裝配圖供水管道恒壓智能控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(論文+DWG圖紙+開題報告+外文翻譯+文獻綜述)
裝配圖供水管道恒壓智能控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(論文+DWG圖紙+開題報告+外文翻譯+文獻綜述),裝配,供水,管道,智能,控制系統(tǒng),設(shè)計,論文,dwg,圖紙,開題,報告,講演,呈文,外文,翻譯,文獻,綜述
信息與電子工程系畢業(yè)設(shè)計（翻譯）
外文資料(英文)
Sensor?is?one?kind?component?which?can?tansform?the?physical?quantity,?chemistry?quantity?and?the?biomass?into?electrical?signal.?The?output?signal?has?the?different?forms?like?the?voltage,?the?electric?current,?the?frequency,?the?pulse?and?so?on,?which?can?satisfy?the??signal?transmission,?processing,??recording,?demonstration?and?control?demands.?So?it?is?the?automatic?detection?system?and?in?the??automatic?control?industry.?If?automatic?Technology?is?used?wider,?then?sensor?is?more?important.?In?information?age,?the?information?industry?includs?information?gathering,??transmission,?process?three?parts,?namely??sensor?technology,?communication,?computer?technology.?Because?of?ultra?large?scale?integrated?circuit’s?rapid?development?after?having?been?developed?,Modern?computer?technology?and?communication,?not?only?requests???sensor?precision,?reliability,?speed?of?response?and?gain?information?content?request?more?and?more?high,?but?also?requests?its?cost?to?be?inexpensive.?The?obvious?traditional?sensor?is?eliminated?gradually?because?of?the?function,?the?characteristic,?the?volume,?the?cost?and?so?on.?As?world??develop?many?countries?are?speeding?up?to?the?sensor?new?technology’s?research?and?the?development,?and?all?has?obtained?the?enormous?breakthrough.?Now?the?sensor?new?technology?development,?mainly?has?following?several?aspects:?
Firstly,? discovering? and? using.?
Using?the?physical?phenomenon,?the?chemical?reaction,?the?biological?effect?as?the?sensor?principle?therefore?the?researches??which? discovered?the?new?phenomenon?and?the?new?effect?are?the?sensor?technological?improving?ways?.it?is?importantstudies ?to?develope?new?sensor’s?the?foundation.?Japanese?Sharp?Corporation?uses?the?superconductivity?technology?to?develop?successfully?the?high?temperature?superconductivity?magnetic?sensor?and?get?the?sensor?technology?significant?breakthrough.?Its?sensitivity?is?so?high?and?only?inferior?in?the?superconductivity?quantum?interference?component.?Its?manufacture?craft?is?far?simpler?than?the?superconductivity?quantum?interference?component.?May?use?in?magnetism?image?formation?technology.So?it?has?the?widespread?promoted?value.
Using?the?immune?body?and?the?antigen?meets?one?another?compound?when?the?electrode?surface.It?can?cause?the?electrode?potential?change?and?use?this?phenomenon?to?be?possible?to?generate?the?immunity?sensor.?The?immunity?sensor?makes?with?this?kind?of?immune?body?may?to?some?organism?in?whether?has?this?kind?of?anti-?original?work?inspection.?Like?may?inspect?somebody?with?the?hepatitis?virus?immune?body?whether?contracts?the?hepatitis,?plays?to?is?fast,?the?accurate?role.?The?US?UC?sixth?branch??has?developped?this?kind?of?sensor.
Secondly,?using?the?new?material.
The?sensor?material?is?the?important?foundation??for??sensor?technology,?because?the?materials?science?is?progressive?and?the?people?may?make?each?kind?of?new?sensor.?For?example?making?the?temperature?sensor?with?the?high?polymer?thin?film;?The?optical?fiber?can?make?the?pressure,?the?current?capacity,?the?temperature,?the?displacement?and?so?on?the?many?kinds?of?sensors;?Making?the?pressure?transmitter?with?the?ceramics.?The?high?polymer?can?become?the?proportion?adsorption?and?the?release?hydrone?along?with?the?environment?relative?humidity?size.?The?high?polymer?electricity?lies?between?the?constant?to?be?small,?the?hydrone?can?enhance?the?polymer?the?coefficient?of?dielectrical?loss.?Making?the?capacitor?the?high?polymer?dielectric?medium,?determines?the?electric?capacity?capacity?the?change,?then?obtains?the?relative?humidity.?Making?the?plasma?using?this?principle?to?gather?the?legitimate?polystyrene?film?temperature?sensor?below,?it?has?the?characteristic:
Measured?the?wet?scope?is?wide;?
The?temperature?range?is?wide,?may?reach?-400?℃?~?+1,500?℃;?
The?speed?of?response?is?quick,?is?smaller?than?1S;?
The?size?is?small,?may?use?in?the?small?space?measuring?wet;?
The?temperature?coefficient?is?small.?
The?ceramic?electric?capacity?type?pressure?transmitter?is?one?kind?does?not?have?the?intermediary?fluid?the?dry?type?pressure?transmitter.?Uses?the?advanced?ceramic?technology,?the?heavy?film?electronic?technology,?its?technical?performance?is?stable,?the?year?drifting?quantity?is?smaller?than?0.1%F.S,?warm?floats?is?smaller?than?±0.15%/10K,?anti-?overloads?strongly,?may?reach?the?measuring?range?several?hundred?times.?The?survey?scope?may?from?0?to?60mpa.?????????German?E+H?Corporation?and?the?American?Kavlio?Corporation?product?is?at?the?leading?position.
The?optical?fiber?application?is?send?the?material?significant?breakthrough,?its?uses?in?most?early?the?optical?communication?techniques.?In?the?optical?communication?use?discovered?works?as?environmental?condition?change?and?so?on?the?temperature,?pressure,?electric?field,?magnetic?field,?causes?the?fiber?optic?transmission?light?wave?intensity,?the?phase,?the?frequency,?change?and?so?on?the?polarization?condition,?the?survey?light?wave?quantity?change,?may?know?causes?these?light?wave?physical?quantity?the?and?so?on?quantitative?change?temperature,?pressure,?electric?field,?magnetic?field?size,?uses?these?principles?to?be?possible?to?develop?the?optical?fiber?sensor.?The?optical?fiber?sensor?and?the?traditional?sensor?compare?has?many?characteristics:?Sensitivity?high,?the?structure?simple,?the?volume?small,?anti-corrosive,?the?electric?insulation?good,?the?path?of?rays?may?be?curving,?be?advantageous?for?the?realization?telemetering?and?so?on.?Optical?fiber?sensor?Japan?is?in?the?advanced?level.?Like?Idec?Izumi?Corporation?and?Sunx?Corporation.?The?optical?fiber?send?receiver?and?the?integrated?path?of?rays?technology?unify,?accelerates?the?optical?fiber?sensor?technology?development.?Will?integrate?the?path?of?rays?component?to?replace?the?original?optics?part?and?the?passive?light?component,?enable?the?optical?fiber?sensor?to?have?the?high?band?width,?the?low?signal?processing?voltage,?the?reliability?high,?the?cost?will?be?low.
Third,?micro?machine-finishing?technology
In?semiconductor?technology?processing?method?oxygenation,?the?photoetching,?the?proliferation,?the?deposition,?the?plane?electron?craft,?various?guides?corrosion?and?steams?plates,?the?sputtering?thin?film?and?so?on,?these?have?all?introduced?to?the?sensor?manufacture.?Thus?has?produced?each?kind?of?new?sensor,?like?makes?the?silicon?micro?sensor?using?the?semiconductor?technology,?makes?the?fast?response?using?the?thin?film?craft?the?gas?to?be?sensitive,?the?wet?sensitive?sensor,?the?use?sputtering?thin?film?craft?system?pressure?transmitter?and?so?on.
The?Japanese?horizontal?river?company?uses?various?guides?corrosion?technology?to?carry?on?the?high?accuracy?three?dimensional?processing,?the?system?helps?the?silicon?resonance?type?pressure?transmitter.?The?core?partially?presses?two?resonant?Liang?by?the?feeling?which?above?the?silicon?diaphragm?and?the?silicon?diaphragm?manufactures?to?form,?two?resonant?Liang's?frequency?difference?correspondence?different?pressure,?measures?the?pressure?with?the?frequency?difference?method,?may?eliminate?the?error?which?factor?and?so?on?ambient?temperature?brings.?When?ambient?temperature?change,?two?resonant?Liang?frequency?and?the?amplitude?variation?are?same,?after?two?frequency?differences,?its?same?change?quantity?can?counterbalance?mutually.?Its?survey?most?high?accuracy?may?reach?0.01%FS.
American?Silicon?Microstructure?Inc.(SMI)?the?company?develops?a?series?of?low?ends,?linear?in?0.1%?to?0.In?65%?scope?silicon?micro?pressure?transmitter,?the?lowest?full?measuring?range?is?0.15psi?(1KPa),?it?makes?take?the?silicon?as?the?material,?has?the?unique?three?dimensional?structure,?the?light?slight?machine-finishing,?makes?the?wheatstone?bridge?many?times?with?the?etching?on?the?silicon?diaphragm,?when?above?silicon?chip?stress,?it?has?the?distortion,?the?resistance?produces?presses?the?anti-?effect?but?to?lose?the?bridge?balance,?the?output?and?the?pressure?becomes?the?proportion?the?electrical?signal
Such?silicon?micro?sensor?is?the?front?technology?which?now?the?sensor?develops,Its?essential?feature?is?the?sensitive?unit?volume?is?a?micron?magnitude,Is?the?traditional?sensor?several?dozens,?several?1%.?In?aspect?and?so?on?industry?control,?aerospace?domain,?biomedicine?has?the?vital?role,?like?on?the?airplane?the?use?may?reduce?the?airplane?weight,?reduces?the?energy.?Another?characteristic?is?can?be?sensitive?is?small?surveyed,?may?make?the?blood?pressure?pressure?transmitter.
The?Chinese?aviation?main?corporation?Beijing?observation?and?control?technical?research?institute,?the?development?CYJ?series?splashes?thanks?the?membrane?pressure?transmitter?is?uses?the?ion?sputtering?craft?to?process?the?metal?strain?gauge,?it?has?overcome?the?nonmetallic?strain?gauge?easily?the?temperature?influence?insufficiency,?has?the?high?stability,?is?suitable?in?each?kind?of?situation,?is?measured?the?medium?scope?widely,?but?also?overcame?the?tradition?lowly?to?glue?the?precision?which?the?type?brought,?sluggish?big,?shortcoming?and?so?on?slow?change,?had?the?precision?high,?the?reliability?is?high,?the?volume?small?characteristic,?widely?used?in?domain?and?so?on?aviation,?petroleum,?chemical?industry,?medical?service.
Fourth,?integrates?the?sensor
Integrates?the?sensor?the?superiority?is?the?traditional?sensor?is?unable?to?achieve,?it?is?a?simple?sensor?not?merely,?it?in?at?the?same?time?the?auxiliary?circuit?part?and?send?the?part?will?integrate?on?together?the?chip,?will?cause?it?to?have?the?calibration,?to?compensate,?from?the?diagnosis?and?the?network?correspondence?function,?it?might?reduce?the?cost,?the?gain?in?yield,?this?kind?of?blood?pressure?sensor?which?American?LUCAS,?NOVASENSOR?Corporation?will?develop,?each?week?will?be?able?to?produce?10,000.
Fifth,?intellectualized?sensor
The?intellectualized?sensor?is?one?kind?of?belt?microprocessor?sensor,?is?achievement?which?the?microcomputer?and?the?sensor?unifies,?it?has?at?the?same?time?the?examination,?the?judgment?and?the?information?processing?function,?compares?with?the?traditional?sensor?has?very?many?characteristics:
Has?the?judgment?and?the?information?processing?function,?can?carry?on?the?revision,?the?error?to?the?observed?value?compensates,?thus?enhancement?measuring?accuracy;?
May?realize?the?multi-sensor?multi?parameters?survey;?
Has?from?the?diagnosis?and?from?the?calibration?function,?enhances?the?reliability;?
The?survey?data?may?deposit?and?withdraw,?easy?to?operate;?
Has?the?data?communication?interface?dci,?can?and?the?microcomputer?direct?communication.?
The?sensor,?the?signal?adjustment?electric?circuit,?the?monolithic?integrated?circuit?integration?forms?ultra?large-scale?integrated?on?a?chip?the?senior?intelligence?sensor.?American?HONY?WELL?Corporation?ST-3000?intelligence?sensor,?the?chip?size?only?then?has?3×4×2mm3,?uses?the?semiconductor?craft,?makes?CPU,?EPROM,?the?static?pressure,?the?differential?pressure,?the?temperature?on?the?identical?chip?and?so?on?three?kind?of?sensitive?units.
The?intellectualized?sensor?research?and?the?development,?US?is?at?the?leading?position.?American?Space?Agency?when?development?spaceship?called?this?kind?of?sensor?for?the?clever?sensor?(Smart?Sensor),?on?the?spaceship?this?kind?of?sensor?is?extremely?important.?Our?country?in?this?aspect?research?and?development?also?very?backward,?mainly?is?because?our?country?semiconductor?integrated?circuit?technological?level?is?limited.
The?sensor’s?development?is?changing?day?after?day?since?specially?the?80's?humanities?have?entered?into?the?high?industrialization?the?information?age,?sensor?technology?to?renewal,?higher?technological?development.?US,?Japan?and?so?on?developed?country?sensor?technological?development?quickest,?our?country?because?the?foundation?is?weak,?the?sensor?technology?compares?with?these?developed?countries?has?the?big?disparity.?Therefore,?we?should?enlarge?to?the?sensor?engineering?research,?the?development?investment,?causes?our?country?sensor?technology?and?the?foreign?disparity?reduces,?promotes?our?country?instrument?measuring?appliance?industry?and?from?the?technical?development.
外文翻譯(中文)
傳感器?是一種能將物理量、化學量、生物量等轉(zhuǎn)換成電信號的器件。輸出信號有不同形式，如電壓、電流、頻率、脈沖等，能滿足信息傳輸、處理、記錄、顯示、控制要求，是自動檢測系統(tǒng)和自動控制系統(tǒng)中不可缺少的元件。如果把計算機比作大腦，那么傳感器則相當于五官，傳感器能正確感受被測量并轉(zhuǎn)換成相應(yīng)輸出量，對系統(tǒng)的質(zhì)量起決定性作用。自動化程度越高，系統(tǒng)對傳感器要求越高。在今天的信息時代里，信息產(chǎn)業(yè)包括信息采集、傳輸、處理三部分，即傳感技術(shù)、通信技術(shù)、計算機技術(shù)。現(xiàn)代的計算機技術(shù)和通信技術(shù)由于超大規(guī)模集成電路的飛速發(fā)展，而已經(jīng)充分發(fā)達后，不僅對傳感器的精度、可靠性、響應(yīng)速度、獲取的信息量要求越來越高，還要求其成本低廉且使用方便。顯然傳統(tǒng)傳感器因功能、特性、體積、成本等已難以滿足而逐漸被淘汰。世界許多發(fā)達國家都在加快對傳感器新技術(shù)的研究與開發(fā)，并且都已取得極大的突破。如今傳感器新技術(shù)的發(fā)展，主要有以下幾個方面：?
一、發(fā)現(xiàn)并利用新現(xiàn)象
利用物理現(xiàn)象、化學反應(yīng)、生物效應(yīng)作為傳感器原理，所以研究發(fā)現(xiàn)新現(xiàn)象與新效應(yīng)是傳感器技術(shù)發(fā)展的重要工作，是研究開發(fā)新型傳感器的基礎(chǔ)。?日本夏普公司利用超導(dǎo)技術(shù)研制成功高溫超導(dǎo)磁性傳感器，是傳感器技術(shù)的重大突破，其靈敏度高，僅次于超導(dǎo)量子干涉器件。它的制造工藝遠比超導(dǎo)量子干涉器件簡單?？捎糜诖懦上窦夹g(shù)，有廣泛推廣價值。
利用抗體和抗原在電極表面上相遇復(fù)合時，會引起電極電位的變化，利用這一現(xiàn)象可制出免疫傳感器。用這種抗體制成的免疫傳感器可對某生物體內(nèi)是否有這種抗原作檢查。如用肝炎病毒抗體可檢查某人是否患有肝炎，起到快速、準確作用。美國加州大學巳研制出這類傳感器。
二、利用新材料
傳感器材料是傳感器技術(shù)的重要基礎(chǔ)，由于材料科學進步，人們可制造出各種新型傳感器。例如用高分子聚合物薄膜制成溫度傳感器；光導(dǎo)纖維能制成壓力、流量、溫度、位移等多種傳感器；用陶瓷制成壓力傳感器。高分子聚合物能隨周圍環(huán)境的相對濕度大小成比例地吸附和釋放水分子。高分子電介常數(shù)小，水分子能提高聚合物的介電常數(shù)。將高分子電介質(zhì)做成電容器，測定電容容量的變化，即可得出相對濕度。利用這個原理制成等離子聚合法聚苯乙烯薄膜溫度傳感器，其有以下特點：
??測濕范圍寬；
??溫度范圍寬，可達-400℃～?+1500℃；?
??響應(yīng)速度快，小于1S；?
??尺寸小，可用于小空間測濕；?
??溫度系數(shù)小。?
陶瓷電容式壓力傳感器是一種無中介液的干式壓力傳感器。采用先進的陶瓷技術(shù)，厚膜電子技術(shù)，其技術(shù)性能穩(wěn)定，年漂移量小于0.1%F.S,溫漂小于±0.15%/10K,抗過載強,可達量程的數(shù)百倍。測量范圍可從0到60mpa。德國E+H公司和美國Kavlio公司產(chǎn)品處于領(lǐng)先地位。
光導(dǎo)纖維的應(yīng)用是傳感材料的重大突破，其最早用于光通信技術(shù)。在光通信利用中發(fā)現(xiàn)當溫度、壓力、電場、磁場等環(huán)境條件變化時，引起光纖傳輸?shù)墓獠◤姸?、相位、頻率、偏振態(tài)等變化，測量光波量的變化，就可知道導(dǎo)致這些光波量變化的溫度、壓力、電場、磁場等物理量的大小，利用這些原理可研制出光導(dǎo)纖維傳感器。光纖傳感器與傳統(tǒng)傳感器相比有許多特點：靈敏度高，結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、體積小、耐腐蝕、電絕緣性好、光路可彎曲、便于實現(xiàn)遙測等。光纖傳感器日本處于先進水平。如Idec?Izumi公司和Sunx公司。光纖傳感受器與集成光路技術(shù)相結(jié)合，加速光纖傳感器技術(shù)的發(fā)展。將集成光路器件代替原有?光學元件和無源光器件，使光纖傳感器有高的帶寬、低的信號處理電壓，可靠性高，成本低。
三、微機械加工技術(shù)
半導(dǎo)體技術(shù)中的加工方法有氧化、光刻、擴散、沉積、平面電子工藝，各向?qū)愿g及蒸鍍，濺射薄膜等，這些都已引進到傳感器制造。因而產(chǎn)生了各種新型傳感器，如利用半導(dǎo)體技術(shù)制造出硅微傳感器，利用薄膜工藝制造出快速響應(yīng)的氣敏、濕敏傳感器，利用濺射薄膜工藝制壓力傳感器等。
日本橫河公司利用各向?qū)愿g技術(shù)進行高精度三維加工，制成全硅諧振式壓力傳感器。核心部分由感壓硅膜片和硅膜片上面制作的兩個諧振梁結(jié)成，兩個諧振梁的頻差對應(yīng)不同的壓力，用頻率差的方法測壓力，可消除環(huán)境溫度等因素帶來的誤差。當環(huán)境溫度變化時，兩個諧振梁頻率和幅度變化相同，將兩個頻率差后，其相同變化量就能夠相互抵消。其測量最高精度可達0.01%FS。
美國Silicon?Microstructure?Inc.(SMI)公司開發(fā)一系列低價位,線性度在0.1%到0.65%范圍內(nèi)的硅微壓力傳感器,最低滿量程為0.15psi(1KPa),其以硅為材料制成,具有獨特的三維結(jié)構(gòu),輕細微機械加工,和多次蝕刻制成惠斯登電橋于硅膜片上,當硅片上方受力時,其產(chǎn)生變形,電阻產(chǎn)生壓阻效應(yīng)而失去電橋平衡,輸出與壓力成比例的電信號.象這樣的硅微傳感器是當今傳感器發(fā)展的前沿技術(shù),其基本特點是敏感元件體積為微米量級,是傳統(tǒng)傳感器的幾十、幾百分之一。在工業(yè)控制、航空航天領(lǐng)域、生物醫(yī)學等方面有重要的作用，如飛機上利用可減輕飛機重量，減少能源。另一特點是能敏感微小被測量，可制成血壓壓力傳感器。
中國航空總公司北京測控技術(shù)研究所，研制的CYJ系列濺謝膜壓力傳感器是采用離子濺射工藝加工成金屬應(yīng)變計，它克服了非金屬式應(yīng)變計易受溫度影響的不足，具有高穩(wěn)定性，適用于各種場合，被測介質(zhì)范圍寬，還克服了傳統(tǒng)粘貼式帶來的精度低、遲滯大、蠕變等缺點，具有精度高、可靠性高、體積小的特點，廣泛用于航空、石油、化工、醫(yī)療等領(lǐng)域。?
四、集成傳感器
集成傳感器的優(yōu)勢是傳統(tǒng)傳感器無法達到的，它不僅僅是一個簡單的傳感器，其將輔助電路中的元件與傳感元件同時集成在一塊芯片上，使之具有校準、補償、自診斷和網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信的功能，它可降低成本、增加產(chǎn)量，美國LUCAS、NOVASENSOR公司開發(fā)的這種血壓傳感器，每星期能生產(chǎn)1萬只。
五、智能化傳感器
智能化傳感器是一種帶微處理器的傳感器，是微型計算機和傳感器相結(jié)合的成果，它兼有檢測、判斷和信息處理功能，與傳統(tǒng)傳感器相比有很多特點：
具有判斷和信息處理功能，能對測量值進行修正、誤差補償，因而提高測量精度；
可實現(xiàn)多傳感器多參數(shù)測量；?
有自診斷和自校準功能，提高可靠性；
測量數(shù)據(jù)可存取，使用方便；?
有數(shù)據(jù)通信接口，能與微型計算機直接通信。?
把傳感器、信號調(diào)節(jié)電路、單片機集成在一芯片上形成超大規(guī)模集成化的高級智能傳感器。美國HONY?WELL公司ST-3000型智能傳感器，芯片尺寸才有3×4×2mm3，采用半導(dǎo)體工藝，在同一芯片上制成CPU、EPROM、靜壓、壓差、溫度等三種敏感元件。
智能化傳感器的研究與開發(fā)，美國處于領(lǐng)先地位。美國宇航局在開發(fā)宇宙飛船時稱這種傳感器為靈巧傳感器（Smart?Sensor），在宇宙飛船上這種傳感器是非常重要的。我國在這方面的研究與開發(fā)還很落后，主要是因為我國半導(dǎo)體集成電路工藝水平有限。
?傳感器的發(fā)展日新月異，特別是80年代人類由高度工業(yè)化進入信息時代以來，傳感器技術(shù)向更新、更高的技術(shù)發(fā)展。美國、日本等發(fā)達國家的傳感器技術(shù)發(fā)展最快，我國由于基礎(chǔ)薄弱，傳感器技術(shù)與這些發(fā)達國家相比有較大的差距。因此，我們應(yīng)該加大對傳感器技術(shù)研究、開發(fā)的投入，使我國傳感器技術(shù)與外國差距縮短，促進我國儀器儀表工業(yè)和自化化技術(shù)的發(fā)展。
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