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山東輕工業(yè)學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)原創(chuàng)性聲明
本人鄭重聲明:所呈交的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文),是本人在指導(dǎo)教師的指導(dǎo)下獨立研究、撰寫的成果。設(shè)計(論文)中引用他人的文獻(xiàn)、數(shù)據(jù)、圖件、資料,均已在設(shè)計(論文)中加以說明,除此之外,本設(shè)計(論文)不含任何其他個人或集體已經(jīng)發(fā)表或撰寫的成果作品。對本文研究做出重要貢獻(xiàn)的個人和集體,均已在文中作了明確說明并表示了謝意。本聲明的法律結(jié)果由本人承擔(dān)。
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)作者簽名:
年 月 日
山東輕工業(yè)學(xué)院關(guān)于畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)使用授權(quán)的說明
本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)作者完全了解學(xué)校有關(guān)保留、使用畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)的規(guī)定,即:學(xué)校有權(quán)保留、送交設(shè)計(論文)的復(fù)印件,允許設(shè)計(論文)被查閱和借閱,學(xué)校可以公布設(shè)計(論文)的全部或部分內(nèi)容,可以采用影印、掃描等復(fù)制手段保存本設(shè)計(論文)。
指導(dǎo)教師簽名: 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)作者簽名:
年 月 日 年 月 日
附件四:
山東輕工業(yè)學(xué)院
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)開題報告
課題名稱
AGV車轉(zhuǎn)向總承設(shè)計
課題類型
工程設(shè)計
導(dǎo)師姓名
范維華
學(xué)生姓名
孫昌榮
學(xué) 號
201001013022
專業(yè)班級
機(jī)械08-4班
開題報告內(nèi)容:選題依據(jù)(選題的目的、意義、國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀、并注明主要參考文獻(xiàn)),研究(設(shè)計)內(nèi)容,研究(設(shè)計)方法及技術(shù)路線,時間安排,預(yù)期成果。(可加頁)
AGV即自動導(dǎo)引小車,它集聲、光、電、計算機(jī)技術(shù)于一體,綜合了當(dāng)今科技領(lǐng)域先進(jìn)的理論和應(yīng)用技術(shù)。廣泛應(yīng)用在柔性制造系統(tǒng)和自動化工廠中,具有運輸效率高、節(jié)能、工作可靠、能實現(xiàn)柔性運輸?shù)仍S多優(yōu)點,極大的提高生產(chǎn)自動化程度和生產(chǎn)效率。屬于移動式機(jī)器人的一個分支。它最早是在美國發(fā)展起來的,在國外已經(jīng)有幾十年的歷史了。因此,AGV被廣泛應(yīng)用在倉儲業(yè)、郵局、圖書館、港口碼頭、機(jī)場以及危險場所和特種作業(yè)的場合。AGV是一種非常有發(fā)展前途的物流輸送設(shè)備,尤其在柔性制造系統(tǒng)(FMS)中被認(rèn)為是最有效的物料運輸設(shè)備。
目前,AGV的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域主要用在制造業(yè),特別是在重型機(jī)械及部分非加工制造中的應(yīng)用。在制造業(yè)中主要用于物料分發(fā)、裝配和加工制造方面。其中,裝配作業(yè)中,汽車工業(yè)是AGV的應(yīng)用大戶。在物料分發(fā)中,主要用于生產(chǎn)工序間的物料移送和倉儲作業(yè)中的物料移送[。在凈化室中,AGV更可大顯身手,滿足凈化要求極高的操作。另外,AGV還可以作為機(jī)器人的“腳”,使機(jī)器人在更大范圍內(nèi)自動完成作業(yè)、水泥地面的光整等。在有核輻射的地方,使用機(jī)器人與AGV的配合,完成檢修與材料搬運等工作。因此,隨著電子、圖像識別、傳感和信息技術(shù)的發(fā)展,AGV的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域越來越廣。
目前國內(nèi)總體看AGV的應(yīng)用剛剛開始,相當(dāng)于國外80年代初的水平。但從應(yīng)用的行業(yè)分析,分布面非常廣闊,有汽車工業(yè),飛機(jī)制造業(yè),家用電器行業(yè),煙草行業(yè),機(jī)械加工,倉庫,郵電部門等。這說明AGV有一個潛在的廣闊市場。
AGV從技術(shù)的發(fā)展看,主要是從國家線路向可調(diào)整線路;從簡單車載單元控制向復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)計算機(jī)控制;從原始的段點定期通訊到先進(jìn)的實時通訊等方向發(fā)展;從落后的現(xiàn)場控制到先進(jìn)的遠(yuǎn)程圖形監(jiān)控;從領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展看,主要是從較為集中的機(jī)械制造、加工、裝配生產(chǎn)線向廣泛的各行業(yè)自動化生產(chǎn),物料搬運,物品倉儲,商品配送等行業(yè)發(fā)展。
參考文獻(xiàn)???
[1]?張建中.機(jī)械設(shè)計基礎(chǔ)[M].高等教育出版社,2007?
[2]?濮良貴.機(jī)械設(shè)計M].高等教育出版社,2005.??
[3]?寧德仁.淺談AGV及無人搬運系統(tǒng)工藝及裝備[J].1996.??
[4]?周全申.現(xiàn)代物流技術(shù)與裝備實務(wù)[M].北京:中國物資出版社,2002.??
[5]?王國華.現(xiàn)代物流工程[M].北京:國防工業(yè)出版社,2005.??
[6]?王小波.AGVS系統(tǒng)技術(shù)應(yīng)用[J].?北京:物流技術(shù),1997(1~6).??
[7]?戴慶輝.先進(jìn)制造系統(tǒng)[M].北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2007.??
[8]?樊躍進(jìn).AGV充電系統(tǒng)設(shè)計機(jī)械工業(yè)自動化[J].1994.???????????????
本課題要研究或解決的問題和擬采用的研究方法(途徑)
1. 本課題主要研究的是自動引導(dǎo)小車的結(jié)構(gòu)和系統(tǒng)設(shè)計,通過查閱相關(guān)資料后,對自動引導(dǎo)小車的結(jié)構(gòu)有了一定的了解,因此要完成此次設(shè)計主要考慮以下幾個方面的設(shè)計問題:??
(1)確定傳動方案??
(2)蝸輪蝸桿的設(shè)計??
(3)軸的設(shè)計??
2. 擬采用的研究途徑??
通過觀察研究,自動引導(dǎo)小車的結(jié)構(gòu)和系統(tǒng)主要包含以下幾部分的設(shè)計:??
(1)確定傳動方案??
通過查閱相關(guān)資料,在三輪機(jī)構(gòu)與四輪機(jī)構(gòu)之間比較,三輪機(jī)構(gòu)雖然成本較低,但沒有四輪機(jī)構(gòu)的較大的負(fù)載能力及較好的平穩(wěn)性。具體的設(shè)計將在設(shè)計說明書中說明。??
(2)蝸輪蝸桿的設(shè)計??
通過查閱相關(guān)資料,首先要選擇蝸桿的傳動類型,以及蝸輪蝸桿的受力分析,再進(jìn)行齒根彎曲疲勞強(qiáng)度的設(shè)計以及蝸輪蝸桿的主要參數(shù)及幾何尺寸,并畫出蝸輪蝸桿零件圖。具體的設(shè)計將在設(shè)計說明書中說明。??
(3)軸的設(shè)計??
?????軸主要是前輪軸與后輪軸的設(shè)計,首先要進(jìn)行軸上的受力分析,擬定軸上零件裝配方案,根據(jù)查閱相關(guān)手冊,確定軸上尺寸,最后要驚行軸的校核。具體的設(shè)計將在設(shè)計說明書中說明。????
(4)運用caxa、Pro/engineer等機(jī)械繪圖軟件分別繪制出相關(guān)零件圖和縱向運動機(jī)構(gòu)的三維造型。
時間安排:第一周對課題作出總體規(guī)劃分析,從總體上劃分分布各個環(huán)節(jié)。
第二周對caxa及pro/e軟件進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)并且掌握初步使用方法。
其他時間進(jìn)行綜合設(shè)計。
總之,在學(xué)校安排的時間內(nèi)完成所要完成的任務(wù)。
預(yù)期成果:通過本次設(shè)計對轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)和優(yōu)化取得充分的認(rèn)識并獲得一定得專業(yè)知識和技能,為以后從事車輛轉(zhuǎn)向結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計提供理論基礎(chǔ)與具體設(shè)計思路。
2012 年 4 月 21 日
指導(dǎo)教師意見:
指導(dǎo)教師: 年 月 日
注:課題類型填寫:工程設(shè)計、技術(shù)開發(fā)、軟件工程、理論研究等,同時注明X—真實課題;Y—模擬課題;Z—虛擬課題。
山 東 輕 工 業(yè) 學(xué) 院
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(論 文)任 務(wù) 書
機(jī)械工程 學(xué)院 2008級 機(jī)械設(shè)計制造及其自動化 專業(yè)
姓名 孫昌榮
題目 AGV車轉(zhuǎn)向總承設(shè)計
一、 主要內(nèi)容
隨著工廠自動化程度的提高,AGV小車越來越受到人們的青睞,它本身的自動化集成度相當(dāng)高,只需要人們輸入相關(guān)的指令,小車便可按著預(yù)定的指令行走,并且電源的充電過程都可以自動的完成。
國內(nèi)外制作設(shè)計的AGV小車的類型有很多,可用于不同的場合,針對不同的場合,設(shè)計出不同的傳動機(jī)構(gòu),本文所做的小車完全應(yīng)用于工廠車間的物料搬運,工作環(huán)境相對穩(wěn)定,所以設(shè)計用蝸桿渦輪進(jìn)行傳動。由渦輪帶動前輪驅(qū)動,后輪是萬向輪,負(fù)責(zé)轉(zhuǎn)向。
完成該課題設(shè)計任務(wù)書的內(nèi)容和設(shè)計參數(shù)的要求,最終以圖紙和設(shè)計說明書的形式表出設(shè)計成果。其中,設(shè)計裝配圖一張、主要部件的零件圖數(shù)張,設(shè)計說明說一份,中英文文獻(xiàn)一份,開題報告,中期報告等。
三、參考資料
[1] 濮良貴,紀(jì)名剛 機(jī)械設(shè)計 第7版 高等教育出版社 2001年6月
[2] 秦同順,楊承新 物流機(jī)械技術(shù) 人民交通出版社 2001年6月
[3] 魯曉春,吳志強(qiáng).物流設(shè)施與設(shè)備[M].北京:清華大學(xué)出版社,北京交通大學(xué)出版社,2005
完成期限:自 年 月 日 至 年 月 日
指導(dǎo)老師: 教研室主任:
系主任: 年 月 日
山 東 輕 工 業(yè) 學(xué) 院
中英文翻譯
院系名稱 機(jī)械工程學(xué)院
學(xué)生姓名 孫昌榮
專業(yè)班級 機(jī)械設(shè)計制造及其自動化08-4
指導(dǎo)教師 范維華
二○一二 年 四 月 二十 日
Aluminum multi-degreeof freedom manipulator Design and Implementation
Mechanical hand, is also called from begins, auto hand can imitate the manpower and arm's certain holding function, with by presses the fixed routine to capture, the transporting thing 'OR' operation tool's automatic operation installment. It may replace person's strenuous labor to realize the production mechanization and the automation, can operate under the hostile environment protects the personal safety, thus widely applies in departments and so on machine manufacture, metallurgy, electron, light industry and atomic energy.
The manipulator is mainly composed of the hand and the motion. The hand is uses for to grasp holds the work piece (or tool) the part, according to is grasped holds the thing shape, the size, the weight, the material and the work request has many kinds of structural styles, like the clamp, the request hold and the adsorption and so on. The motion, causes the hand to complete each kind of rotation (swinging), the migration or the compound motion realizes the stipulation movement, changes is grasped holds the thing position and the posture. Motion's fluctuation, the expansion, revolving and so on independence movement way, is called manipulator's degree-of-freedom. In order to capture in the space the optional position and the position object, must have 6 degrees-of-freedom. The degree-of-freedom is the key parameter which the manipulator designs. The degree-of-freedom are more, manipulator's flexibility is bigger, the versatility is broader, its structure is also more complex. Generally the special-purpose manipulator has 2~3 degrees-of-freedom.
The manipulator's type, may divide into the hydraulic pressure type, the air operated according to the drive type, electromotive type, the mechanical manipulator; May divide into the special-purpose manipulator and the general-purpose manipulator two kinds according to the applicable scope; May divide into the position control and the continuous path according to the path control mode controls the manipulator and so on.
The manipulator usually serves as the engine bed or other machine's add-on component, like on the automatic machine or the automatic production line loading and unloading and the transmission work piece, replaces the cutting tool in the machining center and so on, generally does not have the independent control device. Some operating equipment needs by the person direct control, if uses in the host who the atomic energy department manages the dangerous goods from the type operator also often being called the manipulator.
Robot is a type of mechantronics equipment which synthesizes the last research achievement of engine and precision engine, micro-electronics and computer, automation control and drive, sensor and message dispose and artificial intelligence and so on. With the development of economic and the demand for automation control, robot technology is developed quickly and all types of the robots products are come into being. The practicality use of robot products not only solves the problems which are difficult to operate for human being, but also advances the industrial automation program. At present, the research and development of robot involves several kinds of technology and the robot system configuration is so complex that the cost at large is high which to a certain extent limit the robot abroad use. To development economic practicality and high reliability robot system will be value to robot social application and economy development.
With the rapid progress with the control economy and expanding of the modern cities, the let of sewage is increasing quickly: With the development of modern technology and the enhancement of consciousness about environment reserve, more and more people realized the importance and urgent of sewage disposal. Active bacteria method is an effective technique for sewage disposal,The lacunaris plastic is an effective basement for active bacteria adhesion for sewage disposal. The abundance requirement for lacunaris plastic makes it is a consequent for the plastic producing with automation and high productivity. Therefore, it is very necessary to design a manipulator that can automatically fulfill the plastic holding.
With the analysis of the problems in the design of the plastic holding manipulator and synthesizing the robot research and development condition in recent years, a economic scheme is concluded on the basis of the analysis of mechanical configuration, transform system, drive device and control system and guided by the idea of the characteristic and complex of mechanical configuration, electronic, software and hardware. In this article, the mechanical configuration combines the character of direction coordinate and the arthrosis coordinate which can improve the stability and operation flexibility of the system. The main function of the transmission mechanism is to transmit power to implement department and complete the necessary movement. In this transmission structure, the screw transmission mechanism transmits the rotary motion into linear motion. Worm gear can give vary transmission ratio. Both of the transmission mechanisms have a characteristic of compact structure. The design of drive system often is limited by the environment condition and the factor of cost and technical lever. ''''The step motor can receive digital signal directly and has the ability to response outer environment immediately and has no accumulation error, which often is used in driving system. In this driving system, open-loop control system is composed of stepping motor, which can satisfy the demand not only for control precision but also for the target of economic and practicality. On this basis,the analysis of stepping motor in power calculating and style selecting is also given.
The analysis of kinematics and dynamics for object holding manipulator is given in completing the design of mechanical structure and drive system. Kinematics analysis is the basis of path programming and track control. The positive and reverse analysis of manipulator gives the relationship between manipulator space and drive space in position and speed. The relationship between manipulator’s tip position and arthrosis angles is concluded by coordinate transform method. The geometry method is used in solving inverse kinematics problem and the result will provide theory evidence for control system. The f0unction of dynamics is to get the relationship between the movement and force and the target is to satisfy the demand of real time control. in this chamfer, Newton-Euripides method is used in analysis dynamic problem of七h(yuǎn)e cleaning robot and the arthrosis force and torque are given which provide the foundation for step motor selecting and structure dynamic optimal ting.
Control system is the key and core part of the object holding manipulator system design which will direct effect the reliability and practicality of the robot system in the division of configuration and control function and also will effect or limit the development cost and cycle. With the demand of the PCL-839 card, the PC computer which has a. tight structure and is easy to be extended is used as the principal computer cell and takes the function of system initialization, data operation and dispose, step motor drive and error diagnose and so on. A t the same time, the configuration structure features, task principles and the position function with high precision of the control card PCL-839 are analyzed. Hardware is the matter foundation of the control. System and the software is the spirit of the control system. The target of the software is to combine all the parts in optimizing style and to improve the efficiency and reliability of the control system. The software design of the object holding manipulator control system is divided into several blocks such as system initialization block, data process block and error station detect and dispose model and so on. PCL-839 card can solve the communication between the main computer and the control cells and take the measure of reducing the influence of the outer signal to the control system.
The start and stop frequency of the step motor is far lower than the maximum running frequency. In order to improve the efficiency of the step motor, the increase and decrease of the speed is must considered when the step motor running in high speed and start or stop with great acceleration. The increase and decrease of the motor’s speed can be controlled by the pulse frequency sent to the step motor drive with a rational method. This can be implemented either by hardware or by software. A step motor shift control method is proposed, which is simple to calculate, easy to realize and the theory means is straightforward. The motor'''' s acceleration can fit the torque-frequency curve properly with this method. And the amount of calculation load is less than the linear acceleration shift control method and the method which is based on the exponential rule to change speed. The method is tested by experiment.
A t last, the research content and the achievement are sum up and the problems and shortages in main the content are also listed. The development and application of robot in the future is expected.
多自由度鋁合金機(jī)械手的設(shè)計與實現(xiàn)
能模仿人手和臂的某些動作功能,用以按固定程序抓取、搬運物件或操作工具的自動操作裝置。它可代替人的繁重勞動以實現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)的機(jī)械化和自動化,能在有害環(huán)境下操作以保護(hù)人身安全,因而廣泛應(yīng)用于機(jī)械制造、冶金、電子、輕工和原子能等部門。
機(jī)械手主要由手部和運動機(jī)構(gòu)組成。手部是用來抓持工件(或工具)的部件,根據(jù)被抓持物件的形狀、尺寸、重量、材料和作業(yè)要求而有多種結(jié)構(gòu)形式,如夾持型、托持型和吸附型等。運動機(jī)構(gòu),使手部完成各種轉(zhuǎn)動(擺動)、移動或復(fù)合運動來實現(xiàn)規(guī)定的動作,改變被抓持物件的位置和姿勢。運動機(jī)構(gòu)的升降、伸縮、旋轉(zhuǎn)等獨立運動方式,稱為機(jī)械手的自由度 。為了抓取空間中任意位置和方位的物體,需有6個自由度。自由度是機(jī) 械手設(shè)計的關(guān) 鍵參數(shù)。自由 度越多,機(jī)械手的靈活性越大,通用性越廣,其結(jié)構(gòu)也越復(fù)雜。一般專用機(jī)械手有2~3個自由度。
機(jī)械手的種類,按驅(qū)動方式可分為液壓式、氣動式、電動式、機(jī)械式機(jī)械手;按適用范圍可分為專用機(jī)械手和通用機(jī)械手兩種;按運動軌跡控制方式可分為點位控制和連續(xù)軌跡控制機(jī)械手等。
機(jī)械手通常用作機(jī)床或其他機(jī)器的附加裝置,如在自動機(jī)床或自動生產(chǎn)線上裝卸和傳遞工件,在加工中心中更換刀具等,一般沒有獨立的控制裝置。有些操作裝置需要由人直接操縱,如用于原子能部門操持危險物品的主從式操作手也常稱為機(jī)械手。
機(jī)器人是典型的機(jī)電一體化裝置,它綜合運用了機(jī)械與精密機(jī)械、微電子與計算機(jī)、自動控制與驅(qū)動、傳感器與信息處理以及人工智能等多學(xué)科的最新研究成果,隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和各行各業(yè)對自動化程度要求的提高,機(jī)器人技術(shù)得到了迅速發(fā)展,出現(xiàn)了各種各樣的機(jī)器人產(chǎn)品。機(jī)器人產(chǎn)品的實用化,既解決了許多單靠人力難以解決的實際問題,又促進(jìn)了工業(yè)自動化的進(jìn)程。目前,由于機(jī)器人的研制和開發(fā)涉及多方面的技術(shù),系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜,開發(fā)和研制的成本普遍較高,在某種程度上限制了該項技術(shù)的廣泛應(yīng)用,因此,研制經(jīng)濟(jì)型、實用化、高可靠性機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)具有廣泛的社會現(xiàn)實意義和經(jīng)濟(jì)價值。
由于我國經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)和城市化的快速發(fā)展,城市污水排放量增長很快,污水處理己經(jīng)擺在了人們的議事日程上來。隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展和人類知識水平的提高,人們越來越認(rèn)識到污水處理的重要性和迫切性,科學(xué)家和研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)塑料制品在水中是用于污水處理的很有效的污泥菌群的附著體。塑料制品的大量需求,使得塑料制品生產(chǎn)的自動化和高效率要求成為經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的必然。
本文結(jié)合塑料一次擠出成型機(jī)和塑料抓取機(jī)械手的研制過程中出現(xiàn)的問題,綜述近兒年機(jī)器人技術(shù)研究和發(fā)展的狀況,在充分發(fā)揮機(jī)、電、軟、硬件各自特點和優(yōu)勢互補(bǔ)的基礎(chǔ)上,對物料抓取機(jī)械手整體機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)、傳動系統(tǒng)、驅(qū)動裝置和控制系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了分析和設(shè)計,提出了一套經(jīng)濟(jì)型設(shè)計方案。采用直角坐標(biāo)和關(guān)節(jié)坐標(biāo)相結(jié)合的框架式機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)形式,這種方式能夠提高系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性和操作靈活性。傳動裝置的作用是將驅(qū)動元件的動力傳遞給機(jī)器人機(jī)械手相應(yīng)的執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu),以實現(xiàn)各種必要的運動,傳動方式上采用結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、傳動比大的蝸輪蝸桿傳動和將旋轉(zhuǎn)運動轉(zhuǎn)換為直線運動的螺旋傳動。機(jī)械手驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計往往受到作業(yè)環(huán)境條件的限制,同時也要考慮價格因素的影響以及能夠達(dá)到的技術(shù)水平。由于步進(jìn)電機(jī)能夠直接接收數(shù)字量,響應(yīng)速度快而且工作可靠并無累積誤差,常用作數(shù)字控制系統(tǒng)驅(qū)動機(jī)構(gòu)的動力元件,因此,在驅(qū)動裝置中采用由步進(jìn)電機(jī)構(gòu)成的開環(huán)控制方式,這種方式既能滿足控制精度的要求,又能達(dá)到經(jīng)濟(jì)性、實用化目的,在此基礎(chǔ)上,對步進(jìn)電機(jī)的功率計一算及選型問題經(jīng)行了分析。
在完成機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)和驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)設(shè)計的基礎(chǔ)上,對物料抓取機(jī)械手運動學(xué)和動力學(xué)進(jìn)行了分析。運動學(xué)分析是路徑規(guī)劃和軌跡控制的基礎(chǔ),對操作臂進(jìn)行了運動學(xué)正、逆問題的分析可以完成操作空間位置和速度向驅(qū)動空間的映射,采用齊次坐標(biāo)變換法得到了操作臂末端位置和姿態(tài)隨關(guān)節(jié)夾角之間的變換關(guān)系,采用幾何法分析了操作臂的逆向運動學(xué)方程求解問題,對控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計提供了理論依據(jù)。機(jī)器人動力學(xué)是研究物體的運動和作用力之間的關(guān)系的科學(xué),研究的目的是為了滿足是實時性控制的需要,本文采用牛頓-歐拉方法對物料抓取機(jī)械手動力學(xué)進(jìn)行了分析,計算出了關(guān)節(jié)力和關(guān)節(jié)力矩,為步進(jìn)電機(jī)的選型和動力學(xué)分析與結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化提供理論依據(jù)。
控制部分是整個物料抓取機(jī)械手系統(tǒng)設(shè)計關(guān)鍵和核心,它在結(jié)構(gòu)和功能上的劃分和實現(xiàn)直接關(guān)系到機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)的可靠性、實用性,也影響和制約機(jī)械手系統(tǒng)的研制成本和開發(fā)周期。在控制主機(jī)的選用上,采用結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、擴(kuò)展功能強(qiáng)和可靠性高的PC工業(yè)控制計算機(jī)作為主機(jī),配以PCL-839卡主要承擔(dān)系統(tǒng)功能初始化、數(shù)據(jù)運算與處理、步進(jìn)電機(jī)驅(qū)動以及故障診斷等功能;同時對PCL-839卡的結(jié)構(gòu)特點、功能原理和其高定位功能等給與了分析。硬件是整個控制系統(tǒng)以及極限位置功能賴以存在的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ),軟件則是計算機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)的神經(jīng)中樞,軟件設(shè)計的目的是以最優(yōu)的方式將各部分功能有機(jī)的結(jié)合起來,使系統(tǒng)具有較高的運行效率和較強(qiáng)的可靠性。在物料抓取機(jī)械手軟件的設(shè)計上,采用的是模塊化結(jié)構(gòu),分為系統(tǒng)初始化模塊、數(shù)據(jù)處理模塊和故障狀態(tài)檢測與處理等幾部分。主控計算機(jī)和各控制單元之間全部由PCL-839卡聯(lián)系,并且由該卡實現(xiàn)抗干擾等問題,減少外部信號對系統(tǒng)的影響。
步進(jìn)電機(jī)的啟停頻率遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)小于其最高運行頻率,為了提高工作效率,需要步進(jìn)電機(jī)高速運行并快速啟停時,必須考慮它的升,降速控制問題。電機(jī)的升降速控制可以歸結(jié)為以某種合理的力一式控制發(fā)送到步進(jìn)電機(jī)驅(qū)動器的脈沖頻率,這可由硬件實現(xiàn),也可由軟件方法來實現(xiàn)。本文提出了一種算法簡單、易于實現(xiàn)、理論意義明確的步進(jìn)電機(jī)變速控制策略:定時器常量修改變速控制方案。該方法能使步進(jìn)電機(jī)加速度與其力矩——頻率曲線較好地擬合,從而提高變速效率。而且它的計算量比線性加速度變速和基于指數(shù)規(guī)律加速度的變速控制小得多。通過實驗證明了該方法的有效性。
最后,對論文主要研究內(nèi)容和取得的技術(shù)成果進(jìn)行了總結(jié),提出了存在的問題和不足,同時對機(jī)器人技術(shù)的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用進(jìn)行了展望。
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