2019-2020年中考英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)講義 第13章 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞.doc

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2019-2020年中考英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)講義 第13章 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是指不能作謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞形式，即不定式、動(dòng)名詞、現(xiàn)在分間和過(guò)去分詞。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是歷年中考考查的重點(diǎn)之一，因?yàn)樗鼈兘Y(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，功能繁多，也是學(xué)生難以掌握的語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)?？疾橹攸c(diǎn)主要有動(dòng)詞不定式與動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的固定拼配，現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞作形容詞的區(qū)別，動(dòng)詞不定式的各種用法。學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中要多做練習(xí)，夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ)。內(nèi)容導(dǎo)視知識(shí)點(diǎn)1動(dòng)詞不定式知識(shí)點(diǎn)2動(dòng)名詞知識(shí)點(diǎn)3現(xiàn)在非常知識(shí)點(diǎn)4過(guò)去分詞知識(shí)詳單知識(shí)點(diǎn)1動(dòng)詞不定式不定式由“to+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成，其否定形式是“not to+動(dòng)詞原形”。不定式可以帶賓語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)，沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化，但有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化。1.不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)例句一般式主動(dòng):to doShe was invited by the school to speak to the new students.她受到學(xué)校的邀請(qǐng)為新生講話。The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important.明天要開(kāi)的會(huì)議很重要。被動(dòng):to be done進(jìn)行時(shí)主動(dòng):to be doingHe pretended to be reading a book when Icame in.當(dāng)我進(jìn)來(lái)時(shí)，他假裝在看書(shū)。完成時(shí)主動(dòng):to have doneWe seem to have met somewhere.我們仿佛在哪兒見(jiàn)過(guò)。This book is reported to have been translated into German.據(jù)報(bào)道，這本書(shū)已經(jīng)被譯成德語(yǔ)。被動(dòng):to have been done【知識(shí)拓展】不定式的完成時(shí)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前，“to have done”表示主動(dòng)、完成，而“to have been done”表示被動(dòng)，完成。完成進(jìn)行時(shí)主動(dòng):to have been doing(表示動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前一直在進(jìn)行)John is said to have been working in that puter pany since then.據(jù)說(shuō)約翰自從那時(shí)以來(lái)一直在那家電腦公司工作?！局R(shí)拓展】不定式的否定形式:在不定式符號(hào)to前加否定詞not。例如:Try not to eat between meals.兩餐之間盡量別吃東西。He pretended not to have heard about it.他假裝沒(méi)聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)這件事。2.不定式的句法功能成分說(shuō)明例句主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用it作形式主語(yǔ)，而把不定式放在后面To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.( =It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.)在十分鐘內(nèi)完成這項(xiàng)工作很難。 Its+adj+ of + sb. + to do sth.(?？筛臑閟b.+be+adj+ to do sth. )其中的形容詞主要是描述人的性格和品質(zhì)方面的，如brave勇敢的;clever聰明的。Crazy瘋狂的;cruel殘忍的，foolish愚蠢的，kind好心的，友善的等等。例如:Its extremely kind of you to e and meet me. ( = You are extremely kind to e and meet me.)您來(lái)接我.真是太好了。 Its +adj+ for + sb. + to do sth.其中的形容詞用于描述不定式動(dòng)作，如dangerous危險(xiǎn)的;difficult困難的;easy容易的;hard困難的;important重要的;impossible不可能的;等等。例如:Its dangerous for you to drive sofast.你開(kāi)車這么快是危險(xiǎn)的。表語(yǔ)多數(shù)情況下，不定式作表語(yǔ)，可轉(zhuǎn)換為作主語(yǔ)Her job is to clean the hall.(=To clean the hall is her job.)她的工作就是打掃大廳。賓語(yǔ)只能作某些動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，一般不作介詞的賓語(yǔ)Tom cant afford to buy a car at present.湯姆目前買不起汽車。He likes to play football.他喜歡踢足球?！局R(shí)拓展】常接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞，afford提供，買得起;agree同意;ask請(qǐng)求;decide決定，下決心 ; expect期望，預(yù)料;fail失致，未能做到;help幫助;hope希望;intend打算，想要;manage設(shè)法;offer提出，提供;promise允諾，許諾;refuse拒絕;plan計(jì)劃;wish希望賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)在make, let, see, hear, watch等使役、感官動(dòng)詞后，不定式省略toI saw him cross the road.我看到他穿過(guò)街道。She asked me not to speak Chinese in an English class.她讓我在英語(yǔ)課上不要講漢語(yǔ)?！局R(shí)拓展】常接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞:advise建議;allow允許;ask要求，叫:expect期望;forbid禁止;force強(qiáng)迫;get使得;hate僧恨，厭惡; help幫助;intend打算，想要;invite邀請(qǐng);order命令;permit允許;promise允諾，許諾;prefer寧愿; remind提n ; request要求，請(qǐng)求;tell告訴，吩咐;urge力勸，催促;want想要;warn譽(yù)告;wish希望定語(yǔ)不定式作定語(yǔ)一般放在被修飾詞的后面He is looking for a room to live in.他在尋找一間居住的房子。On the farm everyone has lots of work to do.在農(nóng)場(chǎng)，每個(gè)人都有很多活要干。j【知識(shí)拓展】，.1.不定式作后置定語(yǔ)，與被修飾的詞是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，如果動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞，后面須加上相應(yīng)的介詞;如果不定式修飾time, place, way等，可以省略介詞。例如:There is nothing to worry about.沒(méi)有什么可擔(dān)心的。He has no place to live.他沒(méi)有住的地方。2.不定式修飾不定代詞something, anything等時(shí)，放在它們的后面，如果不定代詞也被形容詞修飾，詞序是“不定代詞+形容詞+不定式”。例如:I had something cold to drink.我有冷飲可以喝。狀語(yǔ)表目的He worked day and night to earn money.為了掙錢，他日夜工作。表結(jié)果He arrived late to find the train gone.他來(lái)晚了，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)火車開(kāi)走了。表原因They were very sad to hear the news聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息他們非常傷心?！局R(shí)拓展】1.如果不定式(賓語(yǔ))后面有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，則用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，真正的賓語(yǔ)(不定式)后里，放在賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)后面。例如: Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.馬克思認(rèn)為研究俄國(guó)的形勢(shì)很重要。2.不定式在介詞but后面時(shí)，如果介詞but之前有行為動(dòng)詞do的某種形式，那么介詞后的不定式不帶to，否則就要帶to，例如:I have no choice but to stay here. 我別無(wú)選擇只能待在這兒。I have nothing to do but stay here.我什么都做不了.只能待在這兒。3不定式作動(dòng)詞tell, show, understand, explain, teach , learn, advise, discuss等的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式前面常帶疑問(wèn)詞，即:疑問(wèn)詞 ( how, when, where, what, who). . + to do。例如:He told us how to learn English.他告訴我們?nèi)绾螌W(xué)英語(yǔ)。4.不定式符號(hào)to的保留問(wèn)題:有時(shí)為了避免重復(fù)，可以用to來(lái)代替前面的不定式，這種情況常出現(xiàn)在下列動(dòng)詞后:expect, hope, wish, mean, prefer, care, forget, want, try以及be glad/happy, would like/love等后面。例如:I havent been to Hong Kong, but I wish to。我沒(méi)去過(guò)香港，但我想去。知識(shí)點(diǎn)2動(dòng)名詞 既具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征，又具有名詞的句法功能，由“動(dòng)詞原形+ ing”構(gòu)成。1.動(dòng)名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)例句一般式主動(dòng):doingThey are interested in collecting stamps.他們對(duì)集郵感興趣。被動(dòng):being doneHe came to the party without being invited.他未被邀請(qǐng)就來(lái)到了晚會(huì)。完成式主動(dòng):having done(表示主動(dòng)、完成)We remembered having seen the film.我們記得看過(guò)這部電影。被動(dòng):having been done(表示被動(dòng)、完成)He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.他忘記五歲時(shí)曾被帶到廣州?！局R(shí)拓展】1.動(dòng)名詞的否定形式:在動(dòng)名詞之前加上否定詞not(如“having done”的否定式為“not having done )。例如:He regrets not following my advice.他后悔沒(méi)聽(tīng)從我的建議。2.動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu):當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)，可構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，使用“物主代詞(或名詞所有格)+動(dòng)名詞”;作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，使用“物主代詞(或人稱代詞賓格/名詞所有格/名詞的普通格)+動(dòng)名詞”。例如:He suggested our/us trying it once again.他建議我們?cè)僭囈淮巍?.動(dòng)名詞的句法功能成分說(shuō)明例句主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)Reading aloud is very helpful.朗讀是很有好處的。表語(yǔ)多數(shù)情況下，動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)可轉(zhuǎn)化成作主語(yǔ)His job is teaching English.(=Teaching English is his job.)他的工作是教英語(yǔ)。賓語(yǔ)作動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓語(yǔ)，表示一般的習(xí)慣、抽象行為或經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作They havent finished building the dam.他們還沒(méi)有建好大壩。We are thinking of making a new plan.我們正考慮制訂新計(jì)劃。定語(yǔ)只表示它所修飾的詞的用途、所屬關(guān)系等，置于修飾語(yǔ)之前He cant walk without a walking stick他沒(méi)有拐杖不能走路?！局R(shí)拓展】1.當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)常用it作形式主語(yǔ)。例如:Its no use quarrelling.爭(zhēng)吵是沒(méi)用的。2.動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，若跟有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，則常用it作形式賓語(yǔ)。例如:We found it no good making fun of others.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)取笑他人不好。有些動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)只能接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，常見(jiàn)的有:be worth值得;be busy忙于;be used to(習(xí)慣于);consider考慮;enjoy享受，喜愛(ài);cant help禁不住;feel like想;finish完成;give up放棄;have fun玩得開(kāi)心;have difficulty/trouble (in)做某事有困難;keep on繼續(xù);mind介意; miss錯(cuò)過(guò);practice練習(xí);suggest建議?！厩蓪W(xué)助記】可結(jié)合順口溜來(lái)巧記接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ):完成實(shí)踐值得忙(finish, practise, be worth, be busy) ,繼續(xù)習(xí)慣別放棄(keep on, be used to, give up) ,考慮建議不禁想(consider, suggest, cant help, feel like) ,喜歡思念要介意(enjoy, miss, mind) .【易錯(cuò)警示】有些動(dòng)詞后面接動(dòng)名詞和接不定式作賓語(yǔ)是有差別的。例如:forget to do sth.忘記要做某事，forget doing sth.忘記做過(guò)某事;go on to do sth.繼續(xù)做某事(內(nèi)容發(fā)生改變),go on doing sth.繼續(xù)做某事(內(nèi)容未變);mean to do sth.打算做某事;mean doing sth.意味著做某事;regret to do sth.遺憾要做某事，regret doing sth.后悔做過(guò)某事;stop to do sth.停下來(lái)做另外一件事，stop doing sth.停止做某事;try to do sth.盡力做某事;try doing sth.試著做某事。知識(shí)點(diǎn)3現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞既具有代詞的一些特征，又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能。1.現(xiàn)在分詞的結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)例句一般式主動(dòng):doingThey went to the park，singing and talking.他們邊唱邊說(shuō)向公園走去。The problem being discussed is veryimportant.正在討論的問(wèn)題很重要。被動(dòng):being done【知識(shí)拓展】一般式往往強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，doing常表示主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行，而“being done”常表示被動(dòng)、進(jìn)行。例如:Not knowing which university to attend, the girl asked her teacher for advice.不知道該上哪所大學(xué)，那個(gè)女孩向老師征求建議。完成式主動(dòng):having doneHe felt ashamed of having done so little.他為自己干得太少而感到羞愧。Having eaten at the cafeteria before, Tina didnt want to eat there again.之前在那個(gè)餐館吃過(guò)，蒂娜不想再去那里吃東西了。被動(dòng):having been done【知識(shí)拓展】完成式往往強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前， having done”常表示主動(dòng)、完成，而“having been done”常表示被動(dòng)、完成。例如:Having been scolded by his boss, he seemed unhappy.受到老板的貴備，他似乎很不高興。2.現(xiàn)在分詞的句法功能成分說(shuō)明例句定語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)，當(dāng)分詞單獨(dú)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，放在所修飾的名詞前;如果是分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，則放在所修飾的名詞后現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)，當(dāng)分詞單獨(dú)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，放在所修飾的名詞前;如果是分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，則放在所修飾的名詞后表語(yǔ)表示主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)、特征或者狀態(tài)The film being shown in the cinema is wonderful.正在這家電影院上:演的電影很棒?！疽族e(cuò)帶示】動(dòng)名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)的區(qū)別:現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)主要表示主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)和特征;而動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，則主要是對(duì)主語(yǔ)內(nèi)容的進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明和解釋。例如:My job is teaching.(句中的teaching為動(dòng)名詞，是對(duì)主語(yǔ)內(nèi)容的進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明.且此處可與主語(yǔ)互換位置)我的工作是教書(shū)。My job is interesting.(句中的interesting為形容詞化的現(xiàn)在分詞，表示主語(yǔ)的特征，不可與主語(yǔ)互換位置)我的工作很有趣。賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)常作感官動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，表動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行或動(dòng)作的持續(xù)Can you hear her singing a song in the next room?你能聽(tīng)見(jiàn)她在隔壁唱歌嗎?【知識(shí)拓展】常接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)的動(dòng)詞:catch抓住，撞見(jiàn);feel感覺(jué)到;find發(fā)現(xiàn);get使得;have讓，使;hear聽(tīng)見(jiàn);keep使處于某種狀態(tài);leave使處于某種狀態(tài);listen t。聽(tīng);look at看; notice注意到;observe觀察;see看見(jiàn);set使處于某種狀態(tài);smell聞到;watch觀察，注視【易錯(cuò)苦示】現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)和動(dòng)詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)的區(qū)別:現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行;不定式作賓補(bǔ)表示已經(jīng)完成了的或經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作。例如:I saw him going up the stairs.我看見(jiàn)他正在上樓。(“上樓”這個(gè)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行)I saw him go up the stairs.我看見(jiàn)他上樓了。(“上樓”這個(gè)動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成)狀語(yǔ)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.在工廠工作時(shí)，他是一名先進(jìn)工人。原因狀語(yǔ)Being a League member, he is always helping others.由于是共青團(tuán)員，他經(jīng)常幫助他人。伴隨狀語(yǔ)He stayed at home, cleaning and washing.他待在家里，又擦又洗。條件狀語(yǔ)( If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.要是整天玩，你就會(huì)浪費(fèi)寶貴的時(shí)間。結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces.他把杯子掉了，結(jié)果杯子摔得粉碎。讓步狀語(yǔ)Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.雖然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。知識(shí)點(diǎn)4過(guò)去分詞 過(guò)去分詞只有一種形式:規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞由動(dòng)詞原形加-ed構(gòu)成，不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞沒(méi)有統(tǒng)一的規(guī)則要求，要一一記住。過(guò)去分詞的句法功能成分說(shuō)明例句定語(yǔ)當(dāng)過(guò)去分詞是單個(gè)單詞時(shí)，一般用于名詞前;如果是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)，就放在名詞的后面。過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)常表被動(dòng)、完成，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的定語(yǔ)從句Our class went on an organized trip last Monday.上周一我們班開(kāi)展了一次有組織的旅行。Those elected as mittee members will attend the meeting.當(dāng)選為委員的人將出席這次會(huì)議。表語(yǔ)常具有形容詞的特征，表示主語(yǔ)的特征、狀態(tài)或感情等The window is broken.窗戶破了I was surprised at hearing him say so.聽(tīng)到他這樣說(shuō)我很吃驚。賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)表被動(dòng)、完成I heard the song sung several times last week.上周我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)這首歌被唱了好幾次。狀語(yǔ)原因狀語(yǔ)Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.由于受到鄰居們的表?yè)P(yáng)，他成為父母的驕傲。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)Seen from the tower，the city looks very beautiful.從塔上往下看，城市顯得很美麗。條件狀語(yǔ)Given more time，Ill be able to do it better.如果給予更多的時(shí)間，我能做得更好。讓步狀語(yǔ)Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.雖然被告之有危險(xiǎn)，他仍然冒生命危險(xiǎn)去救那個(gè)男孩?！疽族e(cuò)警示】1.be+過(guò)去分詞，如果表示狀態(tài)是系表結(jié)構(gòu);如果表示動(dòng)作是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例如:The window is broken.(系表)The window was broken by the坷.(被動(dòng))2.有些過(guò)去分詞是不及物動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的.不表示被動(dòng)，只表示完成。這類過(guò)去分詞有:gone, e, fallen；risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。例如:boiled water(開(kāi)水), fallen leaves(落葉),newly arrived goods(新到的貨),the risen sun(升起的太陽(yáng))考點(diǎn)突破考點(diǎn)1考查動(dòng)詞不定式的用法1 .(安順中考)-What did Mr. Green say to his son.? -He told him_. A. didnt smoke B. dont smoke C. not to smoke D. not smoke【解析】選C, tell sb. not to do sth意為“告訴某人不要做某事“。故選C,2.(天津中考)When you leave, please turn off the light_ energy. A. save B. saving C. saved D. to save【解析】選D。不定式to save energy在此表示目的，其余幾項(xiàng)沒(méi)此用法。考點(diǎn)2 考查動(dòng)名詞的用法3.(畢節(jié)中考)Most students spend too much time_ puter games. A. playing B. play C. plays D.played【解析】選A, spend some time doing sth.是固定結(jié)構(gòu)。故選A4.(隨州中考)-What do you usually have for breakfast?-I used to_ dumplings, but these days Im used to_ bread and milk.A. eat; have B. rating; having C. eating; have D. eat; having解析】選D前一分句指過(guò)去的情況，第一空用動(dòng)詞原形。第二分句指現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣的情況.to為介詞.后面用動(dòng)詞-ing形式。 考點(diǎn)3考查現(xiàn)在分詞的用法5.(內(nèi)江中考)Our English teacher often says to ，“_ English well is very important.” A. Learn B. Learning C. Learned D. To learning【解析】選B, learning是現(xiàn)在分詞. 與English共同構(gòu)成句子的主語(yǔ)。6.(白銀中考)_ honest is the first thing people should learn. A. Being B. Look C. Be D. Because【解析】選A, Being honest 共同構(gòu)成句子的主語(yǔ)，其他三項(xiàng)不是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式，不能做句子的主語(yǔ)。故選A