機械手-多用途氣動機器人結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計
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無錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院畢業(yè)實踐小結(jié)
實踐小結(jié)㈠
不知不覺,在蘇寧電器已經(jīng)實習(xí)一個星期了。
剛從學(xué)校走入社會的我有一顆不安靜的心,而從事工作后,我最大的體會就是個人的發(fā)展和能力的進步不僅需要高超的技能,更需要對工作的忠誠和以工作為中心的職業(yè)精神,即做事能沉得下心。這主要體現(xiàn)在日常工作的許多小事上,從細節(jié)處入手。雖然工作很累,但是我知道這是每個人的必經(jīng)之路,沒有汗水哪有收獲,我在這一個星期的實習(xí)中學(xué)到了很多在課堂上根本就學(xué)不到的知識,受益非淺。
同時,我也領(lǐng)悟到學(xué)生和社會工作者的區(qū)別。工作說不辛苦那是假的,參加工作后讓我進一步領(lǐng)悟到生活中的本質(zhì)東西,即你要成功,你想得到你所希望的狀態(tài),首先你必須付出12分的努力。實習(xí)以后,我們才真正體會父母掙錢的來之不易,而且開始有意識地培養(yǎng)自己的理財能力。
作為一個大學(xué)生沒有社會經(jīng)驗的人是不完整的,因此我必須緊密地和社會聯(lián)系在一起,和它成為一個整體。
在實習(xí)的一個星期里,我被分到空調(diào)柜,當時人事部沒有給我分配具體的任務(wù),只是幫忙空調(diào)柜的員工做一些事,可以說我既是促銷員又是打單員,對于剛接觸這兩項工作的我,覺得毫無頭緒,商品的價格我知之甚少,不是和顧客交談時無話可說,就是打錯單,后來還要麻煩督導(dǎo)幫我去客服改單?,F(xiàn)在我才發(fā)現(xiàn)在學(xué)校學(xué)得東西太少,根本不能適用社會。如果沒有正式員工的幫助我根本不可能順利的度過這七天,遇到不懂的我會虛心向他們請教,他們也會耐心得幫助我。
通過工作,我明白了很多,比如我懂得如何去和同伴團結(jié)在一起,挖掘每個人的優(yōu)勢,發(fā)揚團隊精神,高質(zhì)量地完成任務(wù)。要知道一個人的力量是弱小的,集體的力量是強大的。換句話說,積水成河,積沙成丘。同樣在工作中我們也必須盡可能的幫助我們團隊里的成員,一旦某個成員遇上了困難,我們應(yīng)該毫不猶豫的去幫助他,使他感到集體的溫暖。這時他就會有這樣的想法:因為我的團體好溫暖,定要好好努力。假如集體中的某一成員在那邊努力的工作,那么其他集體的成員也會受到感染。
機電50532 孫啟亮
2008.5.4
實踐小結(jié)㈡
轉(zhuǎn)眼已經(jīng)實習(xí)了兩個多星期,曾懷念睡覺睡到自然醒的生活。但是現(xiàn)在蘇寧電器緊張有序的實習(xí)生活讓我一改從前自由散漫的作風(fēng),自覺融入到這個優(yōu)良的工作環(huán)境中去。生活節(jié)奏變得規(guī)律,每天準時上下班,上學(xué)時候的散漫、輕松的日子一去不復(fù)返。
一顆浮躁的心歸于平靜,但不缺乏激情。今天,除了要加強自己的理論素質(zhì)和專業(yè)水平外,更應(yīng)該加強自己的業(yè)務(wù)技能水平,這樣我們以后才能在工作中得心應(yīng)手,更好的為廣大客戶提供方便、快捷、準確的服務(wù)。
在大學(xué)里學(xué)的不僅是知識,更是一種叫做自學(xué)的能力”。參加實習(xí)后才能深刻體會這句話的含義。除了英語和計算機操作外,課本上學(xué)的理論知識用到的很少。在這個信息爆炸的時代,知識更新太快,靠原有的一點知識肯定是不行的。我們要在以后的工作中要勤于動手慢慢琢磨,不斷學(xué)習(xí)不斷積累。遇到不懂的地方,自己要虛心請教他人,并做好筆記認真理解分析。沒有自學(xué)能力的人遲早要被社會所淘汰!我深知這一點的重要性,所以只要是我不懂的,我一定會問別人或自學(xué)。比如,打單這項工作很容易出錯,即使你的計算機水平很高,也不能保證你可以準確無誤的打好一個單。所以只要有人在打單我就會跟著學(xué),很快我就掌握了打單的方法。
我最欣賞把撒哈拉沙漠變成人們心中綠洲的三毛,也最欣賞她一句話:即使不成功,也不至于成為空白。成功女神并不垂青所有的人,但所有參與、嘗試過的人,即使沒有成功,他們的世界也不是一份平淡,不是一片空白。實習(xí)的工作是忙碌的,也是充實的。生活的空間,須借清理挪減而留出,心靈的空間,則經(jīng)思考領(lǐng)悟而擴展。當我轉(zhuǎn)身面向陽光時,我發(fā)現(xiàn)自己不再陷身在陰影里。我開始學(xué)著從看似機械重復(fù)的實習(xí)工作中尋找快樂,我快樂實習(xí)工作著,游刃有余。
我們要在以后的工作中要勤于動手慢慢琢磨,不斷學(xué)習(xí)不斷積累。遇到不懂的地方,自己要虛心請教他人,并做好筆記認真的去理解分析。沒有自學(xué)能力的人遲早要被社會所淘汰!
機電50532 孫啟亮
2008.5.11
實踐小結(jié)㈢
實習(xí)是每一個大學(xué)畢業(yè)生必須擁有的一段經(jīng)歷,他使我們在實踐中了解社會,讓我們學(xué)到了很多在課堂上根本就學(xué)不到的知識,也打開了視野,長了見識,為我們以后進一步走向社會打下堅實的基礎(chǔ),實習(xí)是我們把學(xué)到的理論知識應(yīng)用在實踐中的一次嘗試。
在這個信息爆炸的時代,知識更新太快,靠原有的一點知識肯定是不行的。我們必須在工作中勤于動手慢慢琢磨,不斷學(xué)習(xí)不斷積累。遇到不懂的地方,自己先想方設(shè)法解決,實在不行可以虛心請教他人,而沒有自學(xué)能力的人遲早要被企業(yè)和社會所淘汰。
實習(xí)這幾個月期間,我拓寬了視野,增長了見識,體驗到社會競爭的殘酷,而更多的是希望自己在工作中積累各方面的經(jīng)驗,為將來自己走創(chuàng)業(yè)之路做準備。經(jīng)過這一階段的實習(xí)我明白,要想做好一件工作是很難的,在學(xué)校里那種得過且過的做法是不行的,就拿銷售員來說,他們都是有規(guī)定的,每天必賣出多少商品,如果不能達到限額就會扣工資。我覺得成為一個好的銷售員,需要具備各方面的素質(zhì),首先他要對自己的產(chǎn)品了如指掌,否則,他沒辦法說服顧客購買自己的產(chǎn)品,比如空調(diào),你就必須知道它的構(gòu)造,優(yōu)點。然后就要學(xué)會傾聽,傾聽顧客的心聲,盡量滿足顧客的要求。。而事實上所有的業(yè)務(wù)并不是一次就能交易成功的,他們必須具備堅忍不拔的個性,遭遇挫折時絕不能就此放棄,犯錯遭領(lǐng)導(dǎo)責(zé)罵時不能賭氣就辭職。
銷售員的一天應(yīng)該從清晨睜開第一眼開始,每天早上我都會從自己定的歡快激進的鬧鈴聲中醒來,然后以精神充沛、快樂的心態(tài)迎接一天的工作。我沒有豐富的銷售經(jīng)驗,相貌平平、口才也一般,但我不會氣餒,我對自己說,如果我沒有別人形象好,那么我和別人比樸實;如果我沒有別人口才好,那么我和別人比穩(wěn)重;如果我沒有別人經(jīng)驗多,那么我和別人比誠信;如果我沒有別人單子多,那么我和別人比服務(wù)。總有一樣,我不會輸,總有一天我會受到客戶的認可,我相信我能做到很好,因為我在努力。
機電50532 孫啟亮
2008.5.18
實踐小結(jié)㈣
轉(zhuǎn)眼間,我們都快畢業(yè)了,同學(xué)們都在為自己的實習(xí)到處奔波,我也不例外。以前,我總是盼望早點到社會參加工作,因為我總覺得工作是一件很容易的事??墒钱斘译x開校園,真的進入社會實習(xí)后,才真正體驗到工作,并不是想象中的那樣,它又苦又累,可不是一件容易的事。因為,從學(xué)校到社會的大環(huán)境的轉(zhuǎn)變,從教錢學(xué)習(xí)到收工資做事的地位轉(zhuǎn)變,身邊接觸的人也完全換了角色,老師變成老板,同學(xué)變成同事,相處之道完全不同,在這巨大的轉(zhuǎn)變中,我們可能彷徨,迷茫,無法馬上適應(yīng)新的環(huán)境。
如愿以償,我找到一份辦公室文員的工作。雖然這不是第一個實習(xí)工作,但這是第一次正式與社會接軌踏上工作崗位,開始與以往完全不一樣的生活。每天在規(guī)定的時間上下班,上班期間要認真準時地完成自己的工作任務(wù)。我擔任職位,平時的工作只是打打電話處理文件,為其他工作人員做做后勤,幾乎沒用上自己所學(xué)的專業(yè)知識。但是我喜歡這樣的工作,這可能與我的性格有關(guān),所以我下定決心一定要好好完成每一份工作.
第一次踏入那辦公室,除了車間,辦公室里并不多人,只有會計、出納、人事、行政五六個人。工作的第一天,和我的上司交談幾句,然后交待好我的工作以后她就開始埋頭工作。雖然一天只工作8個小時,但第一天我覺得過得很漫長,在一個陌生的環(huán)境里,我一邊工作,一邊仔細觀察,因為怕生,我很少主動與其他職員說話,而與我那位“老師”交談的時候也很害羞。晚上我難以入睡,我發(fā)現(xiàn)這位和我年紀相仿的“老師”在工作效率、反應(yīng)速度都比我強很多,而我卻只能協(xié)助她做一些基本的事情,我還深深體會到,在辦公室中,很多時候同事不會象同學(xué)一樣對你噓寒問暖。但總的來說,第一天的工作體驗,讓我知道接下來的日子應(yīng)該要怎么工作,應(yīng)該如何改變與人相處的態(tài)度。我相信,只要我認真學(xué)習(xí),好好把握,做好每一件事,實習(xí)肯定會有成績的。
在這個崗位上,我知道的甚少,還需要我不斷的努力。接下來的時間里我要不斷的努力,爭取在這個崗位上做出貢獻。
機電50532 孫啟亮
2008.5.25
實踐小結(jié)㈤
很快兩個星期過去了,在這段日子里,我最常做的工作是接聽電話、文件處理、接待客人。
一開始聽到要我主要負責(zé)接聽和打電話的時候,我還高興了好一陣子,因為我認為這件工作很簡單,平時我們不是經(jīng)常做這樣一件事嗎?但是真的要做的時候,卻不是一件容易的事了。也許是因為自己總是認為對方比自己年紀、職位都要高,所以覺得有一種謙卑的感覺,說話的底氣不足。因此后來帶我的那位文員先讓我觀察她是怎么與客戶交談的。在觀察她工作后,我突然很佩服她的勇氣,她與客戶談話的時候神情自如,說話自信。我終于知道自己的不足,我不敢主動開口,沒有把自己溶入職位里去,沒有進入工作狀態(tài),也太過看謙卑了,在工作崗位上,每個人都是平等的。
在接下的工作中,我鼓足勇氣,充滿自信,當然也以禮對人。雖然還是會緊張,但比起之前,我已經(jīng)有了很大的進步。有一次,出納要我打電話給一位客戶,問他的貨款什么時候還?!白窋?shù)”這個事情我還是第一次要做呢,而且一直以來都覺得“追數(shù)”很難為情。但是,我的心情既激動又緊張。激動的是,鍛煉自己的機會終于來了,緊張的是,害怕自己會出差錯,這樣會令客戶不滿意和不開心。終于我拿起電話——“喂,您好!麻煩轉(zhuǎn)你們的銷售經(jīng)理。”……“喂,您好!”“喂,您好!是陳經(jīng)理是嗎?是這樣的,你們上次的貨款今天到期要付了,之前你們說上午過來,因為現(xiàn)在快要下班了,怕陳經(jīng)理派了人過來后我們都不在,那樣不太好!”“哦,不好意思的,是這樣的,我們已經(jīng)派了人到你們廠的了,不過可能要下午才到?!薄芭?,那好的,我會告訴我們出納下午等你們的了,那又打擾陳經(jīng)理您了……”放下了電話,我那緊張的神經(jīng)頓時得到舒緩,而且還覺得很高興,雖然沒有那些業(yè)務(wù)員那些可以隨口成篇,可以隨時跟客戶聊得無所不談,但我覺得自己還是踏上了成功的階梯。
雖然在工作上我以慢慢熟悉,但還有的地方我不能獨立完成,我還要不斷學(xué)習(xí)。像如何處理人際關(guān)系,一些問題的解決。希望經(jīng)過我的努力,能夠把工作完成的更好,由剛出校園的青澀逐漸走向成熟。
機電50532 孫啟亮
2008.6.8
實踐小結(jié)㈥
常言道:工作一兩年勝過讀書十多年。將近一個月的實習(xí)時間雖然不長,但是我從中學(xué)到了很多知識,關(guān)于做人,做事,做學(xué)問,對我來說都是受益非淺。在大學(xué)里學(xué)到的東西只是一種工具,我們要利用這個工具來處理一系列的問題。我們剛踏出校園,沒有工作經(jīng)驗,所以我們就更應(yīng)該嚴肅地對待工作,虛心的向別人請教。另外,自信對于一個應(yīng)屆生來說非常重要。
首先,自學(xué)能力很重要。“在大學(xué)里學(xué)的不是知識,而是一種叫做自學(xué)的能力”。參加工作后才能深刻體會這句話的含義。我擔任的是文員一職,平時在工作只是打打電話處理文件,完全沒用上自己所學(xué)的專業(yè)知識。但在學(xué)習(xí)過程中,我們專業(yè)也沒有教我們?nèi)绾巫龊棉k公室文職的工作。所以在整個實習(xí)過程中,都需要自己一邊工作一邊學(xué)習(xí),靠自己的自覺能力和領(lǐng)悟能力完成好每一樣工作。
其次,要嚴肅認真地工作。以前在學(xué)校,上課的時候也許可以不請假而不去上課老師也不會發(fā)現(xiàn),上課的時候也許可以不聽課甚至睡覺。在這里,可不能這樣,因為,這里是公司,是工作的地方,是絕對不允許發(fā)生這樣的事情的。工作,來不得半點馬虎,同時也不能高傲自滿,覺得自己是一個大學(xué)生,做一個文員太大材小用了,其實每一個職位,只要自己做好了,領(lǐng)導(dǎo)是會看到你的成績的。于是,我意識到:自己絕不能再像以前那樣,要學(xué)會像這里的同事一樣嚴肅、認真、努力地工作。
再次,要虛心,要以禮待人。不要認為自己比別人的學(xué)歷高,便不虛心請教,其實經(jīng)驗和學(xué)歷同等重要,只有虛心的請教、學(xué)習(xí),還能使自己更快的進步。在辦公室中,存在著各種形形色色的人,每個人的性格都不相同,但是我們不需要去附和任何人,只要我們以禮待人,別人都會尊重你和友好對你的。
最后,要自信。不管你是職高一等的老手還是新近入行的新手,都應(yīng)絕對擯棄不平等的關(guān)系,心存自大或心存自卑都是同事間相處和工作的大忌。
機電50532 孫啟亮
2008.6.15
實踐小結(jié)㈦
文員工作是我職業(yè)生涯的一個起點,我對此也十分珍惜,盡最大努力去適應(yīng)這一崗位。通過幾個星期的不斷學(xué)習(xí),以及同事、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的幫助,我很快融入到了這個大家庭中,個人的工作技能也有了明顯的提高,雖然工作中還存在這樣那樣的不足之處,但應(yīng)該說這一段時間付出了不少,也收獲了很多,我自己感到成長了,也逐漸成熟了。
?一、以踏實的工作態(tài)度,適應(yīng)工作特點
每天除了本職工作外,還經(jīng)常有計劃之外的事情需要臨時處理,而且通常比較緊急,讓我不得不放心手頭的工作先去解決,因此這些臨時性的事務(wù)占用了很多工作時間,經(jīng)常是忙忙碌碌的一天下來,原本計劃要完成的卻沒有做。但手頭的工作也不能耽誤,今天欠了帳,明天還會有其他工作要去處理,因此盡我最大的能力去做好本職工作。
二、盡心盡責(zé),做好本職工作
1.做好網(wǎng)絡(luò)以及計算機維護工作,我們單位的計算機有些比較陳舊,配置低,而且硬件也老化了,問題也會出現(xiàn)的頻繁,有些硬件或者軟件出問題需要很多時間去檢測,才能對癥維修。
2.做好文檔打印及復(fù)印工作,這項工作不是每天都固定有文件要打,有文件要復(fù)印的,一般來說都是各科室辦事員需要打印合同以及報表之類的文檔,或者批量復(fù)印報表等等,都是臨時性的工作,有時候因為復(fù)印機故障沒有能及時完成復(fù)印事項,也只有第二天解決。
3.負責(zé)辦理各類文件的收發(fā)、登記、閱簽、清退、整理、歸檔、保密工作,管理好上級下發(fā)文件以及公司內(nèi)部文件的目錄以及存檔工作,到年底做好各類文檔的歸檔工作。
4.負責(zé)辦公室的日常管理工作,負責(zé)受理投訴和來訪接待、收發(fā)傳真、考勤登記、接聽電話等工作
5.完成報刊雜志的發(fā)放以及訂閱工作。
6.做好公司重要信件的收發(fā)工作,信件一般都采用EMS和掛號進行發(fā)出,一般是貨運票據(jù)都采用EMS快遞寄出。
7.每個季度的辦公用品費用統(tǒng)計以及紙張使用統(tǒng)計。
雖取得了一定的成績,但離公司和自己的要求還很遠,我將更加努力學(xué)習(xí),拓展知識面,不斷提高工作能力和綜合素養(yǎng)。
機電50532 孫啟亮
2008.6.22
實踐小結(jié)㈧
回顧這幾個星期以來的工作,我在公司領(lǐng)導(dǎo)及各位同事的支持與幫助下,嚴格要求自己,按照公司的要求,較好地完成了自己的本職工作。
通過系統(tǒng)的學(xué)習(xí)與工作,工作模式上有了新的突破,工作方式有了較大的改變, 一、辦公室的日常管理工作 辦公室對我來說是一個全新的工作領(lǐng)域。作為辦公室的文員,自己清醒地認識到,辦公室是總經(jīng)理直接領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下的綜合管理機構(gòu),是承上啟下、溝通內(nèi)外、協(xié)調(diào)左右、聯(lián)系四面八方的樞紐,推動各項工作朝著既定目標前進的中心。辦公室的工作千頭萬緒,在文件起草、提供調(diào)研資料方面都要為決策提供一些有益的資料,數(shù)據(jù)。有文書處理、檔案管理、文件批轉(zhuǎn)、會議安排、迎來送往及用車管理等。我面對繁雜瑣碎的事務(wù)性工作,自我強化工作意識,注意加快工作節(jié)奏,提高工作效率,冷靜處理各項事務(wù),力求周全、準確、適度,避免疏漏和差錯。
在工作中難免會有磕磕碰碰的事情發(fā)生,在做本職工作中難免會遇到臨時任務(wù)下發(fā),工作任務(wù)緊等因素導(dǎo)致未處理事項。每日重復(fù)單調(diào)繁瑣的工作,時間久了容易厭倦。象我就是每天就是坐著對著電腦打打字,顯得枯燥乏味。但是工作簡單也不能馬虎,你一個小小的錯誤可能會給公司帶來巨大的麻煩或損失,還是得認真完成。而象同公司的網(wǎng)絡(luò)推廣員每天得打電話,口干舌燥先不說,還要受氣,忍受一些電話接聽者不友好的語氣有些甚至說要投訴。如果哪家公司有意向的還得到處奔波去商談。而事實上所有的業(yè)務(wù)并不是一次就能交易成功的,他們必須具備堅忍不拔的個性,遭遇挫折時絕不能就此放棄,犯錯遭領(lǐng)導(dǎo)責(zé)罵時不能賭氣就辭職。踏上社會,我們與形形色色的人打交道。由于存在著利益關(guān)系,又工作繁忙,很多時候同事不會象同學(xué)一樣對你噓寒問暖。而有些同事表面笑臉相迎,背地里卻勾心斗角不擇手段,踩著別人的肩膀不斷地往上爬,因此剛出校門的我們很多時候無法適應(yīng)。
實習(xí)這兩個月期間,我拓寬了視野,增長了見識,體驗到社會競爭的殘酷,而更多的是希望自己在工作中積累各方面的經(jīng)驗,更好地服務(wù)社會。
機電50532 孫啟亮
2008.6.29
10
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計 任 務(wù) 書
2008 年 3 月 3 日
畢業(yè)設(shè)計題目
多用途氣動機器人結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計
指導(dǎo)教師
俞云強
職稱
副教授
專業(yè)名稱
機電一體化技術(shù)
班級
機電50532
學(xué)生姓名
孫啟亮
學(xué)號
5020053223
設(shè)計要求
內(nèi)容包括 :1、第一章為引言;
2、第二章為本選題總體設(shè)計方面的論述;
3、從第三章起為畢業(yè)設(shè)計總體設(shè)計框架和設(shè)計過程的詳細論述;
4、倒數(shù)第二章為畢業(yè)設(shè)計的結(jié)果和討論;
5、最后一章為展望與總結(jié)。
完成畢業(yè)課題的計劃安排
序號
內(nèi)容
時間安排
1
外文資料翻譯
2008-2-20至2008-3-3
2
搜集課題相關(guān)資料
2008-3-4至2008-3-14
3
完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計說明書
2008-3-15至2008-3-31
4
預(yù)審,修改
2008-4-1至2008-4-11
5
答辯
2008-4-20
答辯提交資料
外文資料翻譯,畢業(yè)設(shè)計說明書
計劃答辯時間
2008-4-20
無錫職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院機電技術(shù)學(xué)院
2008 年 3 月 3日
外文資料翻譯
Rotary pumps
These are built in many different designs and are extremely popular in modern fluid-power system. The most common rotary-pump designs used today are spur-gear, generated-rotary , sliding-vane ,and screw pump ,each type has advantages that make it the most suitable for a given application .
Spur-gear pumps. these pumps have two mating gears are turned in a closely fitted casing. Rotation of one gear ,the driver causes the second ,or follower gear, to turn . the driving shaft is usually connected to the upper gear of the pump .
When the pump is first started ,rotation of gears forces air out the casing and into the discharge pipe. this removal of air from the pump casing produces a partial vacuum on the pump inlet ,here the fluid is trapped between the teeth of the upper and lower gears and the pump casing .continued rotation of the gears forces the fluid out of the pump discharge .
Pressure rise in a spur-gear pump is produced by the squeezing action on the fluid ad it is expelled from between the meshing gear teeth and casing ,.a vacuum is formed in the cavity between the teeth ad unmesh, causing more fluid to be drawn into the pump ,a spur-gear pump is a constant-displacement unit ,its discharge is constant at a given shaft speed. the only way the quantity of fluid discharge by a spur-gear pump of type in figure can be regulated is by varying the shaft speed .modern gear pumps used in fluid-power systems develop pressures up to about 3000psi.
Figure shows the typical characteristic curves of a spur-gear rotary pump. These curves show the capacity and power input for a spur-gear pump at various speeds. At any given speed the capacity characteristic is nearly a flat line the slight decrease in capacity with rise in discharge pressure is caused by increased leakage across the gears from the discharge to the suction side of the pump. leakage in gear pumps is sometimes termed slip. Slip also increase with arise pump discharge pressure .the curve showing the relation between pump discharge pressure and pump capacity is often termed the head-capacity or HQ curve .the relation between power input and pump capacity is the power-capacity or PQ curve .
Power input to a squr-gear pump increases with both the operating speed and discharge pressure .as the speed of a gear pump is increased. Its discharge rate in gallons per minute also rise . thus the horsepower input at a discharge pressure of 120psi is 5hp at 200rpm and about 13hp at 600rpm.the corresponding capacities at these speed and pressure are 40 and 95gpm respectively, read on the 120psi ordinate where it crosses the 200-and 600-rpm HQ curves .
Figure is based on spur-gear handing a fluid of constant viscosity , as the viscosity of the fluid handle increases (i.e. ,the fluid becomes thicker and has more resistance to flow ),the capacity of a gear pump decreases , thick ,viscous fluids may limit pump capacity t higher speeds because the fluid cannot into the casing rapidly enough fill it completely .figure shows the effect lf increased fluid biscosity on the performance of rotary pump in fluid-power system .at 80-psi discharge pressure the pp has a capacity lf 220gpm when handling fluid of 100SSU viscosity lf 500SSU . the power input to the pump also rises ,as shown by the power characteristics.
Capacity lf rotary pump is often expressed in gallons per revolution of the gear or other internal element .if the outlet of a positive-displacement rotary pump is completely closed, the discharge pressure will increase to the point where the pump driving motor stalls or some part of the pump casing or discharge pipe ruptures .because this danger of rupture exists systems are filled with a pressure –relief valve. This relief valve may be built as of the pump or it may be mounted in the discharge piping.
Sliding-Vane Pumps
These pumps have a number of vanes which are free to slide into or out of slots in the pup rotor . when the rotor is turned by the pump driver , centrifugal force , springs , or pressurized fluid causes the vanes to move outward in their slots and bear against the inner bore of the pump casing or against a cam ring . as the rotor revolves , fluid flows in between the vanes when they pass the suction port. This fluid is carried around the pump casing until the discharge port is reached. Here the fluid is forced out of the casing and into the discharge pipe.
In the sliding-vane pump in Figure the vanes in an oval-shaped bore. Centrifugal force starts the vanes out of their slots when the rotor begins turning. The vanes are held out by pressure which is bled into the cavities behind the vanes from a distributing ring at the end of the vane slots. Suction is through two ports A and AI, placed diametrically opposite each other. Two discharge ports are similarly placed. This arrangement of ports keeps the rotor in hydraulic balance, reliving the bearing of heavy loads. When the rotor turns counterclockwise, fluid from the suction pipe comes into ports A and AI is trapped between the vanes, and is carried around and discharged through ports B and BI. Pumps of this design are built for pressures up to 2500 psi. earlier models required staging to attain pressures approximating those currently available in one stage. Valving , uses to equalize flow and pressure loads as rotor sets are operated in series to attain high pressures. Speed of rotation is usually limited to less than 2500rpm because of centrifugal forces and subsequent wear at the contact point of vanes against the cam-ring surface..
Two vanes may be used in each slot to control the force against the interior of the casing or the cam ring. Dual vanes also provide a tighter seal , reducing the leakage from the discharge side to the suction side of the pump . the opposed inlet and discharge port in this design provide hydraulic balance in the same way as the pump, both these pumps are constant-displacement units.
The delivery or capacity of a vane-type pump in gallons per minute cannot be changed without changing the speed of rotation unless a special design is used. Figure shows a variable-capacity sliding-vane pump. It dose not use dual suction and discharge ports. The rotor rums in the pressure-chamber ring, which can be adjusted so that it is off-center to the rotor. As the degree of off-center or eccentricity is changed, a variable volume of fluid is discharged. Figure shows that the vanes create a vacuum so that oil enters through 180 of shaft rotation. Discharge also takes place through 180 of rotation. There is a slight overlapping of the beginning of the fluid intake function and the beginning of the fluid discharge.
Figure shows how maximum flow is available at minimum working pressure. As the pressure rises, flow diminishes in a predetermined pattern. As the flow decreases to a minimum valve, the pressure increases to the maximum. The pump delivers only that fluid needed to replace clearance floes resulting from the usual slide fit in circuit components.
A relief valve is not essential with a variable-displacement-type pump of this design to protect pumping mechanism. Other conditions within the circuit may dictate the use of a safety or relief valve to prevent localized pressure buildup beyond the usual working levels.
For automatic control of the discharge , an adjustable spring-loaded governor is used . this governor is arranged so that the pump discharge acts on a piston or inner surface of the ring whose movement is opposed by the spring . if the pump discharge pressure rises above that for which the by governor spring is set , the spring is compressed. This allows the pressure-chamber ring to move and take a position that is less off center with respect to the rotor. The pump theb delivers less fluid, and the pressure is established at the desired level. The discharge pressure for units of this design varies between 100 and 2500psi.
The characteristics of a variable-displacement-pump compensator are shown in figure. Horsepower input values also shown so that the power input requirements can be accurately computed. Variable-volume vane pumps are capacity of multiple-pressure levels in a predetermined pattern. Two-pressure pump controls can provide an efficient method of unloading a circuit and still hold sufficient pressure available for pilot circuits.
The black area of the graph of figure shows a variable-volume pump maintaining a pressure of 100psi against a closed circuit. Wasted power is the result of pumping oil at 100psi through an unloading or relief valve to maintain a source of positive pilot pressure. Two-pressure –type controls include hydraulic, pilot-operated types and solenoid-controlled, pilot-operated types. The pilot oil obtained from the pump discharge cannot assist the governor spring. Minimum pressure will result. The plus figure shows the solenoid energized so that pilot oil assists compensator spring. The amount of assistance is determined by the small ball and spring, acting as a simple relief valve. This provides the predetermined maximum operating pressure.
Another type of two-pressure system employs what is termed a differential unloading governor. It is applied in a high-low or two-pump circuit. The governor automatically, Through pressure sensing, unloads the large volume pump to a minimum deadhead pressure setting. Deadhead pressure refers to a specific pressure level established as resulting action of the variable-displacement-pump control mechanism. The pumping action and the resulting flow at deadhead condition are equal to the leakage in the system and pilot-control flow requirements. No major power movement occurs at this time, even though the hydraulic system may be providing a clamping or holding action while the pump is in deadhead position
The governor is basically a hydraulically operated, two-pressure control with a differential piston that allows complete unloading when sufficient external pilot pressure is applied to pilot unload port.
The minimum deadhead pressure setting is controlled by the main governor spring A. the maximum pressure is controlled by the relief-valve adjustment B. the operating pressure for the governor is generated by the large-volume pump and enters through orifice C.
To use this device let us assume that the circuit require a maximum pressure of 1000psi, which will be supplied by a 5-gpm pump. It also needs a large flow (40gpm) at pressure up to 500psi; it continues to 1000pso at the reduced flow rate. A two-pump system with an unloading governor on the 40-gpm pump at 500psi to a minimum pressure setting of 200psi (or another desired value) , which the 5-gpm pump takes the circuit up to1000psi or more.
Note in figure that two sources of pilot pressure are required. One ,the 40-gpm pump, provides pressure within the housing so that maximum pressure setting can be obtained. The setting of the spring, plus the pressure within the governor housing, determines the maximum pressure capacity of the 40-gpm pump. The second pilot source is the circuit proper, which will go to 1000psi. this pilot line enters the governor through orifice D and acts on the unloading piston E . the area of piston E is 15 percent greater than the effective area of the relief poppet F. the governor will unload at 500psi and be activated at 15percent below 500psi, or 425psi. By unloading, we mean zero flow output of the 40-gpm pump.
As pressure in the circuit increases from zero to 500psi, the pressure within the governor housing also increases until the relief-valve setting is reached, at which time the relief valve cracks open, allowing flow to the tank.
The pressure drop in the hosing is a maximum additive value, allowing the pump to deadhead. Meanwhile, the system pressure continues to rise above 700psi, resulting in a greater force on the bottom of piston E than on the top. The piston then completely unseats poppet F, which results in a further pressure drop within the governor horsing to zero pressure because of the full-open position of the relief poppet F. flow entering the housing through orifice is directed to the tank pass the relief poppet without increasing the pressure in housing. The deadhead pressure of the 40-gpm pump then decreases to the lower set value. Thus , at the flow rate to the unloading governor ,the 40gpm pump goes to deadhead. The flow rate to the circuit decreases to 5gpm as the pressure to 1000psi, the 5-gpm pump is also at its deadhead setting, thus only holding system pressure.The 4-gpm pump unloads its volume at 500psi. It requires a system pressure of 600psi to unload the 40-gpm pump to its minimum pressure of 200psi. the 600-psi pilot supply enters through orifice D and acts on the differential piston E. The pumps volume is reduced to zero circuit-flow output at 500psi. The additional 100-psi pilot pressure is required to open poppet F completely and allow the pressure within the housing to decrease to zero.As circuit pressure decreases ,both pumps come back into service in a similar pattern.
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