xiāng)村度過(guò)的時(shí)光。 2.表示＂整體和部分關(guān)系＂，介詞常用of。在some，any，few，none，all，both，neither，most，each等代詞或數(shù)詞的前、后可以用of which/whom。 ?John invited about 40 people to his wedding，most of whom are family members. 約翰邀請(qǐng)了大約40人參加他的婚禮，他們當(dāng)中絕大部分是家庭成員。 3.有時(shí)＂介詞＋where＂可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，此時(shí)要和＂介詞＋which＂引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句從意思上加以區(qū)別。 ?His head soon appeared out of the window，from where he saw nothing but trees. 他的頭很快從窗口探了出來(lái)，從那里除了樹(shù)木他什么也看不到。(from where相當(dāng)于from out of the window，而不是from the window) ●在定語(yǔ)從句中，含介詞的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不可拆開(kāi)使用(短語(yǔ)拆開(kāi)后含義發(fā)生變化)，如look after, look for等。 ●＂of which / whom＂有時(shí)可以用＂whose＋名詞＂結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)改寫(xiě)。 ●當(dāng)先行詞為way并且定語(yǔ)從句中缺少狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常用in which或that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句(in which或that可省略)；如果定語(yǔ)從句中不缺少狀語(yǔ)，則用關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)(that 或which 可省略)。 1.(2017江蘇卷單項(xiàng)填空) In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of ________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation. A. which B. its C. whose D. whom 【參考答案】C　 2.（2016 ? 江蘇卷單項(xiàng)填空）Many young people, most _________were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams. A. of which B. of them C. of whom D. of those 【參考答案】C 【答案解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句。本題定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是Many young people，關(guān)系代詞whom指代先行詞，在定語(yǔ)從句中作介詞of的賓語(yǔ)。句意：很多年輕人都前往偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)追求它們的夢(mèng)想，其中大部分人都受過(guò)良好教育。故C項(xiàng)正確。 考向二 定語(yǔ)從句與其他句型的區(qū)別 一、限制性定語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別 關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系詞有跟他們含義相應(yīng)的先行詞，而引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)則沒(méi)有與他們含義相應(yīng)的先行詞。 ?Sorry, I’ve forgot the day when we met for the first time. 抱歉，我記不起我們第一次見(jiàn)面的日子了。（定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞the day 與when含義相應(yīng)） ?I’ve no idea when we met for the first time. 我不知道我們第一次是什么時(shí)候見(jiàn)面的。（同位語(yǔ)從句，idea與when沒(méi)有任何聯(lián)系） 二、定語(yǔ)從句與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別 當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的連接詞都是when時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句修飾、限制、說(shuō)明時(shí)間名詞，只能放在先行詞的后面；而時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的情況，并且可以放在主句的前面。 ?Do you know the time when the class is over? 你知道下課的時(shí)間嗎？（定語(yǔ)從句） ?It was already five o’clock when the class was over. =When the class was over, it was already five o’clock. 當(dāng)課結(jié)束時(shí)，已經(jīng)是五點(diǎn)鐘了。（時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句） 三、定語(yǔ)從句與地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別 當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞與地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句的連接詞都是where時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句修飾、限制、說(shuō)明地點(diǎn)名詞；而狀語(yǔ)從句則說(shuō)明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的地點(diǎn)，where沒(méi)有對(duì)應(yīng)的地點(diǎn)名詞或代詞。 ?This is the place where we used to live a few years ago. 這就是幾年前我們常居住的地方。（定語(yǔ)從句） ?Let’s go where we can find a better job. 我們到我們能找到更好工作的地方去吧。（地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句） 四、定語(yǔ)從句與強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的區(qū)別 定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)名詞或代詞的修飾和限制，關(guān)系詞可能是that, which, as, who, but, 另一方面，句子中的It有所指；而強(qiáng)調(diào)句型是對(duì)某部分加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)氣的連接詞只能是that, who，并且句子中的It 沒(méi)有任何意義；一般比較明顯，而有時(shí)就難以區(qū)別，還需要根據(jù)上下文的語(yǔ)境來(lái)判斷。 It is a book that he wants. 它究竟是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型還是定語(yǔ)從句，就要從語(yǔ)境上來(lái)考察。如果它是用來(lái)回答What is this / that? 這樣的問(wèn)題，意思是：它是一本他想要的書(shū)。句子顯然是定語(yǔ)從句。如果是用來(lái)回答What does he want? 這樣的問(wèn)題，那么意思是：他想要的是一本書(shū)。顯然，句子是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。 五、定語(yǔ)從句與結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別 定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系詞在從句中還要作某種成分，因而從句成分不完整；而結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句中的連接詞不作任何句子成分，因此句子成分完整。 ?It is such an interesting book as we all like. 它是我們大家都喜歡的如此有趣的書(shū)。（定語(yǔ)從句） ?It is such an interesting book that we all like it. 它是一本如此有趣的書(shū)，我么大家都喜歡它。（結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句） 比較：It is such an interesting book that we all like. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。意思是：我們大家都喜歡的是一本如此有趣的書(shū)。 六、定語(yǔ)從句與獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別 定語(yǔ)從句一般有關(guān)系詞、主謂結(jié)構(gòu)完整；而獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)沒(méi)有關(guān)系詞、也沒(méi)有謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。 ?The book being very interesting, we all like it. 由于這本書(shū)有趣，我們大家都喜歡它。 ?The book which / that is very interesting was published last year. 這本有趣的書(shū)是去年出版的。 1. —He wrote a lot of novels, none of ____________ were popular. —It’s the same with his wife. She wrote some plays, but none of ___________ was a success. A. these；them B. which；which C. those；which D. which；them 【參考答案】D 2. After the war, a new school building was put up ____________ there had once been a theatre. A. that B. where C. which D. when 3. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town _____________ he grew up as a child. A. which B. where C. that D. when 【參考答案】2. B 3. B 【答案解析】定語(yǔ)從句中有表示地點(diǎn)的先行詞，而地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句中則沒(méi)有；定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系詞根據(jù)需要可用 ＂介詞+which＂來(lái)代替where，而地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句則通常只能由where引導(dǎo)。因此第2題中無(wú)表示地點(diǎn)的先行詞，是表示地點(diǎn)的狀語(yǔ)從句，故填where，第3題中the small town是先行詞，為定語(yǔ)從句，故填where，也可用in which替換。 題組一 基礎(chǔ)過(guò)關(guān) 用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空 1.(2017浙江) Italy, _________ has a much weaker tradition of immigration, has witnessed a sharp increase in immigration in recent years. 2.(2017北京) If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with _________ operation we cannot effectively interfere(干預(yù)), we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire. 3. (2017北京)This is called “herd immunity”, ________ protects the people who get hurt easily, including those ________ can’t be vaccinated for medical reasons, babies too young to get vaccinated and people on ________ the vaccine doesn’t work. 4.Her performances on the stage were perfect，________ made a lot of people admire her. 5.The city was attacked by such terrible weather ________ few citizens had ever experienced before. 6.A story I read two years ago，________ name I can’t remember clearly，changed my idea about education. 7.I don’t know the reason ________ you lied to your parents，but you’d better explain. 8.________ is mentioned above，paper is first made in China. 9.A sailor ________ has experienced no storm will never bee an excellent sailor. 10.I often think about the times ________ I have felt hurt and insulted by rude remarks from strangers and sometimes from acquaintances. 題組二 能力提升 I.單項(xiàng)填空 1.Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree ________ they can be controlled on purpose. A.with which B.to which C.of which D.for which 2.Gun control is a subject_________ Americans have argued for a long time. A.of which B.with which C.about which D.into which 3.Eric received training in puter for one year, ___________ he found a job in a big pany. A.after that B.after which C.after it D.after this 4.True friendship is like health, the value___________is seldom known until it is lost. A.of it B.on which C.of whom D.of which 5.With more than 17 000 islands, _________ _only 6 000 are inhabited, Indonesia is the world’s largest archipelago (群島). A.on which B.for which C.of which D.along which 6. Pointing to the house on ____________ roof grew lots of bushes, the old man told me that was ____________ I would stay. A. its；what B. whose；what C. whose；where D. its；where 7. Our special thanks go to thousands of volunteers, without ____________ tireless work, none of these would be possible. A. which B. whom C. whose D. that 8. —Have you known Jane for long? —Not very long, ______________ we started to serve the World Expo in Milan. A. after B. before C. when D. since II. 語(yǔ)篇填空 Do you know the man __1__wrote this book？He was Jason，one of the engineers __2__came from Russia in the 1950s.He worked in the same factory __3__my father once worked. When he came to China，the first thing __4__ he did was to visit the factory __5__did research on trolleybuses and found out the reason __6__China was so backward in it.Then he spent every minute __7__he could spare to help China develop transportation.__8__is mentioned above，Jason was a foreigner __9__made great contributions to our country and was a kind man to __10__we should say thanks. III. 語(yǔ)法填空 When you decide you’re going to live alone，you get upset. This is __1__(nature). But there’s no need to get __2__(worry). Below are some ideas __3__ can help you out. Saving money is __4__ you need to start several months before you move out. You need to save enough money__5__(help) you survive for at least a month in the new place. The __6__(easy) of all ways is to spend less! Search for a place to live in before__7__(move) out. Make sure that the place you choose is in a good location. Besides，you can afford__8__.If you’re going to stay in an expensive city，find a roommate so that you can share the expenses. And if you have to live__9__your own for a long time，you’ll have to look for a part－time job. If you’re__10__student，you can work in restaurants，theaters，etc. And don’t spend a lot of money in a wasteful way! Try and save every penny of what you earn. 題組三體驗(yàn)真題 1.（2016 ? 浙江）Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of ______ has been proved. A. whom B. which C. what D. that 2.(2015浙江) Creating an atmosphere employees feel part of a team is a big challenge. A. as B. whose C. in which D. at which 3.(2015重慶) He wrote many children’ s books, nearly half of_________ were published in the 1990s. A. whom B. which C. them D. that 題組一 基礎(chǔ)過(guò)關(guān) 用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)系詞填空 1.which　 2.whose　 3.which, who, whom 　 4.which 5.as　 6.whose　 7.why　 8.As　 9.who　 10.when 題組二 能力提升 I.單項(xiàng)填空 2.C 【解析】考查動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的辨析。句意：對(duì)槍的控制是美國(guó)人一直爭(zhēng)論的一個(gè)話題。argue about意為＂爭(zhēng)論＂；argue with意為＂和……爭(zhēng)論＂，所以此處應(yīng)用介詞about。故選C。 3.B 【解析】考查非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的用法。在這個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，先行詞是＂Eric received training in puter for one year＂這件事，關(guān)系詞在從句中作介詞after的賓語(yǔ)，所以關(guān)系詞應(yīng)用which。故選B。 4.D 【解析】考查＂介詞+關(guān)系代詞＂結(jié)構(gòu)。句意：真正的友誼猶如健康，直到失去時(shí)才知其可貴。此處不能用＂介詞+指示代詞＂結(jié)構(gòu)；先行詞為friendship，指物，故不能用whom；此處表示所屬關(guān)系，故介詞只能用of，所以B項(xiàng)不符合句意。故選D。 【溫馨提示】本題易誤選A項(xiàng)或者C項(xiàng)。但是考生需要注意,用whom時(shí)先行詞應(yīng)指人；如選A,可在逗號(hào)后加上連詞and。 5.C 【解析】考查＂介詞+關(guān)系代詞＂引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知選C。of which中的which指17 000 islands,17 000 islands為先行詞。 6. C 【解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句。句意：老人指著那個(gè)屋頂上長(zhǎng)著許多灌木的房子對(duì)我說(shuō)，那就是我將要待的地方。house是先行詞，與roof是所屬關(guān)系，故用whose引導(dǎo)；＂that was ________ I would stay＂是told的賓語(yǔ)從句，該從句中that是主語(yǔ)，＂_________ I would stay＂是表語(yǔ)從句，從句中缺少地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，所以用where引導(dǎo)。 7. C 【解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句。句意：我們特別感謝數(shù)以千計(jì)的志愿者們，沒(méi)有他們不知疲倦的工作，所有這些都不可能做到。volunteers與tireless work是所屬關(guān)系，所以用關(guān)系代詞whose，在從句中作定語(yǔ)。 8. D 【解析】考查狀語(yǔ)從句。句意：——你認(rèn)識(shí)Jane很久了嗎？——認(rèn)識(shí)的時(shí)間不長(zhǎng)，是從我們開(kāi)始服務(wù)于米蘭世博會(huì)時(shí)認(rèn)識(shí)的。根據(jù)句意可知，應(yīng)選since，表示＂自……以來(lái)，自……以后＂。 II. 語(yǔ)篇填空 1.who/that　 2.who/that　 3.where　 4.that 5.which/that　 6.why　 7.that　 8.As　 9.who/that 10.whom III. 語(yǔ)法填空 1.natural　 【解析】考查形容詞。句意：當(dāng)你決定單獨(dú)生活時(shí)，你變得沮喪，這是自然的。分析句子成分可知，空處作表語(yǔ)，故此處需要用nature的形容詞形式。 4.what　 【解析】考查表語(yǔ)從句。句意：在你搬出去的幾個(gè)月之前，你就需要開(kāi)始存錢。what引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，并在從句中作賓語(yǔ)。 5.to help　 【解析】考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意：你需要存足夠的錢，幫助你在新的地方生存至少一個(gè)月。此處用動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)。 6.easiest　 【解析】考查最高級(jí)。句意：所有的方法中最容易的就是少花錢。由of all ways可知用最高級(jí)。 7.moving　 【解析】考查非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。介詞before后跟動(dòng)詞－ing形式。 8.it　 【解析】考查代詞。此處用it指代前面的＂the place＂。 9.on　 【解析】考查介詞短語(yǔ)。on one’s own＂單獨(dú)，獨(dú)自＂。 10.a　 【解析】考查冠詞。句意：如果你是一名學(xué)生，你能在餐館、劇院等地方工作。此處用不定冠詞a表示泛指一名學(xué)生。 題組三體驗(yàn)真題 1.B 【解析】句意：關(guān)于人類為什么哭的時(shí)候會(huì)流淚，科學(xué)家已經(jīng)提出了很多理論，沒(méi)有一個(gè)得到證明。此句為定語(yǔ)從句，先行詞是theories，指物，定語(yǔ)從句用＂代詞+介詞+關(guān)系代詞which＂引導(dǎo)。故選B。 2.C 3.B 【解析】句意：他寫(xiě)了許多兒童書(shū)籍，幾乎一半在1990年左右出版。先行詞是books，定語(yǔ)從句中of缺少賓語(yǔ)，故選B項(xiàng)。