自動(dòng)化立體倉庫單立柱型堆垛機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)【含CAD高清圖紙和文檔所見所得】
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畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開題報(bào)告題 目: 自動(dòng)化立體倉庫單立柱型 堆垛機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 院 (系): 機(jī)電工程學(xué)院 專 業(yè): 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 學(xué)生姓名: 學(xué) 號(hào): 指導(dǎo)教師單位: 姓 名: 職 稱: 題目類型:理論研究 實(shí)驗(yàn)研究 工程設(shè)計(jì) 工程技術(shù)研究 軟件開發(fā)20xx年 3 月 1 日開題報(bào)告填寫要求1開題報(bào)告作為畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)答辯委員會(huì)對(duì)學(xué)生答辯資格審查的依據(jù)材料之一。此報(bào)告應(yīng)在指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)下,由學(xué)生在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)工作前期內(nèi)完成,經(jīng)指導(dǎo)教師簽署意見審查后生效。 2開題報(bào)告內(nèi)容必須用黑墨水筆工整書寫,或按教務(wù)處統(tǒng)一設(shè)計(jì)的電子文檔標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式打印,禁止打印在其它紙上后剪貼,完成后應(yīng)及時(shí)交給指導(dǎo)教師簽署意見。3學(xué)生查閱資料的參考文獻(xiàn)應(yīng)在10篇及以上(不包括辭典、手冊(cè)),開題報(bào)告的字?jǐn)?shù)要在1000字以上。4有關(guān)年月日等日期的填寫,應(yīng)當(dāng)按照國標(biāo)GB/T 740894數(shù)據(jù)元和交換格式、信息交換、日期和時(shí)間表示法規(guī)定的要求,一律用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字書寫。如“2004年4月26日”或“2004-04-26”。5“指導(dǎo)教師(簽字)”日期填寫成在2015年12月29日 31日之間的某個(gè)日期;“開題小組組長(zhǎng)(簽字)”日期填寫成在2016年1月4日9日之間的某個(gè)日期。1畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的主要內(nèi)容、重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)等主要任務(wù)簡(jiǎn)述:1、首先給出不同的結(jié)構(gòu)方案,經(jīng)對(duì)比分析其作用效果和經(jīng)濟(jì)性后擇優(yōu)。2、設(shè)計(jì)相應(yīng)的的零部件,并選擇合適的動(dòng)力匹配。3、對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行實(shí)體建模、繪制其裝配圖與零件圖。重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn):進(jìn)行單立柱堆垛機(jī)機(jī)架結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),選用合適的上橫梁、下橫梁和立柱;設(shè)計(jì)行走裝置,并選擇合適的動(dòng)力匹配;設(shè)計(jì)起升卷揚(yáng)機(jī)構(gòu);設(shè)計(jì)載貨臺(tái),貨叉取貨裝置;設(shè)計(jì)安全裝置,驅(qū)動(dòng)設(shè)備;對(duì)所設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行校核。要求簡(jiǎn)述: 1、完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書(論文)一份,內(nèi)容包括總體方案的擬定和主要參數(shù)的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算、傳動(dòng)方案的確定及設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算、主要工作部件的設(shè)計(jì)、主要零件分析計(jì)算和校核等,字?jǐn)?shù)2萬左右,并附300500個(gè)單詞的英文摘要;獨(dú)立完成與課題相關(guān),不少于四萬字符的指定英文資料翻譯(附英文原文)。2、繪制結(jié)構(gòu)總裝配圖及主要零部件圖,折合A0圖紙3張,其中包括用計(jì)算機(jī)繪制的至少兩張A3圖紙;2準(zhǔn)備情況(查閱過的文獻(xiàn)資料及調(diào)研情況、現(xiàn)有設(shè)備、實(shí)驗(yàn)條件等)綜述本課題國內(nèi)外研究動(dòng)態(tài)自動(dòng)化立體倉庫是指在不直接進(jìn)行人工處理的情況下,自動(dòng)地完成物品倉儲(chǔ)和取出的系統(tǒng),它以高層立體貨架為主體,以堆垛機(jī)為首的搬運(yùn)設(shè)備為基礎(chǔ),是集自動(dòng)控制技術(shù)、通信技術(shù)、機(jī)電技術(shù)于一體的高效率,大容量?jī)?chǔ)存機(jī)構(gòu)。堆垛機(jī)則是隨著立體倉庫出現(xiàn)并發(fā)展起來的專用起重機(jī),是立體倉庫最重要的起重運(yùn)輸設(shè)備,可大大利用空間面積和空間利用率,是自動(dòng)化倉庫的主要設(shè)備,是代表立體倉庫的特征標(biāo)志?,F(xiàn)今國內(nèi)外研究的主要現(xiàn)狀:1、 自動(dòng)化程度不斷提高,PLC技術(shù)在立體倉庫中運(yùn)用的比重不斷增加。普遍性的使用掃描技術(shù),使信息的傳遞速度和準(zhǔn)確性得到提高。2、 大型自動(dòng)化倉庫不再是發(fā)展方向,為了適應(yīng)發(fā)展趨勢(shì),規(guī)模小,反應(yīng)快,用途廣的中小型自動(dòng)化倉庫得到了發(fā)展,它結(jié)合先進(jìn)的控制技術(shù),應(yīng)用到分段輸送和按預(yù)定路線輸送,保證了高度的柔性和生產(chǎn)率,滿足現(xiàn)代工業(yè)實(shí)用性和安全性的要求。3、 堆垛機(jī)方面,不斷改進(jìn)并推出外形優(yōu)化,性能更高的新型設(shè)備,通過不斷提高的電子技術(shù),機(jī)械技術(shù)和控制技術(shù),使堆垛機(jī)具有更好的探索能力,更快的速度和更精準(zhǔn)的定位。4、 貨架采用了配備式結(jié)構(gòu),高層化有利于批量生產(chǎn),降低生產(chǎn)的成本,提高精度,便與現(xiàn)場(chǎng)安裝和調(diào)試,。5、 通過計(jì)算機(jī)聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù),實(shí)現(xiàn)倉庫與堆垛機(jī)等搬運(yùn)設(shè)備,倉庫與倉庫之間的聯(lián)系有效的對(duì)了解堆垛機(jī)等的狀態(tài),合理進(jìn)行物流管理。6、 隨著計(jì)算技術(shù)的不斷提高,人工智能技術(shù)專家系統(tǒng)在自動(dòng)化倉庫的應(yīng)用日益增多,使自動(dòng)化立體倉庫更加智能化。應(yīng)收集的資料及主要參考文獻(xiàn)1 任仲貴. CAD/CAM原理M. 北京:清華大學(xué)出版社,1991.9.2 劉昌祺 董良 自動(dòng)化立體倉庫的設(shè)計(jì) M.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2004.3 朱學(xué)敏. 起重機(jī)械M. 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2003.4 郭環(huán)、禹永偉. 自動(dòng)化立體倉庫中堆垛機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)N. 遼寧:遼寧國能集團(tuán)鐵嶺精工機(jī)械有限公司,2002.3.5 王新榮, 陳永波.有限元法基礎(chǔ)及ANSYS應(yīng)用M. 北京:科學(xué)出版社,2008.6 吳宗澤. 機(jī)械零件設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)M. 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2004.7 楊明忠. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)M. 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2001.8 王明強(qiáng). 計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)M. 北京:科學(xué)出版社,2002.9 Mischke,Charles R., Shigley,Joseph Edward. Mechanical engineering designM. Boston,Mass:McGraw Hill,2001.10 劉遠(yuǎn)偉 何民愛 物流機(jī)械 M 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2006.11 宋偉剛 物流工程及應(yīng)用 M 北京:北京大學(xué)出版社,2003.12 喬玉晶 呂寧 立體倉庫巷道堆垛機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì) 哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué),2003.試驗(yàn)、測(cè)試、試制加工所需主要儀器設(shè)備及條件計(jì)算機(jī)一臺(tái),CAD設(shè)計(jì)軟件(CATIA)及Solidwords20133、實(shí)施方案、進(jìn)度實(shí)施計(jì)劃及預(yù)期提交的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)資料實(shí)施方案:本課題的主要任務(wù)是在已有研究成果的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)自動(dòng)化立體倉庫堆垛機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)和基本控制電路的設(shè)計(jì)。從堆垛機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)和控制方式方面考慮,本課題選用自動(dòng)化倉庫單立柱型堆垛機(jī)。進(jìn)度實(shí)施步驟:1、 收集各種關(guān)于自動(dòng)化倉庫堆垛機(jī)的資料,尤其注重單立柱型堆垛機(jī)資料的收集匯總。2、 結(jié)合所收集的各種資料,對(duì)堆垛機(jī)進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)和計(jì)算,需要考慮具體的堆垛機(jī)各種部件的剛度、強(qiáng)度等。3、 堆垛機(jī)機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)好后,運(yùn)用Solidwords2013進(jìn)行3D實(shí)體造型設(shè)計(jì)。其中包括單立柱、上橫梁、下橫梁、電機(jī)減速機(jī)等,并進(jìn)行運(yùn)動(dòng)仿真。4、 運(yùn)用Solidwords2013繪制工程制圖,零件圖,徒手繪制零件圖,用CAD繪制電路原理圖,寫說明書。進(jìn)度實(shí)施進(jìn)度:第1-3周:了解課題,收集并整理資料和參考文獻(xiàn),初步確定設(shè)計(jì)方案,撰寫開題報(bào)告;第4-6周:按結(jié)構(gòu)分解堆垛機(jī),計(jì)算各結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù),然后確定步進(jìn)電動(dòng)機(jī)、軸承等標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件參數(shù)。第7-10周:用Solidwords2013設(shè)計(jì)并繪制結(jié)構(gòu)的三維圖,并校核各機(jī)構(gòu)參數(shù),監(jiān)測(cè)方案;第11-14周:用Solidwords2013對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)三維圖進(jìn)行裝配并進(jìn)行運(yùn)動(dòng)仿真,繪制堆垛機(jī)裝配圖(電腦繪制及手繪);第15-16周:編寫畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明,并制作PPT,準(zhǔn)備畢業(yè)答辯。指導(dǎo)教師意見指導(dǎo)教師(簽字): 2016年3月1日開題小組意見開題小組組長(zhǎng)(簽字):2016年3 月1日 院(系、部)意見 主管院長(zhǎng)(系、部主任)簽字: 2016年3月1日編號(hào): 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文翻譯(譯文)學(xué) 院: 機(jī)電工程學(xué)院 專 業(yè):機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 學(xué)生姓名: 學(xué) 號(hào): 指導(dǎo)教師單位: 姓 名: 職 稱: 2016年6月8日第 17 頁 共 19 頁龍門式起重機(jī)金屬材料的疲勞強(qiáng)度預(yù)測(cè)v.a.科普諾夫摘 要內(nèi)在的疲勞曲線應(yīng)用到龍門式起重機(jī)金屬材料的疲勞壽命預(yù)測(cè)問題。起重機(jī),用于在森林工業(yè)中,在伐木林場(chǎng)對(duì)各種不同的工作條件進(jìn)行研究,并且做出相應(yīng)的應(yīng)變測(cè)量。對(duì)載重的循環(huán)周期進(jìn)行計(jì)算,下雨循環(huán)計(jì)數(shù)技術(shù)得到了使用。在一年內(nèi)這些起重機(jī)運(yùn)作的樣本被觀察為了得到運(yùn)作周期的平均數(shù)。疲勞失效分析表明,一些元件的故障是自然的系統(tǒng)因素,并且不能被一些隨意的原因所解釋。1999年Elsevier公司科學(xué)有限公司。保留所有權(quán)利。關(guān)鍵詞:起重機(jī);疲勞評(píng)估;應(yīng)變測(cè)量緒 論1.1現(xiàn)代起重機(jī)的特征和發(fā)展趨向隨著現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展,工業(yè)生產(chǎn)規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大和自動(dòng)化程度的提高,起重機(jī)在現(xiàn)代化生產(chǎn)過程中應(yīng)用越來越廣,作用愈來愈大,對(duì)起重機(jī)的要求也越來越高。尤其是電子計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的廣泛應(yīng)用,促使了許多跨學(xué)科的先進(jìn)設(shè)計(jì)方法出現(xiàn),推動(dòng)了現(xiàn)代制造技術(shù)和檢測(cè)技術(shù)的提高。激烈的國際市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)也越來越依賴于技術(shù)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。這些都促使起重機(jī)的技術(shù)性能進(jìn)入嶄新的發(fā)展階段,起重機(jī)正經(jīng)歷著一場(chǎng)巨大的變革。 我國正以前所未有的速度進(jìn)入全球化國際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng),中國的起重機(jī)制造業(yè)面臨著機(jī)遇與挑戰(zhàn)并存的新形勢(shì)。因此起重機(jī)的不斷發(fā)展和創(chuàng)新是關(guān)鍵。現(xiàn)根據(jù)國內(nèi)外起重機(jī)的新理論、新技術(shù)和新動(dòng)向,結(jié)合實(shí)例,簡(jiǎn)要論述現(xiàn)代起重機(jī)的特征和發(fā)展趨向。1) 重點(diǎn)產(chǎn)品大型化、高速化、耐久化和專用化 由于工業(yè)生產(chǎn)規(guī)模不斷擴(kuò)大,生產(chǎn)效率日益提高,以及產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)過程中物料裝卸搬運(yùn)費(fèi)用所占比例逐漸增加,促使大型或高速起重機(jī)的需求量不斷增長(zhǎng)。起重量越來越大,工作速度越來越高,并對(duì)能耗和可靠性提出更高的要求。起重機(jī)已成為自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)流程中的重要環(huán)節(jié)。起重機(jī)不但要好用,容易維護(hù),操作方便,而且安全性要好,故障要少,平均無故障工作時(shí)間要長(zhǎng)。可靠性是國際市場(chǎng)產(chǎn)品競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的焦點(diǎn),國外許多大公司都制定了可靠性內(nèi)控標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。我國起重機(jī)的性能要趕超世界先進(jìn)水平,最關(guān)鍵的是要提高可靠性,使起重機(jī)具有優(yōu)異的耐久性、無故障性、維修性和使用經(jīng)濟(jì)性。 目前世界上最大的浮游起重機(jī)起重量6500t,最大的履帶起重機(jī)起重量3000t,最大的橋式起重機(jī)起重量1200t,自動(dòng)化立體倉庫堆垛起重機(jī)最大運(yùn)行速度達(dá)240mmin。 工業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式和用戶需求的多樣性,使專用起重機(jī)的市場(chǎng)不斷擴(kuò)大,品種也不斷更新,以特有的功能滿足特殊的需要,發(fā)揮出最佳的效用。冶金專用起重機(jī),防爆、防腐、絕緣起重機(jī)和鐵路、船舶、車輛專用起重機(jī)的功能不斷增加,性能不斷提高,適應(yīng)性比以往更強(qiáng)。德國德馬格公司研制出一種飛機(jī)維修保養(yǎng)專用起重機(jī),在國際市場(chǎng)上打開了銷路。這種起重機(jī)跨度大,起升高度大,停準(zhǔn)精度高。在起重小車下面安裝有可伸縮回轉(zhuǎn)的維修平臺(tái),可到達(dá)飛機(jī)任一部位。隨著世界核電站的迅速發(fā)展,核電站專用起重機(jī)也得到相應(yīng)發(fā)展,如反應(yīng)堆室內(nèi)的環(huán)形橋式起重機(jī)在放射性環(huán)境中工作,用于起吊壓力容器頂蓋及堆內(nèi)構(gòu)件等危險(xiǎn)載荷,要求可靠性高,安全性好,能自動(dòng)精確定位和緩慢下放物品等,并有多種保護(hù)裝置和特殊安全裝置。2)系列產(chǎn)品模塊化、組合化、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和實(shí)用化許多起重機(jī)是成系列成批量的產(chǎn)品,采用系統(tǒng)多目標(biāo)整體優(yōu)化方法進(jìn)行起重機(jī)系列設(shè)計(jì)已成為發(fā)展重點(diǎn),通過全面考慮性能、成本、工 藝、生產(chǎn)管理、制造批量和使用維護(hù)等多種因素對(duì)系列主參數(shù)進(jìn)行合理匹配,以達(dá)到改善整機(jī)性能降低制造成本,提高通用化程度,用較少規(guī)格數(shù)的零部件組成多品種、多規(guī)格的系列產(chǎn)品,充分滿足用戶需求。用模塊化設(shè)計(jì)代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)的整機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)方法,將起重機(jī)上功能基本相同的構(gòu)件、部件和零件制成有多種用途,有相同聯(lián)接要素和可互換的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模塊,通過不同模塊的組合,形成不同類型和規(guī)格的起重機(jī)。對(duì)起重機(jī)進(jìn)行改進(jìn),只需針對(duì)某幾個(gè)模塊。設(shè)計(jì)新型起重機(jī),只需選用不同模塊重新進(jìn)行組合。由于提高了通用化程度,可使單件小批生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品改換成具有相當(dāng)批量的模塊生產(chǎn),實(shí)現(xiàn)高效率的專業(yè)化生產(chǎn),降低制造成本。能以較少的模塊形式,組合成多品種多規(guī)格的起重機(jī),滿足市場(chǎng)需求,增加競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力。德國德馬格公司生產(chǎn)的橋式起重機(jī)充分考慮了模塊化和組合化,使系列、整機(jī)、機(jī)構(gòu)、部件和零件互相之間的參數(shù)匹配,能力分布達(dá)到最為經(jīng)濟(jì)合理的搭配效果。利用起重量與起升速度的乘積為常數(shù)的方法使起升機(jī)構(gòu)主要部件達(dá)到最大限度的通用。再通過滑輪倍率的變化派生出更多的規(guī)格。5125t橋式起重機(jī)系列,多種工作級(jí)別,只需4種基型的起重小車。該公司開發(fā)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)車輪箱模塊系列,上面有多組聯(lián)接孔,可選裝不同型號(hào)的驅(qū)動(dòng)單元,可組裝成臺(tái)車,可與金屬結(jié)構(gòu)件組合后用作各種橋式、門式起重機(jī),巷道堆垛起重機(jī)或其它軌行式起重運(yùn)輸機(jī)械的運(yùn)行機(jī)械,其車輪有多種踏面形式可供選用。由于不受基距限制,組合靈活,用途廣泛。該公司的端梁標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模塊系列已經(jīng)商品化,與主梁之間采用摩擦環(huán)和高強(qiáng)度螺栓的連接方式,提高了互換性和尺寸精度,減少了接合面的加工量。與任一主梁都可快速有效相接。有適用于單梁或雙梁兩種形式的端梁模塊,根據(jù)起重量及跨度就可確定出適用的端梁型號(hào)。3)通用產(chǎn)品小型化、輕型化、簡(jiǎn)易化和多樣化 有相當(dāng)批量的起重機(jī)是在一般的車間倉庫使用,要求并不很高,工作并不十分繁重。如何提高這些起重機(jī)的適用性,降低制造成本,是市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能否獲勝的關(guān)鍵??紤]綜合效益,要求起重機(jī)盡量降低外形高度,簡(jiǎn)化結(jié)構(gòu),減小自重和輪壓,也可使整個(gè)建筑物高度下降,建筑結(jié)構(gòu)輕型化,降低造價(jià)和使用維護(hù)費(fèi)用。因此電動(dòng)葫蘆橋式起重機(jī)和輕型梁式起重機(jī)會(huì)有更快的發(fā)展,并將大部分取代中小噸位一般用途橋式起重機(jī)。用戶的需求性促進(jìn)了起重機(jī)的多樣性。起重機(jī)的系列參數(shù)范圍進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大,功能選擇進(jìn)一步增加,一機(jī)多用產(chǎn)品進(jìn)一步得到發(fā)展,以增強(qiáng)應(yīng)變能力。在一般使用場(chǎng)合采用無線遙控操作的比例也將逐步增多。德國德馬格公司經(jīng)過長(zhǎng)期的開發(fā)和創(chuàng)新,已形成一個(gè)輕型組合式標(biāo)準(zhǔn)起重機(jī)系列。整個(gè)系列由組合式工字形單梁、懸掛箱形單梁、角形小車箱形單梁和箱形雙梁多個(gè)品種組成。主梁與端梁相接共有15種形式,可適合不同建筑物和不同起吊物的要求。每種規(guī)格起重機(jī)都有三種單速及三種雙速可供任意選擇。操縱方式有地面手電門自行移動(dòng)、手電門隨小車移動(dòng)、手電門固定、遠(yuǎn)紅外或無線電遙控、司機(jī)室固定、司機(jī)室隨小車移動(dòng)、司機(jī)室自行移動(dòng)等7種選擇,外加不同的導(dǎo)電形式,不同的電控形式,通過不同的組合,可搭配成百上千種起重機(jī),充分滿足用戶不同的需求。這種起重機(jī)的另一最大優(yōu)點(diǎn)是輕型化,與國內(nèi)產(chǎn)品相比較,起重量32t,跨度25.5m,國內(nèi)雙梁橋式起重機(jī)自重為46.4t,電動(dòng)葫蘆橋式起重機(jī)自重為28.3t,而德馬格電動(dòng)葫蘆橋式起重機(jī)的自重只有18.5t,比國內(nèi)產(chǎn)品分別輕60和35。1.2 起重機(jī)的類型起重機(jī)可分為四類:高架移動(dòng)起重機(jī)、動(dòng)臂起重機(jī)、橋式或門式起重機(jī)、懸臂吊車。高架移動(dòng)起重機(jī)由橫梁和空中吊運(yùn)裝置組成。橫梁靠固定道軌支承,并且可以在軌上來回移動(dòng)??罩械踹\(yùn)裝置由提升裝置和其他裝置組成,可以從橫梁的一端運(yùn)動(dòng)到另一端。橫梁和與之相連的框架統(tǒng)稱為橋。這些的起重機(jī)囊括了起重量從2噸到400噸,跨度從20英尺到150英尺的各種類型。根據(jù)目的不同,在機(jī)艙工作的起重機(jī)常在橋或空中吊運(yùn)裝置進(jìn)行控制,其他情況控制裝置常在地面。當(dāng)兩個(gè)空中吊運(yùn)裝置安裝完畢,他們就能在同一道軌上并行或上下交錯(cuò)的并行,以確保每個(gè)空中吊運(yùn)裝置都能在整個(gè)橫梁上移動(dòng)。動(dòng)臂起重機(jī):動(dòng)臂起重機(jī)有能在它的外側(cè)提升重物的傾斜動(dòng)臂。動(dòng)臂通過繩索或其他方式連接到垂直的框架上。動(dòng)臂可以是定長(zhǎng)或者可伸縮的。起重機(jī)可以是固定式或移動(dòng)式。這一類的起重機(jī)包括:移動(dòng)和履帶起重機(jī),建筑商,碼頭起重機(jī)、塔式起重機(jī)和可移動(dòng)的安裝在高臺(tái)子,井架,浮筒和駁船上的起重機(jī)。起重能力不同從1/2噸到300噸不等,動(dòng)臂可伸展范圍從幾英尺到150英尺。需要在船廠、港口處理重型機(jī)械和設(shè)備的起重機(jī)經(jīng)常安裝在駁船。橋式起重機(jī):橋式起重機(jī)的橫梁通過道軌連接在垂直支架,可以在固定的道軌上移動(dòng)。重物被空中吊運(yùn)裝置提升,并且能從橋的一端移動(dòng)到另一端。這類起重機(jī)能提升橋覆蓋范圍的所有重物。當(dāng)需要提升大噸位的貨物時(shí),軌道通常選用寬或窄的鐵軌。在橋上安裝有一平衡物,它可以在吊運(yùn)裝置上方的軌道上,獨(dú)立運(yùn)動(dòng)。它用來平衡起重機(jī)的力矩。懸臂起重機(jī):懸臂起重機(jī)由水平的橫梁和垂直的支架組成。水平的橫梁稱為懸臂。懸臂可以是固定的,也可以是能夠以支架作為軸線在水平面內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的。提升裝置通過滑軌與懸臂相連。提升和滑移的機(jī)構(gòu)常安裝在懸臂的后方。雖然這類的起重機(jī)可以是固定的,也可以是可移動(dòng)的,但那些大型的都是固定的。提升重物大小,重量以及可延伸范圍受到寬度的限制。當(dāng)用于船舶起吊時(shí),輕型的起重機(jī)常在動(dòng)臂起重機(jī)滑軌上安裝有輔助提升裝置。主要的提升機(jī)構(gòu)包括兩個(gè)即可獨(dú)立運(yùn)動(dòng)也可同步運(yùn)動(dòng)的絞盤。典型的舾裝起重機(jī)是250噸,懸臂延展量180英尺,垂直提升高度200英尺。碼頭吊車:任何安置在碼頭上的起重機(jī)都可成為碼頭起重機(jī),特別是指那些用于碼頭與船舶間貨物移運(yùn)的起重機(jī),它也可以稱為貨物起重機(jī),(貨物起重機(jī)的含義廣泛),因?yàn)樗鼘儆诖柏浳锲鹬貦C(jī)械的一部分。因?yàn)榇芭摽诘奈恢貌欢?,所以絕大多數(shù)的碼頭起重機(jī)必須能在碼頭上移動(dòng),通常它們被安裝在鐵軌上。碼頭起重機(jī)的其它要求包括懸臂足夠水平,吊繩長(zhǎng)度足夠以便搬移貨物到船上指定的位置,操作上的高效與經(jīng)濟(jì)。這類碼頭起重機(jī)通常是指有一個(gè)或者兩個(gè)動(dòng)力機(jī)構(gòu)的橋式或懸臂式起重機(jī)。他們常被安在碼頭倉庫屋頂位置。懸臂以支架為軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),從而達(dá)到吊運(yùn)的目的。支架上連接有傾斜的起重臂或懸臂。在通常的貨物吊運(yùn)中,必須有開闊的視野以確定放置位置,但,在這點(diǎn)上,碼頭大噸位吊運(yùn)卻與之相反。貨物形狀,體積,重量的多變性排除使用提升機(jī)和傳送機(jī)的可能性,同時(shí),貨物需要在分派的地點(diǎn)分堆有次序的碼放,讓在碼頭使用運(yùn)輸機(jī)成為不可能。懸臂起重機(jī)成為碼頭起重機(jī)的原因之一是它有一個(gè)與支架成90且可以在平面內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的懸臂。然而,它有一個(gè)重大的缺點(diǎn):當(dāng)懸臂水平轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí),懸掛在懸臂上的貨物會(huì)隨之緩慢提升。只有,當(dāng)?shù)鯒U位于較低位置時(shí),貨物提升相同的高度。顯然,這意味著能量的損失和一個(gè)本不需要的用于驅(qū)動(dòng)擺動(dòng)裝置的大功率馬達(dá)。為了彌補(bǔ)這一缺陷,一類有著獨(dú)特設(shè)計(jì)的起重機(jī)迅速發(fā)展,它被稱為水平起重機(jī),目前,它已經(jīng)被廣泛運(yùn)用于碼頭起重。這類起重機(jī)有一個(gè)補(bǔ)償齒輪組,它能使貨物在同一水平面內(nèi)運(yùn)動(dòng),而無需考慮動(dòng)臂擺動(dòng)引起的提升。當(dāng)選擇用于常見貨物吊運(yùn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)性時(shí),單一貨物最大和平均起重量是必須考慮的因素。如果,60噸位的起吊頻率極低,20噸位的起吊也非常少,那么就沒有理由購置這一噸位的起重機(jī)。目前,最常用的起重機(jī)起重量為5到10噸。頻繁觀測(cè)龍門式起重機(jī)LT62B在運(yùn)作時(shí)金屬元件疲勞失效。引起疲勞裂紋的故障沿著起重機(jī)的橋梁焊接接頭進(jìn)行傳播,并且能夠支撐三到四年。這種起重機(jī)在森林工業(yè)的伐木林場(chǎng)被廣泛使用,用來轉(zhuǎn)移完整長(zhǎng)度的原木和鋸木到鐵路的火車上,有一次裝載30噸貨物的能力。 這種類型的起重機(jī)大約1000臺(tái)以上工作在俄羅斯森林工業(yè)的企業(yè)中。限制起重機(jī)壽命的問題即最弱的要素被正式找到之后,預(yù)測(cè)其疲勞強(qiáng)度,并給制造商建議,以提高起重機(jī)的壽命。2.起重機(jī)運(yùn)行分析為了分析,在葉卡特琳堡地區(qū)的林場(chǎng)碼頭選中了一臺(tái)被安裝在葉卡特琳堡地區(qū)的林場(chǎng)碼頭的龍門式起重機(jī)LT62B, 這臺(tái)起重機(jī)能夠供應(yīng)兩個(gè)伐木廠建立存儲(chǔ)倉庫,并且能轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)木頭到鐵路的火車上,這條鐵路通過存儲(chǔ)倉庫。這些設(shè)備的安裝就是為了這個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)貨地點(diǎn)在起重機(jī)的跨度范圍之內(nèi)。一個(gè)起重機(jī)示意圖顯示在圖1中 。 1350-6307/99 /元,看到前面的問題。1999年Elsevier公司科學(xué)有限公司保留所有權(quán)利。 PH:S1350-6307(98)00041-7V.A.Kopnov|機(jī)械故障分析6(1999)131-141圖1起重機(jī)簡(jiǎn)圖檢查起重機(jī)的工作之后,一系列的假設(shè)可能會(huì)作出: 如果每月從森林移動(dòng)的原木超過加工率,即是有一個(gè)原木存儲(chǔ)的倉庫,這個(gè)起重機(jī)期待的工作,也只是在原木加工的實(shí)際堆數(shù)在所供給原木數(shù)量的中心線以下;當(dāng)處理超過原木從森林運(yùn)出的速度時(shí),起重機(jī)的工作需要在的大量的木材之上進(jìn)行操作,相當(dāng)于在大量的木材上這個(gè)鋸木廠賺取的很少;原木不同的倉庫;大量的木材的高度被認(rèn)為是最高的; 倉庫的變化,取替了一側(cè)對(duì)面的鋸軋機(jī); 裝載進(jìn)程中總量是平均為K=1.4倍大于移動(dòng)總量由于額外的轉(zhuǎn)移。2.1 搬運(yùn)強(qiáng)度據(jù)了解,每年的搬運(yùn)強(qiáng)度是不規(guī)律的,不能被視為一個(gè)平穩(wěn)過程。非平穩(wěn)流動(dòng)的道路列車的性質(zhì)在23家企業(yè)中已經(jīng)研究5年的時(shí)間,結(jié)果已經(jīng)表明在年復(fù)一年中,對(duì)于每個(gè)企業(yè)來說,每個(gè)月的搬運(yùn)強(qiáng)度都是不同的。這是解釋復(fù)雜的各種系統(tǒng)和隨機(jī)效應(yīng),對(duì)搬運(yùn)施加的影響:天氣條件,道路條件和貨車車隊(duì)等,所有木材被運(yùn)送到存儲(chǔ)倉庫的木材,在一年內(nèi)應(yīng)該被處理。 因此,在春季和秋季搬運(yùn)木頭的可能性越來越小,冬天搬運(yùn)的可能性越來越大,然而在冬天搬運(yùn)強(qiáng)度強(qiáng)于預(yù)想的,在夏天的情況下,更多足夠長(zhǎng)的木材就地被處理的比運(yùn)出去的要多的多。V.A.Kopnov|機(jī)械故障分析6(1999)131-141表1 搬運(yùn)強(qiáng)度(%)表2 轉(zhuǎn)移儲(chǔ)存量通過一年的觀察,從118各搬運(yùn)值的觀察所了解到的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,并且有可能評(píng)價(jià)相關(guān)的搬運(yùn)強(qiáng)度(噸)參考年度的裝載量的百分比。該搬運(yùn)的數(shù)據(jù)被記錄在起重機(jī)預(yù)期值表1中,它可以被應(yīng)用到估計(jì)疲勞壽命,尤其是為檢查起重機(jī)應(yīng)變測(cè)量(見稍后) 。將有可能為每個(gè)起重機(jī),每一個(gè)月所負(fù)荷的載重量,建立這些數(shù)據(jù),無需特別困難的統(tǒng)計(jì)調(diào)查。此外,為了解決這個(gè)問題的壽命預(yù)測(cè)的知識(shí)是未來的荷載要求, 在類似的操作條件下,我們采取起重機(jī)預(yù)期值。每月搬運(yùn)價(jià)值的分布Q(t) ,被相對(duì)強(qiáng)度q(t)表示為 其中Q是每年的裝載量的記錄存儲(chǔ),是設(shè)計(jì)的最大存儲(chǔ)原木值Q以百分比計(jì)算,其中為考察起重機(jī)等于40.0萬立方米每年, 和容積載重搬運(yùn)為10 的起重機(jī),得到的數(shù)據(jù)列在表2 中,總量56000立方米每年,用K表示。2.2 .裝載木塊的數(shù)量這個(gè)運(yùn)行裝置,如夾緊,吊裝,轉(zhuǎn)移,降低,和釋放負(fù)載可被視為起重機(jī)的一個(gè)運(yùn)行周期(加載塊)。參照這個(gè)調(diào)查結(jié)果,以操作時(shí)間為一個(gè)周期,作為范本,由正常變量與平均值11.5分相等等,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差為1.5分鐘。不幸的是,這個(gè)特點(diǎn)不能簡(jiǎn)單地用于定義運(yùn)作周期的數(shù)目,任何工作期間的載重加工是非常不規(guī)則。使用運(yùn)行時(shí)間的起重機(jī)和評(píng)價(jià)周期時(shí)間,與實(shí)際增加一個(gè)數(shù)量的周期比,很容易得出比較大的誤差,因此,最好是作為如下。 測(cè)量一個(gè)單位的載荷,可以作為范本,由一個(gè)隨機(jī)變量代入分布函數(shù)得出,并且比實(shí)際一包貨物少然后,明知總量的加工負(fù)荷為1個(gè)月或一年可能確定分布參數(shù)的數(shù)目,運(yùn)作周期為這些時(shí)期要利用這個(gè)方法的更新理論V.A.Kopnov|機(jī)械故障分析6(1999)131-141 圖2隨機(jī)重建過程中的負(fù)荷根據(jù)這些方法,隨機(jī)重建過程中所顯示的圖。二是考慮到, (隨機(jī)變量)負(fù)荷,形成了一個(gè)流動(dòng)的數(shù)據(jù)鏈:在重建的理論中,隨機(jī)變量:,有一個(gè)分布函數(shù)f(t)的,可以被理解為在失敗的連接或者要求收據(jù)時(shí)的恢復(fù)時(shí)刻。過程的載荷值,作為下一次的動(dòng)作的通過值,被看作是重建的時(shí)刻。設(shè)。函數(shù)f ( t )反復(fù)被定義,假設(shè)V ( t )是在運(yùn)作周期內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移貨物的數(shù)量。實(shí)踐中,總轉(zhuǎn)移貨物的總噸數(shù),基本上是大于機(jī)組負(fù)荷,由于利用漸近性質(zhì)的重建過程所以式有益的。根據(jù)下面適當(dāng)?shù)南拗浦亟ǘɡ?,需要轉(zhuǎn)移大量噸數(shù)。已正態(tài)分布漸近與均值和方差,確定抽樣數(shù)量的周期v而不依賴于整個(gè)的形式分布函數(shù)的, (只對(duì)不同的格式分配進(jìn)行限制)。利用表2的每個(gè)月平均運(yùn)作用方程( 4 )表示,賦予正態(tài)分布功能的數(shù)量,負(fù)載周期與參數(shù)m和6。在正態(tài)分布表3中 。圖3顯示的平均人數(shù)周期與95 的置信區(qū)間某一年的相應(yīng)的值為12719和420個(gè)周期。表3 運(yùn)作周期的正太分布3 應(yīng)變測(cè)量為了顯示大多數(shù)金屬的負(fù)載元素,并且確定一系列的壓力,事前做了靜態(tài)應(yīng)變測(cè)量。垂直載荷用來測(cè)量懸掛負(fù)載,并且斜交加載由一個(gè)牽引力所形成,配備了一臺(tái)測(cè)力計(jì)。靜態(tài)應(yīng)力值分布在圖4和5中 。同樣地預(yù)計(jì),梁上的最大的拉應(yīng)力,發(fā)生在底部的桁架上(值為11-45 MPA )。頂端的桁架受到最大的壓縮應(yīng)力。 此處的彎曲應(yīng)力所造成的壓力,車輪起重機(jī),手推車等被添加到所說的橋梁和負(fù)荷的重量。這些壓力的結(jié)果,在底部的共振的的I梁那么壓縮應(yīng)力比最高的1 處要大得多(值17-75和10-20兆帕斯卡),其他要素的梁加載的值V.A.Kopnov|機(jī)械故障分析6(1999)131-141月份圖3 95%的置信區(qū)間運(yùn)作周期的平均數(shù)V.A.Kopnov|機(jī)械故障分析6(1999)131-141圖4梁的分配計(jì)劃不超過絕對(duì)值45兆帕斯卡。連接與支持的橋梁起重機(jī)加載的時(shí)間,也不定期。最大的壓縮應(yīng)力發(fā)生在變形的最大角度,在內(nèi)部看來;最高壓力值將達(dá)到到h0MPa和痛苦(計(jì)8日和9 ) 。在隔板和角度1的支板上,最大的拉應(yīng)力達(dá)到45兆帕斯卡(壓力表1 )。 起重機(jī)梁的器件在受到最大壓力和軸向載荷較弱的時(shí)候,另一方面,所遭受的主要是斜負(fù)荷。起重機(jī)的豎向載荷主要是由牽引力引起的。這種轉(zhuǎn)移完整長(zhǎng)度的木材的起重機(jī)的金屬的載重量,不同于一般用途的起重機(jī)。首先它必須遵循起重機(jī)的裝載規(guī)則,由于逐步脫離基地。因此,負(fù)荷增加,并不是慢慢的順利進(jìn)行。 第二個(gè)特點(diǎn)是物質(zhì)吊裝的加快導(dǎo)致低低效率。這是抓斗所存在的所限制,這意味著不允許繩索從吊具座下降;載重量應(yīng)始終保持平衡。負(fù)載減弱加快電機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的可能性是沒有根據(jù)的,因此微乎其微。因此,以同時(shí)懸掛的速度,森林龍門式起重機(jī)受到較小的動(dòng)應(yīng)力與類似的一般用途的起重機(jī)相比而言。通常,當(dāng)速度增加順利,在接通電器之后,從基地進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)載3.5-4.5秒鐘進(jìn)行一個(gè)循環(huán)。在事實(shí)上,并沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)金屬有顯著的振蕩,并且壓力慢慢達(dá)到了最大值。V.A.Kopnov|機(jī)械故障分析6(1999)131-141圖5 支持分配當(dāng)可能性最明朗的時(shí)候,在伸展和抓取的結(jié)合處,在按下開關(guān)后一秒鐘繩索開始繃緊,在結(jié)合處清楚的發(fā)生。這個(gè)電動(dòng)機(jī)以0.6-0.7每秒的速度進(jìn)行旋轉(zhuǎn)。從按下開關(guān)到繩索完全拉緊這一刻,需要3-3.5 s的時(shí)間,緊張的繩索慢慢的增加倒最長(zhǎng)。梁的最大壓力增長(zhǎng)倒最大值1-2 S并且平均振蕩為3.5 。 當(dāng)一個(gè)固定的負(fù)荷解除時(shí),加快速度,裝載在鋼絲繩上的吊具和金屬幾乎是相同的情況下快速吊起一堆捆扎的木材。該金屬金工振蕩的特點(diǎn)是有兩個(gè)諧波在0.6和2秒的過程當(dāng)中,這些已經(jīng)在前面的分析中獲得。從總結(jié)裝貨的振幅可以看出在最壞的情況下裝載貨物,使最高動(dòng)態(tài)加載超過上述靜態(tài)載荷可以達(dá)到13-14 。制動(dòng)一個(gè)負(fù)荷,當(dāng)它逐漸降低時(shí),在金屬制品上產(chǎn)生顯著的振動(dòng)應(yīng)力,可以達(dá)到靜態(tài)載荷的7%左右。移動(dòng)超過鋼軌接頭的3-4毫米的高度時(shí),得到的只有微不足道的壓力。 在運(yùn)行中,有可能的情況下,當(dāng)源自不同類型的負(fù)荷加載結(jié)合起來。 當(dāng)最高負(fù)荷從制動(dòng)負(fù)荷時(shí)降低,是最大負(fù)荷情況配合制動(dòng)手推車與同的調(diào)整制動(dòng)器。4疲勞載荷分析通過起重機(jī)的工作和壓力示波圖的獲得,在測(cè)試點(diǎn)進(jìn)行應(yīng)變測(cè)量,在圖6和第5中排列顯示,自一臺(tái)起重機(jī)的常見工作周期的時(shí)間由足夠的散射和平均值約為15分鐘,常見的運(yùn)行周期的時(shí)間起重機(jī)有足夠的散射與平均價(jià)值11.5 ) V.A.Kopnov|機(jī)械故障分析6(1999)131-141 時(shí)間(0.1分鐘)裝貨過程變化值民,以減少這些示意圖均勻過濾所產(chǎn)生的這些信號(hào),和所有反復(fù)的形成的值,也就是說,當(dāng)結(jié)構(gòu)是不受到動(dòng)態(tài)加載,只有靜態(tài)加載發(fā)生時(shí),將會(huì)被拒絕。 三個(gè)特點(diǎn)強(qiáng)調(diào)示意圖 (表11 )顯示在表6中,而裝貨運(yùn)行周期的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)是可見的。首先,當(dāng)負(fù)載被提升時(shí),壓力增加到最高值。當(dāng)載荷被轉(zhuǎn)移到合適的位置并且強(qiáng)烈振蕩之后之后,由于不規(guī)則起重機(jī)運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)鋼軌及以上的鋼軌接頭導(dǎo)致大量的軸向載荷作為大多數(shù)降低載荷的原因。減少貨物的裝載量導(dǎo)致裝載量減少,并且建成一項(xiàng)基本負(fù)載周期的一半。4.1 裝載過程中的振幅分析 這兩個(gè)名詞,現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該分開:裝載周期和裝載量。第一是作為一獨(dú)特的振蕩講(閉環(huán)) ,二是為一套加載周期期間一個(gè)運(yùn)行周期。 該雨流循環(huán)計(jì)數(shù)方法給出了最終裁決。 2 是采取優(yōu)勢(shì),以前面提到的疲勞的強(qiáng)度回線分析,為三個(gè)最弱的要素:(1)底部角度的協(xié)調(diào)(表11),(2)橫梁頂端的協(xié)調(diào)(表17),(3)角度的支持(表8)。用微分的手段統(tǒng)計(jì)樣本周期振幅的值的分布情況,由此得出估計(jì)參數(shù)列于于表4 中。應(yīng)該指出的是,直線圖的周期振幅與減少事后的非零平均數(shù)相等于直線圖為零時(shí)的平均數(shù)。V.A.Kopnov|機(jī)械故障分析6(1999)131-141表4 裝載振幅的威布爾分布參數(shù)名字布爾分布參數(shù)值MPa格式b底部角度的協(xié)調(diào)23.45橫梁頂端的協(xié)調(diào)40.44角度的支持29.544.2裝載周期的數(shù)目 在雨流循環(huán)計(jì)數(shù)過程期間,計(jì)算有多少負(fù)荷周期進(jìn)行了裝載量由多少載重周期的計(jì)算裝載座也進(jìn)行了。而處理這一類示波圖,一個(gè)整體樣本數(shù)量的加載周期得到了構(gòu)成的整數(shù)與最低及最高觀察值:24和26。隨機(jī)裝貨周期數(shù)VB可以由泊松分布參數(shù)來形容 = 34 。 每個(gè)月裝貨塊平均數(shù)值很快就獲得了,因此它是有可能找到適當(dāng)?shù)奶攸c(diǎn),如果采取中央極限周期,不僅為每月裝載量,而且也為每月或每年的裝載周期。首先,將它從已知的概率論考慮,除了給出了獨(dú)立的泊松系數(shù),還給出了一個(gè)隨機(jī)變量與泊松分布的參數(shù)K)。在另一方面, 泊松分布可以很好地近似正態(tài)分布平均k。其次,中心極限定理,大致來說,有著大量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的計(jì)算,獨(dú)立的初次分配漸近趨于正常。如果初次分配每個(gè)獨(dú)立的任期有一個(gè)正態(tài)分布,那么載重周期為一年的平均數(shù)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差總數(shù)的都是平等的,大致為423096和650 。通過這些值從表3中取值。5應(yīng)力集中的因素和元件的耐力要素起重機(jī)的各個(gè)部件初步是由半自動(dòng)氣體焊接,沒有邊緣制造設(shè)備及相應(yīng)的加工。為考察要件1和3周和邊緣焊縫的角度與節(jié)點(diǎn)板,有效應(yīng)力集中疲勞系數(shù)是所給予的計(jì)算方法 3 ,的KF = 2.6-2.9 ,正好等于估計(jì)值,鑒于目前在俄羅斯規(guī)范疲勞焊接要素 4 ,的KF = 2.9 。起重機(jī)金屬制成的材料為合金鋼09g2s,此材料有一個(gè)持久極限120 MPa和屈服強(qiáng)度350兆帕斯卡。然后在平均值可承受的范圍內(nèi)視察要件1和3= 41兆帕斯卡。變異系數(shù)為0.1 ,和相應(yīng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差為=4.1兆帕斯卡.觀察的基本組成部分2是一個(gè)I形穿孔,由孔附加導(dǎo)軌,以頂端法蘭。那個(gè)相當(dāng)大的局部應(yīng)力所造成彎曲的地方也能促進(jìn)疲勞損傷累積。 根據(jù)表 4 ,有效應(yīng)力集中系數(shù)是接受的KF = 1.8 , 給出了一個(gè)平均的價(jià)值,可承受的極限,作為=67的強(qiáng)度創(chuàng)傷。使用相同的變化系數(shù)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差是=6.7強(qiáng)度創(chuàng)傷.平均曲線,建議在表 4 ,已形式:V.A.Kopnov|機(jī)械故障分析6(1999)131-141表5 對(duì)數(shù)參數(shù)的正太分布名字壽命分布參數(shù)平均(塊)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(塊)底部角度的協(xié)調(diào)106.80058.200橫梁頂端的協(xié)調(diào)143.20079.200角度的支持74.62032.300與拐點(diǎn)沒有5.106和斜度為4.5為要件1及3斜度為5.5 組成部分2。可能的值的元素耐力極限上述重疊的范圍,載荷振幅與非零的概率,這意味著這些元素受到疲勞累積損傷。然后根據(jù)上面可能作出結(jié)論,認(rèn)為疲勞計(jì)算的要素是必要的,也就是疲勞強(qiáng)度預(yù)測(cè)。6壽命預(yù)測(cè)該項(xiàng)研究的一些金屬材料受到疲勞損傷的累積。內(nèi)在的疲勞曲線是我們預(yù)測(cè)生命應(yīng)采取的優(yōu)勢(shì),其中詳見于表 5 和表 6 .通過以下內(nèi)在疲勞曲線的理論,我們根據(jù)觀察到壽命分布密度得到數(shù)正態(tài)分布的數(shù)據(jù)。該法所得的平均數(shù)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差分別見表5 。那個(gè)數(shù)正態(tài)分布所得出的分布密度,顯示在圖7中。這是從這個(gè)表中至少強(qiáng)度要件為3 。得出一個(gè)平均的數(shù)量,載重量1年為12719 , 很明顯,平均方法所得的吊臂前,疲勞裂紋出現(xiàn)在焊接要素是足夠的:元件的生命周期8.5年為組成部分1 ,11.5年為要件2 ,和6年為組成部分3 。然而,這些要素失效的概率不小于3-4年和是在范圍0.09-0.22 。這些概率不能被忽視,為服務(wù)的設(shè)計(jì)和維修提供幫助,應(yīng)作出努力,擴(kuò)大允許裂紋發(fā)生并且提高強(qiáng)度。7結(jié)論通過分析起重機(jī)載重表明,一些金屬材料受到較大動(dòng)態(tài)載荷,從而導(dǎo)致疲勞損傷的積累,其次是疲勞失效。 疲勞強(qiáng)度的預(yù)測(cè)過程,本文提出了涉及四個(gè)部分運(yùn)行周期:V.A.Kopnov|機(jī)械故障分析6(1999)131-141 圖7各要素壽命分布的密度曲線(1)分析的運(yùn)作,在實(shí)踐中和決心裝載塊一段時(shí)期。 (2)雨流循環(huán)計(jì)數(shù)技術(shù)的計(jì)算負(fù)荷周期為一期標(biāo)準(zhǔn)運(yùn)作。 (3)選擇適當(dāng)材料根據(jù)疲勞數(shù)據(jù)。 (4)使用內(nèi)在疲勞曲線的方法計(jì)算疲勞強(qiáng)度。調(diào)查結(jié)果已證實(shí)的個(gè)案觀察制造商已采取的決定,關(guān)于加強(qiáng)固定強(qiáng)度。 以實(shí)現(xiàn)延長(zhǎng)疲勞強(qiáng)度。參考文獻(xiàn)1 Feller W. An introduction to probabilistic theory and its applications, vol. 2. 3rd ed. Wiley, 1970.2 Rychlik I. International Journal of Fatigue 1987;9:119.3 Piskunov V(i. Finite elements analysis of cranes metalwork. Moscow: Mashinostroyenie, 1991 (in Russian).4 MU RD 50-694-90. Reliability engineering. Probabilistic methods of calculations for fatigue of welded metalworks.Moscow: (iosstandard, 1990 (in Russian).5 Kopnov VA. Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures 1993;16:1041.6 Kopnov VA. Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics 1997;26:169.編號(hào): 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)書題 目: 自動(dòng)化立體倉庫單立柱型 堆垛機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì) 學(xué)院: 機(jī)電工程學(xué)院 專 業(yè): 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 學(xué)生姓名: 學(xué) 號(hào): 指導(dǎo)教師單位: 姓 名: 職 稱: 題目類型:理論研究 實(shí)驗(yàn)研究 工程設(shè)計(jì) 工程技術(shù)研究 軟件開發(fā) 20xx年12月28日一、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)的內(nèi)容本次設(shè)計(jì)是對(duì)單立柱堆垛機(jī)進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì),具體內(nèi)容如下:1、查閱相關(guān)資料,了解單立柱堆垛機(jī)工作原理;2、進(jìn)行方案選擇論證,優(yōu)選出最佳方案;3、進(jìn)行單立柱堆垛機(jī)機(jī)架結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),選用合適的上橫梁、下橫梁和立柱;設(shè)計(jì)行走裝置,并選擇合適的動(dòng)力匹配;設(shè)計(jì)起升卷揚(yáng)機(jī)構(gòu);設(shè)計(jì)載貨臺(tái),貨叉取貨裝置;設(shè)計(jì)安全裝置,驅(qū)動(dòng)設(shè)備;對(duì)所設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行校核。4、繪制裝配圖、零件圖,編制設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算說明書;5、了解相關(guān)的國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的應(yīng)用。二、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)的要求與數(shù)據(jù)要求: 堆垛機(jī)最大起升高度10m;額定載荷920kg;水平行走速度18m/min80m/min;水平定位精度3.5mm;水平行走加速度 1m/s2;垂直提升速度 8m/min20m/min;垂直定位精度3.5mm;貨叉伸縮速度8m/min20m/min;貨叉定位精度3.5mm;貨叉運(yùn)行同步誤差5.5mm;運(yùn)行回位精度5.5mm;三、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)應(yīng)完成的工作指定整個(gè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)生應(yīng)該完成的所有工作包括:1、完成二萬字左右的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書(論文);在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書(論文)中必須包括詳細(xì)的300-500個(gè)單詞的英文摘要;2、獨(dú)立完成與課題相關(guān),不少于四萬字符的指定英文資料翻譯(附英文原文);3、繪制堆垛機(jī)總裝配圖和主要零部件圖,繪圖工作量折合A0圖紙3張以上,其中必須包含兩張A3以上的計(jì)算機(jī)繪圖圖紙。四、應(yīng)收集的資料及主要參考文獻(xiàn)1 任仲貴. CAD/CAM原理M. 北京:清華大學(xué)出版社,1991.9.2 吳宗澤. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)用手冊(cè)M. 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2002.3 朱學(xué)敏. 起重機(jī)械M. 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2003.4 郭環(huán)、禹永偉. 自動(dòng)化立體倉庫中堆垛機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)N. 遼寧:遼寧國能集團(tuán)鐵嶺精工機(jī)械有限公司,2002.3.5 王新榮, 陳永波.有限元法基礎(chǔ)及ANSYS應(yīng)用M. 北京:科學(xué)出版社,2008.6 吳宗澤. 機(jī)械零件設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)M. 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2004.7 楊明忠. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)M. 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2001.8 王明強(qiáng). 計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)M. 北京:科學(xué)出版社,2002.9 Mischke,Charles R., Shigley,Joseph Edward. Mechanical engineering designM. Boston,Mass:McGraw Hill,2001.5、 試驗(yàn)、測(cè)試、試制加工所需主要儀器設(shè)備及條件計(jì)算機(jī)一臺(tái),CAD設(shè)計(jì)軟件(CATIA)任務(wù)下達(dá)時(shí)間:2015年12月28日畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開始與完成時(shí)間:2015年12月28日至 2016年05 月22日組織實(shí)施單位: 機(jī)械電子工程系教研室主任意見:簽字: 2015年12月30日院領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組意見:簽字: 2015年12月31日編號(hào): 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文翻譯(原文)學(xué) 院: 機(jī)電工程學(xué)院 專 業(yè):機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 學(xué)生姓名: 學(xué) 號(hào): 指導(dǎo)教師單位: 姓 名: 職 稱: 20xx年6月8日Fatigue life prediction of the metalwork of a travelling gantry craneV.A. KopnovAbstractIntrinsic fatigue curves are applied to a fatigue life prediction problem of the metalwork of a traveling gantry crane. A crane, used in the forest industry, was studied in working conditions at a log yard, an strain measurements were made. For the calculations of the number of loading cycles, the rain flow cycle counting technique is used. The operations of a sample of such cranes were observed for a year for the average number of operation cycles to be obtained. The fatigue failure analysis has shown that failures some elements are systematic in nature and cannot be explained by random causes.卯1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.Key words: Cranes; Fatigue assessment; Strain gauging1. Introduction1.1 Characteristics and Developmental Tendency of Modern Cranes With rapid development of modern science and technology, magnification of industrial production scale and improvement of automation level, application of cranes is becoming widespread and its function is obvious. Meanwhile, requirements for cranes are more and more strict. Especially, the widespread use of electronic computer technology spurs lots of subject-crossing advanced design approaches and accelerates the improvement of modern manufacturing and detecting technology. Fierce competition in international market becomes more dependent on the competition of technology. All of these impel technological functions of cranes into a brand-new developmental stage. Cranes are facing a tremendous transformation. Our country is entering global international competitive market at an unprecedented rate and crane manufacture is confronted with a new situation where opportunities and challenges coexist. Thus, it is crucial for cranes to develop and innovate constantly. I want to make a brief explanation about characteristics and developmental tendency of modern cranes with examples, based on new theories, technology and trend of cranes at home and overseas.1)Make the key products large, high speed, endured and specializedBecause of continuous expansion of industrial production scale, increasingly improvement of production efficiency and rising proportion of money spending on loading and unloading and transporting materials in the process of production, required amount of large or high-speed cranes is increasing. Lifting quantities become larger, working speed becomes higher and requirements of energy-consuming and reliability become stricter. Cranes have already become a critical link in the process of automation production. Cranes should be easy to use, maintain and operate and have high security, less troubles and long average time between failures. The central issue in international market production competition is reliability, and many companies abroad have drawn up inter-controlled standard of reliability. The most important for us to catch up with and surpass world advanced level of cranes function is to improve reliability, to make cranes durable, less troubles, maintainable and economic to be used.At the moment, the biggest floating crane in the world weighs 6500t, chain crane 3000t and bridge crane 1200t. Diversity of industrial mode of production and customers need makes crane market expanding and products renewing constantly to satisfy special needs with specific functions and bring its best usefulness into play. Functions of various kinds of cranes are improving. DEMAG ERGOTECH has developed a crane special for aircraft maintenance, which has made its own way into international market. This crane is great in length and lifting height and has accurate halt. When a flexible maintenance platform fixed under lifting cart, it can reach every part of the aircraft. With the fast development of nuclear power stations in the world, cranes which are special for them achieve corresponding development. For example, annular bridge crane in reactors space, working under radiative circumstances, is used to lift dangerous load such as top cover of pressure container and components in reactors. It requires high reliability, high security, the ability to determine location accurately and automatically and transfer goods to a lower level, as well as various kinds of protection and particular security devices.2)Make series of production modularized, combined, standardized and practicalMost cranes are produced by series and batch, thus use of systematic multi-objections entire optimization to design series of cranes has already become the key point in development. Through rational matching of series main parameter, its functions can be improved, manufacturing cost can be reduced, and degree of general purpose can be raised. Use less specification spare parts to compose series production with multi-species and multi-specifications. And thus, the requirements of customers can be fully satisfied.By using modularized design instead of conservative entire design, we can make components with similar functions into standard modules which have various uses, similar connective key factors and are interchangeable. Through combination of different modules, we can make different kinds and specifications of cranes. There are only several modules involved when it comes to crane improvement. To design a new style of crane, all that you do is to choose different modules to recompose. Because of improvement in degree of general purpose, single products with small serial production can transform into module production of pretty great batches. As a result, we can achieve specialization production with high efficiency and cut manufacturing cost. It can satisfy marketing demands and increase competitive capacity by composing cranes of various series and specifications using less modularized forms.Bridge crane produced by DEMAG ERGOTECH considered carefully modularization and combination. It makes inter-parameter of series, entirety, mechanism and components matched with each other. The distribution of capacity obtains most economic and suitable effects. To make the main components of lifting mechanism reaches its largest general purpose, the method that the result of lifting weights multiplying lifting speed is a constant has been used. There are more specifications derived through changes of pulley multiplying power. Series of 5-125t bridge cranes only need four basic lifting carts even with various working ranks. Module series of standard wheel cases, which are produced by the company, have various groups of linking holes which can choose different drive unit to form platform carts. They can also combine with metal construction components to be used as running machine of various kinds of cranes; its wheels have several forms of surfaces to be chosen. Because of no basic distance limit and flexible combination, they are widely used. The companys series of end bridge standard modules have commercialized. It resorts to frictional cycle and high intensity bolt link which improves interchange and accuracy of sizes and reduces machining of connecting covers. It can connect to each main beam quickly and effectively. There are two kinds of end beam modules; one is suitable for single beam and the other is for double beams. According to length and weights, end beam style can be decided.3)Make productions for general purposes small, light, simple and diversifiedThere are quite a number of cranes used in general workshop and storehouse, and thus they have light work and the requirement is not very strict. How to improve application of these cranes and to cut manufacturing cost is critical to win in the marketing competition. Considering comprehensive benefit, the need to decrease the height of cranes as low as possible, to simplify the constructions and to reduce weights and wheel pressure can also decrease structures height, lighten structure composition and reduce cost of producing and maintenance. So there will be fast development of electric calabash bridge and light beam cranes, and bridge cranes for general purposes will be replaced by them.The needs of customers advance diversity of cranes. Series parameter scale of cranes expanding and functions enlarging, product of one machine for several uses will obtain further development to increase capacity of dealing with emergencies. The proportion of using wireless remote control under normal conditions will increase.DEMAG ERGOTECH has formed standard crane series of light combinations after long period explosion and innovation. The whole series compose of various productions such as combination “工” style single beam, hanging case single beam, horn cart case single beam and case double beams. There are altogether fifteen forms of connection between main beam and end beam. This is suitable for needs of different structure and lifting goods. Each specification of crane has three single speeds and three double speeds to be chosen. There are seven operating ways. In addition, different electric conduction pattern and different electric control pattern can match hundreds and thousands of cranes through different combinations to fully satisfy different needs of customers. Another advantage of the crane is that they are light. Compared to productions at home, its lifting weight is 32t and length 25.5m compared to 46.4t-weight of double beams cranes in our country, 28.3t- electric calabash bridge cranes. Weight of DEMAG electric calabash bridge crane is only 18.5, which is lighter than domestic productions by 60 percent and 35percent respectively.1.2 Type of CranesCranes can be classified into four kinds, namely, (a) overhead traveling crane; (b) jib crane; (c) bridge or gantry crane; and (d) cantilever crane. Overhead traveling crane. Consists of a girder and a trolley. The girder is supported at each end on trucks capable of traveling on elevated fixed tracks. The trolley is equipped with hoisting and other mechanism, capable of traversing from end to end of such girder. The girder and associated end carriages are known as the bridge. Such cranes vary in lifting capacity from about 2 tons to 400 tons, and in span from 20 ft to 150 ft,or more. Depending on the purpose for which it is to be used, the crane can be operated either from a cabin fixed to the bridge or the trolley, or from the ground. When two trolleys are furnished, these may run on a common tracks arranged side-by-side or one above the other so that each trolley can traverse the entire span. Jib crane: Consists of an inclined member, or jib, capable of suspending a load at its outer end. The jib is supported by a rope or other member attached to a vertical mast of frame. The out reach of the jib can be constant or variable, and the crane as a whole may be either fixed or movable.Included in this kind are: mobile and caterpillar cranes, builders tower cranes, wharf cranes, and movable cranes mounted on high pedestals, gantries, pontoons and barges. Lifting capacities vary from 1/2 ton to 300 tons or more, and outreaches from a few feet to 150 ft. Cranes required for handling heavy machinery and equipment in shipyards and at ports are frequently mounted on pontoons.Bridge or gantry crane: Consists of a bridge girder, connected at near both ends to upright members, which may be fixed or arranged to travel on a fixed track, and the load is suspended from a trolley or crane, capable or traversing from end to end of the bridge. Cranes of this kind have lifting capacities varying from end to end of the bridge. When used in general and bulk-storage yards, the tracks may be of broad or narrow gauge. The tipping moment of the loaded crane is kept within proper limits by a counterweight which is moved along an independent track on the bridge above the trolley. Cantilever crane: Consists of horizontal and vertical members the former, known as the cantilever, being fixed to or totating in a horizontal plane about the axis of the vertical member. On the cantilever is formed a track which supports a movable trolley from which the load is suspended.The mechanism for hoisting and traversing is usually mounted on a rear extension of the cantilever. Although such cranes may be fixed or movable, those of large capacity are usually fixed. Lifting capacities, height of lift and outreach vary between wide limits. When used for the fitting out of ships, light loads are handled by an auxiliary hoist which may be mounted on a jib crane arranged to travel on track. The main lifting mechanism usually consists of two winches which can be operated independently or in concert. A typical fitting-out crane may be of 250 tons capacity with a total outreach of 180 ft and a lifting height of 200 ft. Wharf Cranes: A wharf crane is any crane located on a wharf or pier, and particularly adapted to the transfer of cargo between the wharf or pier and the hold of the vessel alongside; it is also called a cargo crane, although the latter term is more general, as it comprises also parts of the cargo-handling gear of a vessel. Owing to the varying spacing of vessel hatchways, the wharf crane in most cases must be capable of movement along the wharf, and hence is generally mounted on a runway. Other requirements are sufficient horizontal reach to cover the hatchway,sufficient length of host to raise the load from the bottom of the hold to a point entirely clear of the vessel, and rapidity and economy on operation.Types much used as wharf cranes are single or double portal gantries or traveling bridges on the wharf shed roof, carrying rotating bridges on cantilever gantries with folding extensions over the hatchways; gantries with inclined cantilever jibs; also of the derrick type.In the handling of general cargo, as contrasted to bulk cargo, a broader view in analyzing the situation has to be taken. Diversity of shape, size and weight precludes the possibility of using elevators or conveyors to any great extent, while the necessity of sorting and piling in allotted places on the wharf makes the transporter, with its rather limited area of discharge, unsuitable.The traveling portal crane, having a boom capable of being luffed as well swung, is much used as a wharf crane. One of the chief disadvantages, however, which the ordinary luffing crane works under is that when the boom is luffed-in the load suspended from the top of the boom is simultaneously raised; conversely, as the boom is lowered, the load falls by a corresponding amount. This, obviously,is a loss of work and means an unnecessarily large motor to work the luffing gear.To overcome this objection a number of different designs of a type of crane known as the level-luffing crane have been developed, and these cranes are now extensively used as wharf cranes. In this type of cranes a compensating gear in some form or another is provided whereby the load is made to travel along a horizontal path irrespective of the rise and fall of the hoisting pulley caused by the luffing-in or out of the boom. In selecting the most economical crane for handling general cargo, the average and maximum weights of the individual pieces of cargo must be taken into consideration. The frequency with which 60-ton lifts are likely to be encountered is exceedingly low, also 20-ton lifts are quite uncommon, so that it would be out of reason to install on any single dock a number of cranes capable of handling such weights. This most popular general-cargo cranes in use at present are from 510 tonscapacity. Fatigue failures of elements of the metalwork of traveling gantry cranes LT62B are observed frequently in operation. Failures as fatigue cracks initiate and propagate in welded joints of the crane bridge and supports in three-four years. Such cranes are used in the forest industry at log yards for transferring full-length and sawn logs to road trains, having a load-fitting capacity of 32 tons. More than 1000 cranes of this type work at the enterprises of the Russian forest industry. The problem was stated to find the weakest elements limiting the cranes fives, predict their fatigue behavior, and give recommendations to the manufacturers for enhancing the fives of the cranes.2. Analysis of the crane operation For the analysis, a traveling gantry crane LT62B installed at log yard in the Yekaterinburg region was chosen. The crane serves two saw mills, creates a log store, and transfers logs to or out of road trains. A road passes along the log store. The saw mills are installed so that the reception sites are under the crane span. A schematic view of the crane is shown in Fig. 1.1350-6307/99/$一see front matter 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.PII: S 1 3 5 0一6307(98) 00041一7A series of assumptions may be made after examining the work of cranes:if the monthly removal of logs from the forest exceeds the processing rate, i.e. there is a creation of a log store, the crane expects work, being above the centre of a formed pile with the grab lowered on the pile stack;when processing exceeds the log removal from the forest, the crane expects work above an operational pile close to the saw mill with the grab lowered on the pile;the store of logs varies; the height of the piles is considered to be a maximum;the store variation takes place from the side opposite to the saw mill;the total volume of a processed load is on the average k=1.4 times more than the total volume of removal because of additional transfers.2.1. Removal intensityIt is known that the removal intensity for one year is irregular and cannot be considered as a stationary process. The study of the character of non-stationary flow of road trains at 23 enterprises Sverdlesprom for five years has shown that the monthly removal intensity even for one enterprise essentially varies from year to year. This is explained by the complex of various systematic and random effects which exert an influence on removal: weather conditions, conditions of roads and lorry fleet, etc. All wood brought to the log store should, however, be processed within one year.Therefore, the less possibility of removing wood in the season between spring and autumn, the more intensively the wood removal should be performed in winter. While in winter the removal intensity exceeds the processing considerably, in summer, in most cases, the more full-length logs are processed than are taken out.From the analysis of 118 realizations of removal values observed for one year, it is possible to evaluate the relative removal intensity g(t) as percentages of the annual load turnover. The removal data fisted in Table 1 is considered as expected values for any crane, which can be applied to the estimation of fatigue life, and, particularly, for an inspected crane with which strain measurement was carried out (see later). It would be possible for each crane to take advantage of its load turnover per one month, but to establish these data without special statistical investigation is difficult. Besides, to solve the problem of life prediction a knowledge of future loads is required, which we take as expected values on cranes with similar operation conditions.The distribution of removal value Q(t) per month performed by the relative intensity q(t) is written aswhere Q is the annual load turnover of a log store, A is the maximal designed store of logs in percent of Q. Substituting the value Q, which for the inspected crane equals 400,000 m3 per year, and A=10%, the volumes of loads transferred by the crane are obtained, which are listed in Table 2, with the total volume being 560,000 m3 for one year using
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