英漢兩種語(yǔ)言的本質(zhì)特征差異.ppt

《英漢兩種語(yǔ)言的本質(zhì)特征差異.ppt》由會(huì)員分享，可在線(xiàn)閱讀，更多相關(guān)《英漢兩種語(yǔ)言的本質(zhì)特征差異.ppt（40頁(yè)珍藏版）》請(qǐng)?jiān)谘b配圖網(wǎng)上搜索。

翻譯的條件,掌握必要的翻譯理論和技巧 加強(qiáng)兩種語(yǔ)言的修養(yǎng)，拓寬知識(shí)面 譯精于勤,“三要”, “三不要”,“三要” 詞義 結(jié)構(gòu) 文化背景 “三不要” 逐字死譯 邏輯連貫失調(diào) 炫耀文筆,漢英文化比較與翻譯 歷史背景,wife, deer, If that picture is genuine，I am a Dutchman.,漢英文化比較與翻譯 歷史背景,If that picture is genuine，I am a Dutchman. 如果那張畫(huà)是真跡，我就不是人。 一些詞語(yǔ)的產(chǎn)生,伴有特定的時(shí)代背景。英國(guó)人口語(yǔ)中經(jīng)常說(shuō)I am a Dutchman, if…”,如果我們照字面譯為“如果……我是個(gè)荷蘭人”， 恐怕大多數(shù)中國(guó)讀者對(duì)此譯文都會(huì)困惑不解。其實(shí)在英國(guó),這是 廣泛流傳的一句賭咒用語(yǔ)。為什么英國(guó) 人竟如此不把荷蘭人當(dāng)人看待，以至詞語(yǔ)Dutchman在英語(yǔ)中成了 一切卑鄙事物的代名詞呢？?jī)蓢?guó)在17世紀(jì)有過(guò)一段不偷快的歷史:雙方因?yàn)樯虡I(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng),你死我活地打了 20幾年的仗。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)雖以荷蘭失敗告終,但英國(guó)畢竟也損兵折將，傷了元?dú)?。故而英?guó) 普通民眾對(duì)荷蘭人頗有入骨之恨。,地理環(huán)境,carry coals to Newcastle Foggy Bottom Ode to the West Wind cast an anchor to windward as close as an oyster,地理環(huán)境,carry coals to Newcastle: 【誤譯】把煤運(yùn)送到紐卡斯?fàn)柸チ恕? 【原意】多此一舉。 【說(shuō)明】carry coals to Newcastle是口語(yǔ)（動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)），意為“多此一舉”，“徒勞無(wú)功”。紐卡斯?fàn)柺怯?guó)的產(chǎn)煤中心和煤輸出港口，運(yùn)煤去此地顯然是“徒勞無(wú)功”。,地理環(huán)境,Foggy Bottom: 【口】霧谷（美國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院的謔稱(chēng)，以諷刺該院發(fā)言人的發(fā)言經(jīng)常模糊不清）。 United States Department of State, which is housed in a building in a low-lying area of Washington near the Potomac River,地理環(huán)境,Ode to the West Wind：雪萊【西風(fēng)頌】 If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind ?,,地理環(huán)境,cast an anchor to windward 未雨綢繆； 為安全采取預(yù)防措施 as close as an oyster 守口如瓶,宗教信仰,Black Friday 13 Love is blind.,宗教信仰,Love is blind: 愛(ài)是盲目的 奧林匹斯山的眾神中，最叫人無(wú)可奈何的，就是小愛(ài)神丘比特（古希臘名字厄洛斯，羅馬名丘比特）。丘比特一直被人們喻為愛(ài)情的象征，相傳他有頭非常美麗的金發(fā)，雪白嬌嫩的臉蛋，還有一對(duì)可以自由自在飛翔的翅膀，丘比特和他母親愛(ài)神阿芙洛狄忒一起主管神、人的愛(ài)情和婚姻。不過(guò)他與母親阿芙洛狄忒不同，阿芙洛狄忒代表的是理性的愛(ài)，而丘比特代表的是瘋狂的愛(ài)。丘比特的圖片多為蒙眼，以寓意Love is blind。,風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣,red white yellow blue green black,社會(huì)政治,working class peasant,文化藝術(shù),dragon, dog, phoenix, magpie, owl, bat, crane,,比喻中的文化差異,as strong as a horse wet like a drowned rat as stupid as a goose birds of a feather as easy as winking like a hen on a hot girdle,比喻中的文化差異,black sheep to cast pearls before swine as stubborn as a mule as poor as a church mouse as sick as a dog as straight as an arrow,比喻中的文化差異,as thick as thieves as drunk as a fiddler as true as death as mad as a wet hen to look for a needle in a hay stack at a stone’s throw,比喻中的文化差異,dumb as an oyster as close as an oyster as timid as a hare as like as two peas like a rat in a hole sleep like a log,比喻中的文化差異,the apple of one’s eye have a mind crammed with knowledge as blind as a bat no smoke without fire cry up wine and sell vinegar as white as a sheet as deaf as a post,英漢十大差異 英語(yǔ)重形合，漢語(yǔ)重意合,漢語(yǔ)（流水句法） 以意思連接獨(dú)立的單句 彼此的邏輯關(guān)系以句序先后加以暗示 英語(yǔ)（竹節(jié)句法） 以連接詞連接單句,英語(yǔ)重形合，漢語(yǔ)重意合,1. Because it is late, I must leave. It is late, I must leave. 2. An Englishman who could not speak Chinese was once traveling in China. There was an Englishman. He could not speak Chinese. He was once traveling in China.,英語(yǔ)前重心,漢語(yǔ)后重心,Tragedies can be written in literature since there is tragedy in life.,英語(yǔ)前重心,漢語(yǔ)后重心,The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country, if only they dare to rise in struggle, dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country. 小國(guó)人民一定能夠戰(zhàn)勝大國(guó)的侵略,只要他們敢于起來(lái)斗爭(zhēng),敢于拿起武器,掌握自己國(guó)家的命運(yùn)。 小國(guó)人民敢于起來(lái)斗爭(zhēng)，敢于拿起武器，掌握自己國(guó)家的命運(yùn)，就一定能戰(zhàn)勝大國(guó)的侵略。,英語(yǔ)靜態(tài)語(yǔ)言，漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)態(tài)語(yǔ)言,英語(yǔ)——非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 省略動(dòng)詞 將動(dòng)詞名詞化 使用動(dòng)詞的同源名詞、同源形容詞等 漢語(yǔ)——?jiǎng)釉~無(wú)形態(tài)變化 只能使用動(dòng)詞本身表達(dá)動(dòng)作,英語(yǔ)靜態(tài)語(yǔ)言，漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)態(tài)語(yǔ)言,I fell madly in love with her, and she with me. I am afraid of you misunderstanding me. That would be the confirmation that it was in general use. The very sight of it makes me nervous.,英語(yǔ)重物稱(chēng),漢語(yǔ)重人稱(chēng),英語(yǔ)句子的主語(yǔ) 不能施行動(dòng)作或無(wú)生命事物的詞語(yǔ) 漢語(yǔ)句子的主語(yǔ) 首選能施行動(dòng)或有生命的物體,英語(yǔ)重物稱(chēng),漢語(yǔ)重人稱(chēng),A wave of cigar smoke accompanied him in. Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.,英語(yǔ)多被動(dòng)，漢語(yǔ)多主動(dòng),英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)使用廣泛； 1、不知或不必知道行為者。 The book has been already translated into many languages. 這本書(shū)已譯成了好幾國(guó)語(yǔ)言。 2、 行為對(duì)象比行為者重要。 The work must be finished before Christmas. 這個(gè)工作必須在圣誕節(jié)前完成。,英語(yǔ)多被動(dòng)，漢語(yǔ)多主動(dòng),3、 因故不愿說(shuō)出行為者。 It is generally considered not advisable to act that way. 大家認(rèn)為這樣做是不妥當(dāng)?shù)摹?4. 保持前后一致。 They are going to build an apartment house here next year. It is going to be built beside the Office Building. 他們明年在這里要修建一座住宅樓，就修在辦公樓旁邊。,英語(yǔ)多被動(dòng)，漢語(yǔ)多主動(dòng),漢語(yǔ)被動(dòng)范圍相對(duì)狹窄，存在被動(dòng)關(guān)系并不采用被動(dòng)句常見(jiàn)。 The problem has been solved. 問(wèn)題解決了。,英語(yǔ)多復(fù)合長(zhǎng)句， 漢語(yǔ)多簡(jiǎn)單短句,英語(yǔ)——“多枝共干”式長(zhǎng)句 復(fù)合句 漢語(yǔ)——短句、簡(jiǎn)單句,英語(yǔ)多復(fù)合長(zhǎng)句 漢語(yǔ)多簡(jiǎn)單短句,As we lived near the road, we often had the traveler or stranger visit us to taste our gooseberry wine, for which we had great reputation, and I confess, with the veracity of an historian, that I never knew one of them to find fault with it. 我們就住在路邊。過(guò)路人或外鄉(xiāng)人常到我們家，嘗嘗我們家釀的酸果酒。這種酒很有名氣。我敢說(shuō)，嘗過(guò)的人，從沒(méi)有挑剔過(guò)。我這話(huà)像歷史學(xué)家的話(huà)一樣靠得住。,英語(yǔ)重后飾，漢語(yǔ)重前飾,英語(yǔ)的修飾語(yǔ) 既可放在被修飾成分前，也可放其后； 修飾語(yǔ)若為短語(yǔ)或分句，則往往置于 被修飾成分后 漢語(yǔ)的修飾語(yǔ) 無(wú)論是詞、短語(yǔ)或句子，總是處于被修 飾成分之前,英語(yǔ)重后飾，漢語(yǔ)重前飾,The diagnosis seems in every case to correspond exactly with all the sensations that I have ever felt. 每次看病的診斷似乎都和我所有的感覺(jué)完全相符。 It is a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having a different bias. 借助于想象與持不同偏見(jiàn)的人進(jìn)行辯論是一個(gè)很好的計(jì)劃。,英語(yǔ)重短語(yǔ)，漢語(yǔ)輕短語(yǔ),I have never met a person so difficult to understand as my husband. 我還從沒(méi)遇到過(guò)像我丈夫這么難以理解的人。 You must stand up for your friend. 你得支持你的朋友。 To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. 對(duì)敵人的仁慈就是對(duì)人民的殘忍。 Mary is considering changing her job. 瑪麗正在考慮調(diào)換工作。,英語(yǔ)重時(shí)體，漢語(yǔ)輕時(shí)體,英語(yǔ)——多種時(shí)態(tài)，通過(guò)固定的語(yǔ)法手段將動(dòng)作的進(jìn)行過(guò)程與狀況作更準(zhǔn)確、更精細(xì)的描繪，有時(shí)這種描繪還能融入作者或說(shuō)話(huà)人的一種感情色彩 漢語(yǔ)——“著”、“了”、“過(guò)”,英語(yǔ)重時(shí)體，漢語(yǔ)輕時(shí)體,1.He is always thinking of how he could do more for the people. 2.He is constantly leaving his things about. 3.You have always been making that mistake. 4.They were building a dam last winter. They built a dam last winter. 5.I forgot his name. I am forgetting how to speak French.,英語(yǔ)重形態(tài)，漢語(yǔ)輕形態(tài),英語(yǔ)——形式化的語(yǔ)言 名詞、代詞——性、數(shù)、格 動(dòng)詞——時(shí)、體、態(tài) 構(gòu)詞——詞綴 漢語(yǔ)——構(gòu)詞可采用合成法 “墨守”名詞，“慎用”代詞,英語(yǔ)重形態(tài)，漢語(yǔ)輕形態(tài),The disaster of deinstitutionalization is part of this. institute-institution-institutional-institutionalize-institutionalization-deinstitutionalization 讓住院的精神病患者出院 讓住院的精神病患者出院而增加無(wú)家可歸的人所釀成的災(zāi)難后果就是一例。,英語(yǔ)重形態(tài)，漢語(yǔ)輕形態(tài),According to the group, most reconstructive surgeries resulting from dog bites are dog owners and their friends. 據(jù)該組織說(shuō)，大多數(shù)做被狗咬后的修復(fù)手術(shù)的是狗的主人、家人和朋友。 據(jù)該組織說(shuō)，大多數(shù)做被狗咬傷后的修復(fù)手術(shù)的是狗的主人以及他們的家人和朋友。,