機(jī)械畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)-石材立式球磨機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)(含CAD圖紙)
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解決金屬切削問(wèn)題的智能專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)的開(kāi)發(fā)
烏魯達(dá)大學(xué),機(jī)械工程系,Gorukle16059,布爾薩,土耳其
于2004年9月8日收稿,于2005年1月31日接受
2005年3月21日可在線(xiàn)
摘 要
在金屬切削方面,這些問(wèn)題需要有良好的分析,以便遇到任何意外的結(jié)果之前,可以采取有效的防范措施。這一過(guò)程在實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量穩(wěn)定和控制生產(chǎn)總成本方面起很重要的作用。但是,需要一個(gè)擁有在金屬切削方面有大量經(jīng)驗(yàn)和知識(shí)的專(zhuān)家是一項(xiàng)艱巨的任務(wù)。在本文,智能專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)(COROSolve)調(diào)查并解決了在金屬切削領(lǐng)域遇到的三個(gè)主要問(wèn)題:車(chē)削,銑削和鉆孔。許多金屬切削方面的問(wèn)題都被考慮在內(nèi),如在車(chē)削過(guò)程中的工件內(nèi)部插入轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn),鋁件車(chē)削,溝槽車(chē)削,螺紋車(chē)削等工序; 在銑削方面面銑,方肩銑,端銑,多用途銑和側(cè)銑等工序;在和鉆孔作業(yè),使用固定或可轉(zhuǎn)位鉆頭鉆孔等。COROSolve可以給出建議的切削參數(shù)而且能及時(shí)更新在切削問(wèn)題,產(chǎn)生原因和補(bǔ)救措施等方面的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),因此系統(tǒng)能夠處理的問(wèn)題數(shù)量在增加。
關(guān)鍵詞:金屬切削問(wèn)題 專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng) KBS 刀具磨損
1、引言
現(xiàn)代制造業(yè)的目標(biāo)是,在組織設(shè)施能夠進(jìn)行有效控制,以便能以在較短生產(chǎn)周期內(nèi)以較低的生產(chǎn)價(jià)格制造出高質(zhì)量的產(chǎn)品 。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)能以較低的價(jià)格獲得更優(yōu)質(zhì)的產(chǎn)品,制造部門(mén)格關(guān)注采用更好的刀具和高精密的機(jī)械等[1]。然而,在大多數(shù)情況下對(duì)于生產(chǎn)要求這是不夠的。專(zhuān)業(yè)的工作選擇正確的工具是重要的,但是為了更高效的制造,刀具磨損也應(yīng)考慮在內(nèi)。在文獻(xiàn)中,許多出版物上對(duì)于不同材料制造的刀具的磨損的確做了很多研究[2]。
金屬切削是切削碎片的形成過(guò)程。雖然切削過(guò)程是把金屬切削成所規(guī)定的形狀和大小,但這必須通過(guò)定義切削碎片工作來(lái)完成。切削碎片的形成意味著一個(gè)新的金屬界面不斷形成并沿刀具材料承受著非常高的壓力和溫度[3]。所產(chǎn)生的區(qū)域成為發(fā)生金屬擴(kuò)散和化學(xué)反應(yīng)的理想場(chǎng)所。所有刀具在加工過(guò)程中不斷變得破舊,并繼續(xù)這樣工作直到它們報(bào)廢。刀具磨損是不可避免的,如果能了解刀具磨損的時(shí)間,程度,類(lèi)型時(shí),刀具磨損就不再是一個(gè)消極的進(jìn)程。
在不同的金屬切削過(guò)程中存在著幾種不同的磨損機(jī)理,相近\不同類(lèi)型的問(wèn)題由于這些機(jī)制作用的結(jié)果而聯(lián)系交織在一起。如果這些問(wèn)題能夠得到很好的分析,我們就有可能找到其中每一種問(wèn)題的正確的解決方案。
在分析金屬切削問(wèn)題時(shí)這個(gè)問(wèn)題應(yīng)當(dāng)明確界定,而且其可能的原因也應(yīng)該得到確認(rèn)。找一個(gè)擁有知識(shí)和大量金屬切削經(jīng)驗(yàn)的專(zhuān)家是一項(xiàng)艱巨的任務(wù)。今天在金屬切削領(lǐng)域,關(guān)于解決切削碎片問(wèn)題的專(zhuān)業(yè)設(shè)施主要由切削刀具生產(chǎn)企業(yè)提供。由于在這一領(lǐng)域工作的人是有限的,因此并不總是能夠找到真正需要的專(zhuān)家。在現(xiàn)有專(zhuān)家聘用費(fèi)用昂貴而且人員稀缺的領(lǐng)域中專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)一直特別受歡迎。對(duì)于解決金屬切削問(wèn)題專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)將是非常有益的。
2、專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)在協(xié)助發(fā)展制造工藝上的應(yīng)用
基于知識(shí)的系統(tǒng)或?qū)<蚁到y(tǒng)是一個(gè)體現(xiàn)狹窄領(lǐng)域的知識(shí)并解決該領(lǐng)域相關(guān)問(wèn)題的計(jì)算機(jī)程序。專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)通常包括兩個(gè)主要內(nèi)容,知識(shí)基礎(chǔ)和推理機(jī)制(圖1)。
基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)包含一個(gè)可以表述為由'IF - THEN'規(guī)則、事實(shí)說(shuō)明、框架、對(duì)象、程序和案件組合而成的知識(shí)領(lǐng)域。推理機(jī)制,是專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)操縱存儲(chǔ)的知識(shí)并對(duì)遇到的生產(chǎn)問(wèn)題提出解決方案的一個(gè)組成部分[4]。
一個(gè)人類(lèi)專(zhuān)家利用知識(shí)和推理最終得出的結(jié)論,專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)也是如此。推理在專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)試圖模仿結(jié)合人類(lèi)專(zhuān)家的知識(shí)的過(guò)程中進(jìn)行。因此,專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)或架構(gòu)有些類(lèi)似于人類(lèi)專(zhuān)家的執(zhí)行情況。因此,專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)可以比喻成專(zhuān)家。
一個(gè)比較明顯的問(wèn)題是規(guī)則的收集。人類(lèi)專(zhuān)家聘用費(fèi)用高昂,而且并不想要坐下來(lái)寫(xiě)關(guān)于他們是怎樣得出他們結(jié)論的那些大量的規(guī)則。更重要的一點(diǎn),他們可能也無(wú)法做到。雖然他們通常會(huì)遵循邏輯的路徑來(lái)得到他們的結(jié)論,但是把那些規(guī)則放入一套標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之中實(shí)際上是非常困難的,并且也許是不可能的。
對(duì)于許多人類(lèi)專(zhuān)家下面這種情況是很可能的。雖然他們開(kāi)始時(shí)有著自己的專(zhuān)業(yè)規(guī)則,但是在工作中通過(guò)自己的工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)知識(shí)來(lái)開(kāi)展自己的工作,并且通過(guò)直覺(jué)得出正確的解決方案。它們可能都跟隨邏輯路徑,但是在沿著這邏輯的路徑上,他們精神上已經(jīng)跳過(guò)許多步驟。專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)不能做到這一點(diǎn),它需要很清楚的知道各種規(guī)則。
專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)的一個(gè)很突出的好處是能夠廣泛把知識(shí)分發(fā)給每一個(gè)專(zhuān)家,或者可以同時(shí)匯總的幾個(gè)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)相隔的幾個(gè)專(zhuān)家的知識(shí)。當(dāng)偶爾的執(zhí)行任務(wù)時(shí)專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)特別有用,而專(zhuān)家每次執(zhí)行任務(wù)時(shí)則需要重新學(xué)習(xí)工作程序。
專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)是用來(lái)規(guī)范操作的。如果你有三個(gè)機(jī)器操作員(或工程師)來(lái)執(zhí)行相同的任務(wù),但是每個(gè)人都會(huì)做的不同。而專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)則每次都可以用同樣的方式來(lái)工作。
這些系統(tǒng)可用于培訓(xùn)員工,指導(dǎo)他們,或進(jìn)行實(shí)際執(zhí)行如計(jì)算任務(wù)。專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)的另一個(gè)用途是作為專(zhuān)家輔助您的工作。他們將使您能更準(zhǔn)確,更一致,更快,從而為專(zhuān)家能更創(chuàng)意的完成任務(wù)而節(jié)省了時(shí)間。當(dāng)處理乏味、重復(fù)的任務(wù)時(shí)這是特別有用的。
因此,一旦領(lǐng)域知識(shí)被專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)提取,建設(shè)此系統(tǒng)的過(guò)程比較簡(jiǎn)單。能被發(fā)展的專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)的易用性,導(dǎo)致了刀具廣泛應(yīng)用。在工程,可以找到在各種任務(wù)上的應(yīng)用,包括選料,機(jī)械零件,刀具,設(shè)備和工藝,信號(hào)解釋?zhuān)瑺顟B(tài)監(jiān)測(cè),故障診斷,機(jī)器和過(guò)程控制,機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì),工藝規(guī)劃,生產(chǎn)調(diào)度和系統(tǒng)配置。最近專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)所執(zhí)行的一些具體任務(wù)的例子如下:
(1)確定和規(guī)劃離岸結(jié)構(gòu)重要組成部分的檢查時(shí)間表[5];
(2)在設(shè)計(jì)和評(píng)價(jià)能源熱電廠(chǎng)方面培訓(xùn)技術(shù)人員[6];
(3)配置輸紙機(jī)構(gòu) [7];
(4)在有限元分析鍛造變形時(shí)自動(dòng)重新嚙合[8];
(5)存儲(chǔ),檢索和修改平面連桿機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)[9];
(6)應(yīng)用于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)油產(chǎn)品的添加劑配方設(shè)計(jì)[10];
(7)選擇刀具和切削參數(shù)[11-13];
有幾個(gè)潛在的研究領(lǐng)域肯定了專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)在制造業(yè)方面價(jià)值[14,15] Kojiyama et al [16]在其文章中討論了關(guān)于加工操作規(guī)劃的系統(tǒng)框架。在此框架中從電子刀具目錄和網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境下的加工實(shí)例數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中提取和組織的加工技術(shù)訣竅了發(fā)揮了主要作用。在有參考的情況下可以構(gòu)成加工數(shù)據(jù),這些加工數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)自翻查的刀具目錄,相關(guān)的國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn),參考教材和手冊(cè)。
在一般車(chē)削和銑削時(shí),Mookherjee 和Bhattacharyya [11]在專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用對(duì)于解決制造工程師目前所面臨的CAD和各類(lèi)數(shù)控加工中心一體化過(guò)程中遇到的一些挑戰(zhàn)性問(wèn)題是非常有用的。Jiang et al. [17]開(kāi)發(fā)了一種優(yōu)化棱鏡組件加工業(yè)務(wù)的專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)。他們描述了一種新的GT編碼方案用于代表待加工得棱鏡組件表面。
Limsombutanan [18]在可以作為霍隆的5軸曲面加工過(guò)程中提出了一個(gè)用來(lái)選擇刀尺寸和工具方向的算法。銑削表面分為三個(gè)階段,即粗加工,半粗加工和精加工。該算法在曲率分析的基礎(chǔ)上選擇最佳的刀具并且在立方(凹-凸)表面上自主的計(jì)劃刀具路徑。本文的主要目的是建立這種涵蓋了主要的金屬切削問(wèn)題的系統(tǒng),并幫助那些參與金屬切削工作的人們提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量。
3、專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)在解決金屬切削問(wèn)題上的應(yīng)用
3.1解決金屬切削問(wèn)題時(shí)應(yīng)考慮的因素
在金屬切削過(guò)程中大部分問(wèn)題是磨損的結(jié)果。所有刀具在加工過(guò)程中不斷變得破舊,并繼續(xù)這樣工作直到它們報(bào)廢。刀具磨損是不可避免的,如果能了解刀具磨損的時(shí)間,程度,類(lèi)型時(shí),刀具磨損就不再是一個(gè)消極的進(jìn)程。因此,如果對(duì)刀具磨損所導(dǎo)致的問(wèn)題以及其他不利于機(jī)械加工業(yè)務(wù)的有害因素進(jìn)行了分析,我們就有可能找到其中個(gè)個(gè)問(wèn)題的正確解決方案。這將減少非生產(chǎn)性故障的檢查時(shí)間,因此,減少了加工時(shí)間、非生產(chǎn)性停工時(shí)間、加工費(fèi)用并且提高生產(chǎn)效率。在解決金屬切削加工問(wèn)題時(shí)所使用的專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)圖如圖1。通過(guò)軟件需要考慮的輸入列于圖2。
3.2 COROSolve的特點(diǎn)
該軟件已開(kāi)發(fā)利用Delphi可視化編程語(yǔ)言。而建立一個(gè)咨詢(xún)系統(tǒng)的主要困難在獲取和研究在解決方案中使用的要素。根據(jù)目前在解決金屬切削問(wèn)題上的設(shè)計(jì),一旦選中操作類(lèi)型,對(duì)于每個(gè)類(lèi)型的操作的四個(gè)主要階段已經(jīng)確定:
(1)切削數(shù)據(jù)的建議。
(2)問(wèn)題的定義。
(3)切割數(shù)據(jù)評(píng)價(jià)。
(4)問(wèn)題的匯總。
3.2.1、切削數(shù)據(jù)的建議
在加工過(guò)程中刀具的正確選擇是實(shí)現(xiàn)最大的生產(chǎn)力的關(guān)鍵。但是,雖然工具是正確的,如果加工條件不符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn),特別是在切削參數(shù)一般穩(wěn)定,問(wèn)題將會(huì)出現(xiàn)而且刀具的最佳壽命將無(wú)法達(dá)成。切削參數(shù)不正確,刀柄、夾緊的振動(dòng)和缺乏剛性這些都是金屬切削的主要問(wèn)題。
除了解決問(wèn)題該軟件對(duì)每個(gè)操作類(lèi)型(業(yè)務(wù)類(lèi)型如前所述)、每個(gè)材料組(ISO P, M or K), 每個(gè)應(yīng)用類(lèi)型(粗,中,完成)、每加工條件類(lèi)型(好,一般,困難)提供切削數(shù)據(jù)的建議并且顯示如圖4的可用插入列表。在這里不是為了找到應(yīng)用程序的最合適的插入點(diǎn)但是監(jiān)測(cè)金屬切削中使用的插入的初始值和切削參數(shù)的工作范圍(即切削速度,進(jìn)給量和切削深度)。在這個(gè)階段決定的合適的等級(jí)與所選操作,材料組,應(yīng)用程序等有關(guān)。此外,個(gè)個(gè)材料組的材料清單能夠清楚的看到。
推薦切削參數(shù)值取自Sandvik Coromant[20],其他廠(chǎng)商的刀具切削參數(shù)可作為建議的值。切削數(shù)據(jù)顯示值是在一定的材料硬度和一定的刀具壽命下得到的。對(duì)于任何工件材料跟指定的值相比具有不同的硬度值而且如果刀具壽命超過(guò)15分鐘,提供的切削數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)乘以修正系數(shù)(見(jiàn)表1)。
3.2.2、分析金屬切削問(wèn)題
目前有在金屬切削過(guò)程中存在多種不同/類(lèi)似的問(wèn)題。表面上看這些問(wèn)題有些是相同的,但是很難相區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái)。問(wèn)題類(lèi)型的分類(lèi)已經(jīng)形成評(píng)估加工操作的重要基礎(chǔ),它通過(guò)獲取刀具等級(jí)以及適合切削類(lèi)型材料類(lèi)型的正確的加工條件而優(yōu)化了生產(chǎn)力。正確的工具,良好的出發(fā)切削數(shù)據(jù),專(zhuān)家的支持下,自己的經(jīng)驗(yàn),工件的材料和優(yōu)質(zhì)的設(shè)備條件是加工成功的重要因素。對(duì)各種工具制造商問(wèn)題清單的聚合進(jìn)行歸類(lèi)形成了可由軟件使用的KBS。
用戶(hù)分析金屬切削問(wèn)題時(shí)要么在一個(gè)或兩個(gè)階段之一:從菜單中直截了當(dāng)?shù)奶暨x出定義的問(wèn)題或者首先檢查金屬切削過(guò)程中使用的切削數(shù)據(jù),之后訪(fǎng)問(wèn)定義的問(wèn)題。問(wèn)題定義模塊顯示問(wèn)題的清單,包括其可能的原因及補(bǔ)救措施。一旦選定一個(gè)問(wèn)題(例如,后刀面磨損的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)或在鉆深孔是的轉(zhuǎn)頭的跳動(dòng)),一張圖片,清楚的提供了問(wèn)題的界定和其可能原因的列表。因此一旦選擇了可能的原因就確定了相應(yīng)的補(bǔ)救措施。更多與該問(wèn)題有關(guān)的信息通過(guò)點(diǎn)擊 “?”獲得(圖5)。
3.2.3、切削數(shù)據(jù)評(píng)估
在金屬切削過(guò)程中,大部分的問(wèn)題是切削數(shù)據(jù)不合適應(yīng)用程序的結(jié)果。因此,在這些問(wèn)題直接列出之前,用戶(hù)被建議檢查操作,應(yīng)用程序和加工條件的切削參數(shù)以確定是否切削速度,進(jìn)給量和切削深度是否與事先插入的長(zhǎng)度,厚度和圓角半徑相符。切削數(shù)據(jù)模塊檢查在運(yùn)行中的切削參數(shù)是否與插入的相符而且這項(xiàng)工作基本上是與理想的切削數(shù)據(jù)值進(jìn)行比較,理想的切削數(shù)據(jù)值是目錄值和校正因子的乘積。如果不相符(這意味著切削參數(shù)的值不在范圍內(nèi)),用戶(hù)應(yīng)修正切削參數(shù)。在銑削和鉆孔只有切削速度和進(jìn)給速度值被考慮,在鉆孔時(shí)鉆頭直徑和鉆頭中心或周邊的等級(jí)被考慮在內(nèi)(圖6)。在圖中對(duì)中型鋼(L代表輕型,M代表中型,H代表中型銑削操作)面銑的切削參數(shù)被評(píng)估,由于使用價(jià)值遠(yuǎn)低于由給定硬度和刀具壽命計(jì)算的理想值,則就會(huì)顯示警告。
一旦切削數(shù)據(jù)被審查(和糾正),下一個(gè)步驟就是訪(fǎng)問(wèn)這個(gè)問(wèn)題的定義模塊。由于切削數(shù)據(jù)被修正,原因列表和補(bǔ)救措施將會(huì)不同而且“切削速度過(guò)高”或者“進(jìn)給量太低” 將不會(huì)是有關(guān)問(wèn)題產(chǎn)生的根源。
該軟件能夠在各種業(yè)務(wù)類(lèi)型中分析超過(guò)100多種問(wèn)題,并對(duì)近200個(gè)問(wèn)題原因提供補(bǔ)救措施(340補(bǔ)救措施)。他系統(tǒng)中包含的知識(shí)有兩個(gè)主要來(lái)源:從事金屬切削領(lǐng)域的專(zhuān)家或者來(lái)自于技術(shù)文件,目錄和各種刀具生產(chǎn)公司的手冊(cè)[21],[22],[23],[24]和[25]。
3.2.4、問(wèn)題編輯
系統(tǒng)中包含的知識(shí)有兩個(gè)主要來(lái)源:從事金屬切削領(lǐng)域的專(zhuān)家或者來(lái)自于技術(shù)文件,目錄和各種刀具生產(chǎn)公司的手冊(cè)。一個(gè)專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)的成功之處隱藏在像人類(lèi)專(zhuān)家一樣的擴(kuò)展結(jié)構(gòu)當(dāng)中。人類(lèi)專(zhuān)家遇到每一次新的解決方案時(shí)都增加了他的知識(shí)并且在未來(lái)分析時(shí)能再利用這些知識(shí)。因此,COROSolve有一個(gè)可擴(kuò)展增長(zhǎng)的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)結(jié)構(gòu),它能處理每天越來(lái)越多的問(wèn)題。
由于系統(tǒng)有單獨(dú)的和模塊化的知識(shí)基礎(chǔ),只要進(jìn)入到數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)編輯獲得知識(shí)文件就可以很容易的更新系統(tǒng)。系統(tǒng)包含的信息越多,它能夠處理的金屬切削方面的問(wèn)題就越多。 知識(shí)庫(kù)是系統(tǒng)的核心,因此,負(fù)責(zé)生產(chǎn)、添加、刪除或修改是那些少數(shù)人的任務(wù)。因此,用戶(hù)需要知道密碼才能進(jìn)入的知識(shí)庫(kù)。問(wèn)題編輯允許和問(wèn)題,原因和補(bǔ)救措施相關(guān)的問(wèn)題,圖片和資料檔案添加到知識(shí)庫(kù)。此外,還有可能增加新的問(wèn)題原因或原本已存在知識(shí)庫(kù)中的問(wèn)題原因的新的補(bǔ)救辦法(圖7)。
該系統(tǒng)是多語(yǔ)言,因此它能夠處理無(wú)論是土耳其文還是英文的金屬切削的問(wèn)題。一旦確定語(yǔ)言被確定,所有程序菜單和問(wèn)題,原因及補(bǔ)救措施清單都用所選擇的語(yǔ)言顯示出來(lái)。
4、結(jié)論
本文介紹了一種為解決各種加工操作任務(wù)中金屬切削問(wèn)題的專(zhuān)家系統(tǒng)。由于在許多文獻(xiàn)中沒(méi)有很多關(guān)于此主題的工作也因?yàn)檫@種類(lèi)型的系統(tǒng)可以實(shí)現(xiàn)多種金屬切削業(yè)的要求,這里所描述的工作可以認(rèn)為是一件有益的工作。在制造業(yè),特別是在小型或中型加工車(chē)間,切削數(shù)據(jù)是不正確是問(wèn)題的主要原因。工具一般以較低的切削數(shù)據(jù)運(yùn)行來(lái)使他們?cè)陬l繁的啟動(dòng)中能維持較長(zhǎng)的壽命。這就顯然是低效率的利用金屬切削時(shí)間。由于系統(tǒng)提供的便利之一便是評(píng)估的切削參數(shù),這將幫助用戶(hù)為應(yīng)用程序選擇合適的速度,進(jìn)給量或切削深度。如果切削數(shù)據(jù)是正確的而且金屬切削問(wèn)題也得到解決,由于發(fā)生故障而引起的停頓將縮短,良好的利用發(fā)電能力的目的將可以達(dá)到而且金屬得切削時(shí)間將會(huì)有所減少。這就意味著生產(chǎn)成本將會(huì)下降很多。該系統(tǒng)開(kāi)發(fā)也為了培訓(xùn)從事金屬切削業(yè)的人。這些照片和有關(guān)問(wèn)題的資料將會(huì)幫助用戶(hù)更多的認(rèn)識(shí)了解他們。這些圖片和信息收集于應(yīng)用于工業(yè)的各種手冊(cè)和研究報(bào)告。
參考文獻(xiàn)
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畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文翻譯
編制機(jī)械制造工藝規(guī)程中幾種先進(jìn)技術(shù)的綜合應(yīng)用
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題目 Comprehensive Application of Several Advanced Techniques in Formulation Engineering Procedure of Mechanical Manufacturing
Abstract:This paper introduced the basic methods of using GT and CAPP in formulation engineering procedure of mechanical manufacturing,put forward Viewpoints: take PDM system’s integrated framework ,combine Auto CAD with CAPP,making the developing platform of CAPP develop towards uniform.
Key words:Group technology GT; CAPP software; PDM technology
近年來(lái),隨著計(jì)算機(jī)及網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展和應(yīng)用軟件的開(kāi)發(fā)推廣,越來(lái)越多的企業(yè)已經(jīng)使用各種應(yīng)用軟件系統(tǒng)提高產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)生產(chǎn)水平和工作效率。
In recent years, with the improvement of computer and network technology and application software’s development and promotion, more and more company used a variety of application software systems to improve producing design and production level and work efficiency. 但是怎樣進(jìn)一步完善(或有機(jī)地集成) 所使用的應(yīng)用軟件,如何解決使用單個(gè)應(yīng)用軟件時(shí)出現(xiàn)的系統(tǒng)功能的不兼容問(wèn)題,便成為許多使用方關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。 How to further improve (or an organic integration) used by the applications, and how to solve using a single application of the system functions when incompatibility issues, these will become the focus of attention of many to use side.本文以編制機(jī)制工藝規(guī)程為例,簡(jiǎn)要介紹和分析目前應(yīng)用的幾種先進(jìn)技術(shù)的基本方法及其綜合應(yīng)用,并討論使計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝設(shè)計(jì)與CAPP軟件的開(kāi)發(fā)平臺(tái)趨向統(tǒng)一的發(fā)展方向。 In this paper, take the preparation of mechanisms for process planning for example, briefly describing and analyzing the current application of several advanced technologies’ basic method and its integrated applications, and discussing how to achieve computer-aided process design and software development platform for CAPP to a unified development.
一、成組工藝GT1111 1. Group Technology(GT)
成組工藝GT(Group Technology)是把品種繁多的各種單件小批量生產(chǎn)的零件,根據(jù)其外形結(jié)構(gòu)、技術(shù)要求、加工方法的相似性,把零件分成若干組,在每一組零件中選出一個(gè)代表性零件(可以是實(shí)際存在的,也可是假想的,但須包括組內(nèi)所有零件的加工要素),根據(jù)這個(gè)代表零件制定出典型的工藝規(guī)程,選定和設(shè)計(jì)一組機(jī)床及工藝設(shè)備,并把它們組成一個(gè)專(zhuān)門(mén)的工段或車(chē)間。 Group technology (GT) is to wide a variety of various single-piece and small batch production of spare parts, and according to its shape structure, technical requirements, processing methods of the similarity of the parts is divided into several groups. Then choose a representative part (which can actually exist, and also some of the hypothetical, but must include all parts of the processing group elements)in the selected parts of each group. According to the representative part of this process to develop a typical order and we select and design a set of machine tools and process equipment. And we unite them with a special construction section or workshop.當(dāng)加工對(duì)象由一種零件轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橥M內(nèi)另一種零件時(shí),由于技術(shù)要求、結(jié)構(gòu)、工藝的相似,可以不改變加工方法和加工設(shè)備,甚至連控制用的凸輪、擋鐵及工夾具都不用更換,或者只需略做調(diào)整,便可加工生產(chǎn)[1,2]。 When the processing of an object become from one part into another part within the same group, due to the similar of technical requirements, structure, process, you do not change the processing method and processing equipment, and even controlling the cam, block railways and industrial fixtures are do not change. It is simply to make adjustments, will be processing [1,2].
按成組方式組織零件生產(chǎn)時(shí),按零件的結(jié)構(gòu)特征、工藝特征與加工設(shè)備特征,將各零件進(jìn)行分組、歸類(lèi)與編碼,然后建立每類(lèi)零件的典型圖庫(kù)和成組加工工藝庫(kù)。According to production organize components into groups, we accord the parts of the structural characteristics, process characteristics and processing equipment characteristics to group, classification and code for each of the components, and then establish the typical components of each type of library and the processing technology of group library. 制定零件成組加工工藝的方法有兩種: 1) 虛擬零件法。 Processing technology to develop parts in groups of two ways: 1) The virtual part method. 在一個(gè)零件組中,先設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)能夠包含這組零件全部幾何特征的虛擬零件,要求其擁有這個(gè)加工族中全部零件需要加工的表面,然后按這個(gè)虛擬零件進(jìn)行工藝設(shè)計(jì),即為該組零件的成組工藝。 In a parts group, the first we design a part of this group which can contain all the geometrical features of the virtual part, and require the tribe owns the processing of all the parts needed for processing the surface. Then we press the virtual part to technological design. That is the group technology of group parts. 2) The composite process route method. Firstly在零件族內(nèi)先找出一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)最復(fù)雜、工藝路線(xiàn)最長(zhǎng)的零件作為代表,然后將族內(nèi)其他零件中有代表性而沒(méi)有工序的也加入進(jìn)去,從而獲得一條滿(mǎn)足全族零件加工要求的復(fù)合工藝路線(xiàn)。 , we find a the most complicated structure, the longest part of process lines represented in the part family, and then join in the other parts which is representative and not processes in the family. Obtain a whole family to meet the processing requirements of complex parts process route.
二、計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝設(shè)計(jì)CAPP[3] 2. Computer aided process planning CAPP [3]
1 CAPP技術(shù)的發(fā)展概況與在先進(jìn)制造模式中的作用 1 CAPP technology overview and the role of advanced manufacturing mode
機(jī)械制造中的工藝設(shè)計(jì)是企業(yè)生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)中最活躍的因素,它與企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)類(lèi)型、產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)、工藝裝備、生產(chǎn)技術(shù)及企業(yè)內(nèi)部的技術(shù)管理水平等因素有著密不可分的聯(lián)系。 Machinery manufacturing process design is the most active factor of the production activities. It with production and business types, product mix, process equipment, production technology and technical management of the level of internal factors has inextricably linked. 工藝設(shè)計(jì)是一門(mén)經(jīng)驗(yàn)性強(qiáng)、技術(shù)要求高、涉及面廣的綜合性學(xué)科。 Process design is a strong empirical, technically demanding, a wide involving range of integrated disciplines. 它是從設(shè)計(jì)到產(chǎn)品的橋梁,在機(jī)械制造工作中占有重要地位。 It is the bridge from design to product and an important position in the machinery manufacturing work occupies. 它因時(shí)間、場(chǎng)合、條件等多方面因素的改變而改變。 It is changed by the time, places, conditions and other factors changed. 長(zhǎng)期以來(lái),工作手法都采用傳統(tǒng)的手工編制方式。 For a long time, the working practices were prepared using the traditional manual method. 隨著市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的加劇和社會(huì)需求的多樣化、個(gè)性化,使得機(jī)電行業(yè)越來(lái)越向多品種,少批量的方向發(fā)展,電機(jī)制造也是如此。 As market competition intensifies and social needs diverse and individualized, making mechanical and electrical industry increasingly to multi-species, small quantities of direction. So does electrical equipment.工藝設(shè)計(jì)的手工作業(yè)方式已不能適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)品種多變的要求,也不能與先進(jìn)的生產(chǎn)手段、管理體制相匹配。 Process design manual mode of operation neither meets the changing requirements of modern production breeds, nor matches with advanced means of production and management system. 隨著計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用的普及和提高以及成組技術(shù)的發(fā)展,計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)應(yīng)運(yùn)而生,成為現(xiàn)代工藝設(shè)計(jì)和工藝管理的強(qiáng)有力工具。 With the improvement and popularization of computer applications and the development of group technology, computer-aided process design techniques have emerged to become a modern process design and process management a powerful tool.
CAPP的開(kāi)發(fā)、研制是從上個(gè)世紀(jì)六十年代末開(kāi)始的,在制造自動(dòng)化領(lǐng)域,CAPP的發(fā)展相對(duì)CAD和CAM而言是最遲的部分。 CAPP development and research was begun from the last century began in the late sixties. In the field of manufacturing automation, CAPP' s development in terms of relative CAD and CAM is the latest part. 世界上最早研究CAPP的國(guó)家是挪威,始于1969年,并于1969年正式推出世界上第一個(gè)CAPP系統(tǒng)AUTOPROS;1973年正式推出商品化的AUTO PROS系統(tǒng)。 The world's first study of CAPP countries are Norway in 1969, and in 1969 Norway launched the world's first a CAPP system AUTOPROS; in 1973, Norway officially launched the commercialization of AUTO PROS system. In the CAPP history在CA PP發(fā)展史上具有里程碑意義的是CAM-I于1976年推出的CAMI'S Automated process planning系統(tǒng)。 , a landmark of the CAM-I introduced CAMI'S Automated process planning system in 1976. 取其字首的第一個(gè)字母,稱(chēng)為CAPP系統(tǒng)。 We use the first letter of prefix, called the CAPP system. 目前對(duì)CAPP這個(gè)縮寫(xiě)法雖然還有不同的解釋?zhuān)袰APP稱(chēng)為計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝設(shè)計(jì)已經(jīng)成為公認(rèn)的釋義。 Currently, although there are different interpretations of law about the acronym CAPP, called the Computer-Aided Process Planning as CAPP has become the accepted interpretation.
隨著機(jī)械制造生產(chǎn)技術(shù)水平的發(fā)展及市場(chǎng)需求,計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝設(shè)計(jì)(CAPP)作為連接產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)(CAD)與制造(CAM)的橋梁,以及連接產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)與生產(chǎn)管理??????????(MRPII/ERP)的重要紐帶,對(duì)組織生產(chǎn),保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量,提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率,縮短生產(chǎn)周期等產(chǎn)生了越來(lái)越直接的影響。 With the level of machine production technology development and market demanding, Computer Aided Process Planning (CAPP) as the bridge of connectivity product design (CAD) and manufacturing (CAM) links product design and production management (MRPII / ERP), and organize production and ensure product quality, improve labor productivity, shorten production cycles resulted in more and more direct impact. 用CAPP代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)的工藝設(shè)計(jì)已成為必然,它對(duì)機(jī)械制造業(yè)的重要意義表現(xiàn)在下列幾點(diǎn):(l)解放出原有設(shè)計(jì)人員,進(jìn)行新產(chǎn)品、新工藝和新技術(shù)的開(kāi)發(fā)。 Replacing the CAPP to the traditional process design has become a necessity and the importance of its machinery manufacturing industry, reflected in the following points: (l) it liberates the people of the original design, and make new products, new processes and new technology development. (2)縮短設(shè)計(jì)周期,保證設(shè)計(jì)質(zhì)量,提高產(chǎn)品的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力。 (2) It shortens the design cycle to ensure design quality, and increase market competitiveness. (3)繼承性強(qiáng),工藝設(shè)計(jì)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和最優(yōu)化得到提高。 (3)It has strong inheritance standardization process design and optimization is improved. ( 4 )是實(shí)現(xiàn)CAD與CAM的集成制造系統(tǒng)和建立CIMS的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。 (4) It is a key link to achieve the integration of CAD and CAM manufacturing systems and establishing in CIMS.
2?計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝設(shè)計(jì)的目標(biāo)與范圍 2 Computer-Aided Process Design Objectives and Scope
2.1 CAPP在我國(guó)的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀 2.1 CAPP application status in China
計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝設(shè)計(jì)作為連接CAD與CAM的橋梁,也是許多先進(jìn)制造系統(tǒng)的技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)之一。 Computer-aided process design is not only a connecting bridge between CAD and CAM, but also one of the technical bases in a number of advanced manufacturing systems. AfterCAPP技術(shù)從它誕生以來(lái),其研究開(kāi)發(fā)工作一直在國(guó)內(nèi)外蓬勃發(fā)展,而且逐漸引起越來(lái)越多的人們的重視。 the inception of CAPP technology, its research and development work has been booming at home and abroad, and it gradually attracted more and more attention. [1]迄今為止,國(guó)內(nèi)外在CAPP技術(shù)研究與系統(tǒng)開(kāi)發(fā)已投入大量的資金與人力,已開(kāi)發(fā)出為數(shù)眾多的CAPP系統(tǒng)。 [1] From then on, at home and abroad in the CAPP technology research and system development people has invested a lot of money and manpower in the CAPP technology research and system development , and they has developed a large number of CAPP systems.
在所開(kāi)發(fā)的CAPP系統(tǒng)中,有些系統(tǒng)已得到實(shí)際應(yīng)用,少數(shù)已商品化。 In the developed CAPP system, some systems have been the practical application, and a few have been commercialized. 但總的來(lái)看,CAPP的研究、開(kāi)發(fā)方向存在嚴(yán)重的偏差。 But, CAPP research and development have serious deviations.從應(yīng)用角度看,已取得的實(shí)際效益和投入的力量很不相稱(chēng):國(guó)內(nèi)外的重點(diǎn)研究方向和當(dāng)前的實(shí)際需求相去甚遠(yuǎn)。 From the application point of view, it has been made of the actual benefits and do not commensurate with the strength of inputs: the focus of research at home and abroad and present a far cry from the actual demand. 表現(xiàn)在:開(kāi)發(fā)多,應(yīng)用少;開(kāi)發(fā)投入多,應(yīng)用維護(hù)幾乎無(wú)投入;原型系統(tǒng)多,得到實(shí)際生產(chǎn)應(yīng)用的系統(tǒng)較少;商品系統(tǒng)很少,而且功能不足;同CAD、CAN、MIS(Management Information System,管理信息系統(tǒng))、PDM等相關(guān)計(jì)算機(jī)輔助技術(shù)相比,差距相當(dāng)大。 Manifested as follows: to develop more, the application less; development of multi-input, application maintenance almost no input; prototype system more than the practical application of the system to be less; commodity systems are few and insufficiency; with CAD, CAN, MIS (Management Information System, Management Information Systems), PDM and other related computer-aided technique compared to the gap is quite big.
其原因主要表現(xiàn)在:[2]首先,CAPP研究與開(kāi)發(fā)的目標(biāo)具有很大的片面性,即過(guò)于追求工藝過(guò)程的自動(dòng)化生成。 The reason is mainly manifested in: First of all, goals of CAPP research and development has great one-sided that the pursuit of process automation of over-generation. 實(shí)際上,工藝設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)非常復(fù)雜的過(guò)程,涉及到大量錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的西素,而且工藝方面的很多問(wèn)題是不確定的,這決定了自動(dòng)化的CAPP還做不到通用化。 In fact, the process design is a very complex process, involving a large number of complex elements, and the problems of the technological aspects are uncertain. And this determines the automated generalization CAPP is also impossible. 其次,CAPP系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用范圍過(guò)于狹窄,CAPP的研究與開(kāi)發(fā)缺乏從整個(gè)產(chǎn)品的角度研究CAPP的應(yīng)用和集成問(wèn)題,而且忽視工藝管理功能。 Secondly, CAPP System is too narrow in scope. Research and development of CAPP does not research product CAPP application and integration issues from the perspective of the entire, and neglect of process management functions. 在企業(yè)中,所有生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)都是圍繞著產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)而展開(kāi)的,一個(gè)產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)過(guò)程實(shí)際上就是這個(gè)產(chǎn)品所有屬性的生成過(guò)程。 In the enterprise, all production activities have been launched around the product structures, and a product of the production process is actually all the attributes of this product generation process. 因此,只有基于產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)的CAPP系統(tǒng)才能適應(yīng)企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)環(huán)境。 Therefore, only product-based CAPP system adapts to the structure of enterprise production environment. 第三,對(duì)CAPP的實(shí)用性、易用性重視不夠,很多CAPP系統(tǒng)采用純粹的字處理方式填寫(xiě)卡片,或是簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)界面,做不到“所見(jiàn)及所得”,不符合工藝人員的工作習(xí)慣,達(dá)不到提高效率的目的。 Third, the companies have an inadequate attention for CAPP practicality and easy using, and a lot of CAPP system fills in a purely word-processing card, or a simple database interface. It does not meet the technology staff habits and fails to improve efficiency. 第四,工藝數(shù)據(jù)管理能力不足,僅僅是一個(gè)填寫(xiě)工藝卡片的工具,而不是工藝數(shù)據(jù)平臺(tái)。 Fourth, the lacks of process data management capabilities just fill out a card craft a tool, rather than process data platform. 從企業(yè)管理角度來(lái)看,工裝設(shè)備、材料及輔料、外協(xié)件、工時(shí)定額等各類(lèi)統(tǒng)計(jì)匯總功能,各種產(chǎn)品各個(gè)階段不同版本的工藝文件和工裝、工具文件的歸檔與更改等產(chǎn)品工藝管理工作,占有十分重要的地位;企業(yè)工藝人員的很大部分時(shí)間用于工藝數(shù)據(jù)的匯總統(tǒng)計(jì)、重復(fù)填寫(xiě)等工作上,不僅效率低,而且很難保證工藝信息及文件的準(zhǔn)確性、一致性。 From the enterprise management perspective, other types of fixed statistical summary of features (tooling equipment, materials and accessories and spare parts, working hours) and different versions of a variety of products (in various stages of process documentation and tooling, tools, document archiving and changes to other products process management) occupies an important position; business processes spend much of staff time on process the data summary statistics, such as duplication of work completed. It is not only inefficient, but also difficult to process information and documents to ensure accuracy, consistency. 卡片填寫(xiě)式的工藝軟件并不能滿(mǎn)足這些非常重要的工藝數(shù)據(jù)管理工作。 Fill-style craft card software can not meet that these very important process data management.
2.2 CAPP計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝設(shè)計(jì)的目標(biāo)與范圍 2.2 CAPP Computer Aided Process Design Objectives and Scope
根據(jù)以上分析CAPP的開(kāi)發(fā)應(yīng)用既要適合我國(guó)目前的國(guó)情,也要考慮發(fā)展的需要,絕不能顧此失彼,更重要的是要為系統(tǒng)的集成起好橋梁作用,防止不必要的返工,為此應(yīng)該做到以下幾點(diǎn):(1)工藝設(shè)計(jì)是指導(dǎo)企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)的基礎(chǔ)信息,要使企業(yè)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)優(yōu)化,必須首先優(yōu)化工藝信息,所以CAPP必須提供企業(yè)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)的優(yōu)化、規(guī)范、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的工藝信息,為企業(yè)生產(chǎn)、經(jīng)營(yíng)優(yōu)化運(yùn)行打下基礎(chǔ)。 According to CAPP development and application of the above analysis, it not only is necessary to fit China's current situation, but also take into account the needs of development and do not sacrifice. One more important thing is to play good for the system integration role as a bridge and prevent unnecessary rework. It should be done to the following points: (1) process is designed to guide enterprise basic information. For them to optimize production and operation, you must optimize the process information first. So CAPP must provide the production and operation optimization, norms, standards, process information for laying the foundation about business production and optimal operation. (2) At present, 95% enterprises of Chinese use the general machine tools, so the development of CAPP must read the output of the current business process of order, process or operation of the card manually, as well as relevant technical documents. (3)CAPP必須提供技術(shù)信息系統(tǒng)與管理信息系統(tǒng)(MRP)所必須的機(jī)內(nèi)信息,這些信息能符合全廠(chǎng)計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)共享、系統(tǒng)集成的要求。 (3) CAPP has to provide technical information system and management information systems (MRP) necessary to machine information, which can meet the plant computer systems data sharing, and system integration requirements.
三、CAPP的發(fā)展趨勢(shì) 3. CAPP trends
由于國(guó)內(nèi)企業(yè)工藝編程規(guī)范的多樣性,造成現(xiàn)有CAPP軟件開(kāi)發(fā)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的不統(tǒng)一,從而導(dǎo)致了CAPP軟件與CAD/CAM軟件的兼容困難。 Process of domestic enterprises due to the diversity of programming standards, resulting in the current CAPP software development standards are not uniform .It’s resulting in CAPP software and CAD / CAM software compatible with the difficulties. 因而,CAPP軟件開(kāi)發(fā)平臺(tái)的趨向統(tǒng)一是未來(lái)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。 So, the CAPP will be a unified software development, and it platforms for the future development trend. 產(chǎn)品數(shù)據(jù)管理PDM(Product Data Management)技術(shù)作為一門(mén)新興的技術(shù),它的出現(xiàn)為人們打開(kāi)了新的思路。 Product Data Management PDM (Product Data Management) technology as an emerging technology, it appears for people to open a new way of thinking. With PDM system as the integration framework, the existing traditional applications such as Auto CAD and CAPP organic integration, when CAD、 CAPP system will become an integral part for product development of the general context.PDM系統(tǒng)不僅管理了產(chǎn)品從結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)到工藝設(shè)計(jì)所需要的和所產(chǎn)生的全部信息,并為產(chǎn)品的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)到工藝設(shè)計(jì)提供了統(tǒng)一的編碼標(biāo)準(zhǔn);因而使信息流動(dòng)更加通暢,保證了數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)一和共享。 PDM system not only manages the product from structural design to process design and the resulting need all the information, but also provides a unified coding standard the structure of the product design to process design; it becomes smoother flow of information to ensure and share the unity of the data.
四、結(jié)束語(yǔ) 4. Conclusion
PDM系統(tǒng)是連接CAPP及CAD/CAM系統(tǒng)的橋梁,是發(fā)展計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。 PDM system connects CAPP and CAD/CAM systems, and it is the key technologies of the development of computer integrated manufacturing. 隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展和先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的應(yīng)用,企業(yè)進(jìn)一步開(kāi)發(fā)和應(yīng)用PDM系統(tǒng),不僅可以較好地解決CAPP軟件與CAD/CAM軟件的兼容困難,而且可以提高CAPP及CAD/CAM系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用水平及效率,為PDM及ERP的后續(xù)實(shí)施打下堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ),并逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)工藝技術(shù)部門(mén)的規(guī)范化、系統(tǒng)化、信息化,為企業(yè)提高產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)生產(chǎn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益提供強(qiáng)有力的保證。 With the development and advanced manufacturing technology of scientific and technological, enterprise will be further development and application of PDM systems. It not only solves the difficulties of compatible CAPP software and CAD / CAM software effectively, but also improves the application level and efficiency of CAPP and CAD / CAM system. It lays a solid foundation to follow-up to the implementation of PDM and ERP, and realizes the standardization, systematic, information technology of technology sector gradually. It improves the economic efficiency of production and provides a strong guarantee for product development of the enterprises.
參考文獻(xiàn) References
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譯文:
題目 編制機(jī)械制造工藝規(guī)程中幾種先進(jìn)技術(shù)的綜合應(yīng)用
摘要:介紹了編制機(jī)制工藝規(guī)程中應(yīng)用成組工藝GT和CAPP的基本方法,提出以PDM系統(tǒng)作為集成框架,將傳統(tǒng)應(yīng)用軟件Auto CAD與CAPP進(jìn)行有機(jī)集成,使CAPP軟件的開(kāi)發(fā)平臺(tái)趨向統(tǒng)一的發(fā)展方向。
關(guān)鍵詞:成組工藝GT; CAPP軟件; PDM技術(shù)
近年來(lái),隨著計(jì)算機(jī)及網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展和應(yīng)用軟件的開(kāi)發(fā)推廣,越來(lái)越多的企業(yè)已經(jīng)使用各種應(yīng)用軟件系統(tǒng)提高產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)生產(chǎn)水平和工作效率。但是怎樣進(jìn)一步完善( 或有機(jī)地集成) 所使用的應(yīng)用軟件,如何解決使用單個(gè)應(yīng)用軟件時(shí)出現(xiàn)的系統(tǒng)功能的不兼容問(wèn)題,便成為許多使用方關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。本文以編制機(jī)制工藝規(guī)程為例,簡(jiǎn)要介紹和分析目前應(yīng)用的幾種先進(jìn)技術(shù)的基本方法及其綜合應(yīng)用,并討論使計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝設(shè)計(jì)與CAPP軟件的開(kāi)發(fā)平臺(tái)趨向統(tǒng)一的發(fā)展方向。
一、成組工藝GT
成組工藝GT(Group Technology)是把品種繁多的各種單件小批量生產(chǎn)的零件,根據(jù)其外形結(jié)構(gòu)、技術(shù)要求、加工方法的相似性,把零件分成若干組,在每一組零件中選出一個(gè)代表性零件(可以是實(shí)際存在的,也可是假想的,但須包括組內(nèi)所有零件的加工要素),根據(jù)這個(gè)代表零件制定出典型的工藝規(guī)程,選定和設(shè)計(jì)一組機(jī)床及工藝設(shè)備,并把它們組成一個(gè)專(zhuān)門(mén)的工段或車(chē)間。當(dāng)加工對(duì)象由一種零件轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橥M內(nèi)另一種零件時(shí),由于技術(shù)要求、結(jié)構(gòu)、工藝的相似,可以不改變加工方法和加工設(shè)備,甚至連控制用的凸輪、擋鐵及工夾具都不用更換,或者只需略做調(diào)整,便可加工生產(chǎn)[1,2]。
按成組方式組織零件生產(chǎn)時(shí),按零件的結(jié)構(gòu)特征、工藝特征與加工設(shè)備特征,將各零件進(jìn)行分組、歸類(lèi)與編碼,然后建立每類(lèi)零件的典型圖庫(kù)和成組加工工藝庫(kù)。制定零件成組加工工藝的方法有兩種: 1) 虛擬零件法。在一個(gè)零件組中,先設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)能夠包含這組零件全部幾何特征的虛擬零件,要求其擁有這個(gè)加工族中全部零件需要加工的表面,然后按這個(gè)虛擬零件進(jìn)行工藝設(shè)計(jì),即為該組零件的成組工藝。2) 復(fù)合工藝路線(xiàn)法。在零件族內(nèi)先找出一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)最復(fù)雜、工藝路線(xiàn)最長(zhǎng)的零件作為代表,然后將族內(nèi)其他零件中有代表性而沒(méi)有工序的也加入進(jìn)去,從而獲得一條滿(mǎn)足全族零件加工要求的復(fù)合工藝路線(xiàn)。
二、計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝設(shè)計(jì)CAPP[3]
1 CAPP技術(shù)的發(fā)展概況與在先進(jìn)制造模式中的作用
機(jī)械制造中的工藝設(shè)計(jì)是企業(yè)生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)中最活躍的因素,它與企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)類(lèi)型、產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)、工藝裝備、生產(chǎn)技術(shù)及企業(yè)內(nèi)部的技術(shù)管理水平等因素有著密不可分的聯(lián)系。工藝設(shè)計(jì)是一門(mén)經(jīng)驗(yàn)性強(qiáng)、技術(shù)要求高、涉及面廣的綜合性學(xué)科。它是從設(shè)計(jì)到產(chǎn)品的橋梁,在機(jī)械制造工作中占有重要地位。它因時(shí)間、場(chǎng)合、條件等多方面因素的改變而改變。長(zhǎng)期以來(lái),工作手法都采用傳統(tǒng)的手工編制方式。隨著市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的加劇和社會(huì)需求的多樣化、個(gè)性化,使得機(jī)電行業(yè)越來(lái)越向多品種,少批量的方向發(fā)展,電機(jī)制造也是如此。工藝設(shè)計(jì)的手工作業(yè)方式已不能適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)品種多變的要求,也不能與先進(jìn)的生產(chǎn)手段、管理體制相匹配。隨著計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用的普及和提高以及成組技術(shù)的發(fā)展,計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)應(yīng)運(yùn)而生,成為現(xiàn)代工藝設(shè)計(jì)和工藝管理的強(qiáng)有力工具。
CAPP的開(kāi)發(fā)、研制是從上個(gè)世紀(jì)六十年代末開(kāi)始的,在制造自動(dòng)化領(lǐng)域,CAPP的發(fā)展相對(duì)CAD和CAM而言是最遲的部分。世界上最早研究CAPP的國(guó)家是挪威,始于1969年,并于1969年正式推出世界上第一個(gè)CAPP系統(tǒng)AUTOPROS;1973年正式推出商品化的AUTO PROS系統(tǒng)。在CA PP發(fā)展史上具有里程碑意義的是CAM-I于1976 年推出的CAMI’S Automated process planning系統(tǒng)。取其字首的第一個(gè)字母,稱(chēng)為CAPP系統(tǒng)。目前對(duì)CAPP這個(gè)縮寫(xiě)法雖然還有不同的解釋?zhuān)袰APP稱(chēng)為計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝設(shè)計(jì)已經(jīng)成為公認(rèn)的釋義。
隨著機(jī)械制造生產(chǎn)技術(shù)水平的發(fā)展及市場(chǎng)需求,計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝設(shè)計(jì)(CAPP)作為連接產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)(CAD)與制造(CAM)的橋梁,以及連接產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)與生產(chǎn)管理 (MRPII/ERP)的重要紐帶,對(duì)組織生產(chǎn),保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量,提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率,縮短生產(chǎn)周期等產(chǎn)生了越來(lái)越直接的影響。用CAPP代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)的工藝設(shè)計(jì)已成為必然,它對(duì)機(jī)械制造業(yè)的重要意義表現(xiàn)在下列幾點(diǎn):(l)解放出原有設(shè)計(jì)人員,進(jìn)行新產(chǎn)品、新工藝和新技術(shù)的開(kāi)發(fā)。(2)縮短設(shè)計(jì)周期,保證設(shè)計(jì)質(zhì)量,提高產(chǎn)品的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力。(3)繼承性強(qiáng),工藝設(shè)計(jì)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和最優(yōu)化得到提高。( 4 )是實(shí)現(xiàn)CAD與CAM的集成制造系統(tǒng)和建立CIMS的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。
2 計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝設(shè)計(jì)的目標(biāo)與范圍
2.1 CAPP在我國(guó)的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀
計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝設(shè)計(jì)作為連接CAD與CAM的橋梁,也是許多先進(jìn)制造系統(tǒng)的技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)之一。CAPP技術(shù)從它誕生以來(lái),其研究開(kāi)發(fā)工作一直在國(guó)內(nèi)外蓬勃發(fā)展,而且逐漸引起越來(lái)越多的人們的重視。[1]迄今為止,國(guó)內(nèi)外在CAPP技術(shù)研究與系統(tǒng)開(kāi)發(fā)已投入大量的資金與人力,已開(kāi)發(fā)出為數(shù)眾多的CAPP系統(tǒng)。
在所開(kāi)發(fā)的CAPP系統(tǒng)中,有些系統(tǒng)已得到實(shí)際應(yīng)用,少數(shù)已商品化。但總的來(lái)看,CAPP的研究、開(kāi)發(fā)方向存在嚴(yán)重的偏差。從應(yīng)用角度看,已取得的實(shí)際效益和投入的力量很不相稱(chēng):國(guó)內(nèi)外的重點(diǎn)研究方向和當(dāng)前的實(shí)際需求相去甚遠(yuǎn)。表現(xiàn)在:開(kāi)發(fā)多,應(yīng)用少;開(kāi)發(fā)投入多,應(yīng)用維護(hù)幾乎無(wú)投入;原型系統(tǒng)多,得到實(shí)際生產(chǎn)應(yīng)用的系統(tǒng)較少;商品系統(tǒng)很少,而且功能不足;同CAD、CAN、MIS(Management Information System,管理信息系統(tǒng))、PDM等相關(guān)計(jì)算機(jī)輔助技術(shù)相比,差距相當(dāng)大。
其原因主要表現(xiàn)在:[2]首先,CAPP研究與開(kāi)發(fā)的目標(biāo)具有很大的片面性,即過(guò)于追求工藝過(guò)程的自動(dòng)化生成。實(shí)際上,工藝設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)非常復(fù)雜的過(guò)程,涉及到大量錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的西素,而
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