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南京理工大學(xué)泰州科技學(xué)院
學(xué)生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)中期檢查表
學(xué)生姓名
劉劍超
學(xué) 號(hào)
05010125
指導(dǎo)教師
龔光容
選題情況
課題名稱
車床變速用撥叉加工工藝及關(guān)鍵工序工裝設(shè)計(jì)
難易程度
偏難
適中
√
偏易
工作量
較大
合理
√
較小
符合規(guī)范化的要求
任務(wù)書
有
√
無
開題報(bào)告
有
√
無
外文翻譯質(zhì)量
優(yōu)
良
中
√
差
學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度、出勤情況
好
一般
√
差
工作進(jìn)度
快
按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行
慢
√
中期工作匯報(bào)及解答問題情況
優(yōu)
良
中
√
差
中期成績?cè)u(píng)定:中
所在專業(yè)意見:
學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度、出勤情況一般,工作進(jìn)度較慢,階段成果不明顯。
負(fù)責(zé)人:
年 月 日
南京理工大學(xué)泰州科技學(xué)院
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)任務(wù)書
系 部:
機(jī)械工程系
專 業(yè):
機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化
學(xué) 生 姓 名:
劉劍超
學(xué) 號(hào):
05010125
設(shè)計(jì)(論文)題目:
車床變速用撥叉加工工藝
及關(guān)鍵工序工裝設(shè)計(jì)
起 迄 日 期:
2009年 3月09 日 ~ 6月14日
設(shè)計(jì)(論文)地點(diǎn):
南京理工大學(xué)泰州科技學(xué)院
指 導(dǎo) 教 師:
龔光容
專業(yè)負(fù)責(zé)人:
龔光容
發(fā)任務(wù)書日期: 2009年 2 月 26 日
任務(wù)書填寫要求
1.畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)任務(wù)書由指導(dǎo)教師根據(jù)各課題的具體情況填寫,經(jīng)學(xué)生所在專業(yè)的負(fù)責(zé)人審查、系部領(lǐng)導(dǎo)簽字后生效。此任務(wù)書應(yīng)在第七學(xué)期結(jié)束前填好并發(fā)給學(xué)生;
2.任務(wù)書內(nèi)容必須用黑墨水筆工整書寫或按教務(wù)處統(tǒng)一設(shè)計(jì)的電子文檔標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式(可從教務(wù)處網(wǎng)頁上下載)打印,不得隨便涂改或潦草書寫,禁止打印在其它紙上后剪貼;
3.任務(wù)書內(nèi)填寫的內(nèi)容,必須和學(xué)生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)完成的情況相一致,若有變更,應(yīng)當(dāng)經(jīng)過所在專業(yè)及系部主管領(lǐng)導(dǎo)審批后方可重新填寫;
4.任務(wù)書內(nèi)有關(guān)“系部”、“專業(yè)”等名稱的填寫,應(yīng)寫中文全稱,不能寫數(shù)字代碼。學(xué)生的“學(xué)號(hào)”要寫全號(hào);
5.任務(wù)書內(nèi)“主要參考文獻(xiàn)”的填寫,應(yīng)按照國標(biāo)GB 7714—2005《文后參考文獻(xiàn)著錄規(guī)則》的要求書寫,不能有隨意性;
6.有關(guān)年月日等日期的填寫,應(yīng)當(dāng)按照國標(biāo)GB/T 7408—2005《數(shù)據(jù)元和交換格式、信息交換、日期和時(shí)間表示法》規(guī)定的要求,一律用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字書寫。如“2008年3月15日”或“2008-03-15”。
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)(論 文)任 務(wù) 書
1.本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)課題應(yīng)達(dá)到的目的:
車床變速用撥叉是某企業(yè)產(chǎn)品中的關(guān)鍵零件之一,生產(chǎn)量比較大。為了保證產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量,提高加工效率,需要對(duì)其加工工藝進(jìn)行優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì),并在關(guān)鍵工序使用組合機(jī)床或?qū)S脵C(jī)床進(jìn)行加工。本課題即以此為背景,要求學(xué)生根據(jù)企業(yè)生產(chǎn)需要和車床變速用撥叉零件的加工要求,首先完成零件的加工工藝規(guī)程設(shè)計(jì),在此基礎(chǔ)之上,選擇其關(guān)鍵工序之一進(jìn)行專用夾具及加工用組合機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì),并完成必要的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算。
通過這樣一個(gè)典型環(huán)節(jié)綜合訓(xùn)練,達(dá)到綜合訓(xùn)練學(xué)生運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí),解決工程實(shí)際問題的能力。
2.本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)課題任務(wù)的內(nèi)容和要求(包括原始數(shù)據(jù)、技術(shù)要求、工作要求等):
本課題要求學(xué)生在對(duì)車床變速用撥叉的加工要求、零件的結(jié)構(gòu)工藝性進(jìn)行認(rèn)真分析的基礎(chǔ)上,首先對(duì)零件的加工工藝規(guī)程做出優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì),并對(duì)其關(guān)鍵工序之一進(jìn)行專用夾具及加工用組合機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)。具體任務(wù)及要求如下:
(1)調(diào)查研究、查閱及翻譯文獻(xiàn)資料,撰寫開題報(bào)告;
(2)車床變速用撥叉加工要求、零件的結(jié)構(gòu)工藝性分析;
(3)車床變速用撥叉加工工藝規(guī)程設(shè)計(jì);
(4)車床變速用撥叉關(guān)鍵工序的專用夾具設(shè)計(jì);
(5)車床變速用撥叉關(guān)鍵工序的組合機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì);
(6)必要的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算與分析;
(7)文檔整理、撰寫畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書及使用說明書。
設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)要求包括:
(1)生產(chǎn)綱領(lǐng) 50000件/年
(2)夾具采用液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)
(3)組合機(jī)床采用液壓滑臺(tái)
(4)每次加工一個(gè)零件
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)(論 文)任 務(wù) 書
3.對(duì)本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)課題成果的要求〔包括畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文、圖表、實(shí)物樣品等〕:
(1)開題報(bào)告、文獻(xiàn)綜述、資料翻譯;
(2)車床變速用撥叉加工工藝過程綜合卡及各工序工序卡;
(3)車床變速用撥叉零件圖及夾具裝配圖;
(4)組合機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)資料(三圖一卡);
(5)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書。
4.主要參考文獻(xiàn):
[1] 裘愉弢主編. 組合機(jī)床[M]. 第1版.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1995.
[2] 金振華主編.組合機(jī)床及其調(diào)整與使用[M]. 第1版.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1990.
[3] 沈延山.生產(chǎn)實(shí)習(xí)與組合機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)[D].第1版.大連:大連理工大學(xué)出版社,1989.
[4] 上海市大專院校機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)協(xié)作組編著.機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)[M](修訂版).福建科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社,1996.
[5] 王華坤,范元?jiǎng)拙?機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)[M].北京:兵器工業(yè)出版社,2000.
[6] 馮辛安等編.機(jī)械制造裝備設(shè)計(jì)[M]. 北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1998.
[7] 陳日曜主編.金屬切削原理[M]. 第2版.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1992.
[8] 方子良等編.機(jī)械制造技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)[M].上海:上海交通大學(xué)出版社,2004.
[9] 劉秋生,李忠文主編.液壓傳動(dòng)與控制[M].北京:宇航出版社,1994.
[10] 陳于萍,周兆元等.互換性與測(cè)量技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)[M]. 第2版.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2005.
[11] 東北重型機(jī)械學(xué)院等合編.機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)[M].上海:上??茖W(xué)技術(shù)出版社,1979.
[12]《機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)》聯(lián)合編寫組. 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)[M]. 第2版.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1987.
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)(論 文)任 務(wù) 書
5.本畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)課題工作進(jìn)度計(jì)劃:
起 迄 日 期
工 作 內(nèi) 容
2009年
3月09日 ~ 3 月15 日
3月16日 ~ 3 月29 日
3月30日 ~ 4 月19 日
4月20日 ~ 5 月03 日
5月04日 ~ 5 月31 日
6月01日 ~ 6 月07 日
6月08日 ~ 6 月14 日
熟悉畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)要求。查閱資料,完成外文資料翻譯工作
撰寫開題報(bào)告及文獻(xiàn)綜述
車床變速用撥叉加工工藝規(guī)程設(shè)計(jì)(至少提出2個(gè)方案,進(jìn)行分析比較,最后決定一個(gè)較優(yōu)的方案)
夾具設(shè)計(jì)(至少提出2個(gè)方案,進(jìn)行分析比較,最后決定一個(gè)較優(yōu)的方案)
組合機(jī)床設(shè)計(jì)(完成三圖一卡)
文檔整理、撰寫畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書。
論文答辯
所在專業(yè)審查意見:
負(fù)責(zé)人:
2009年 月 日
系部意見:
系部主任:
2009年 月 日
南京理工大學(xué)泰州科技學(xué)院
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)前期工作材料
學(xué)生姓名:
劉劍超
學(xué) 號(hào):
05010125
系 部:
機(jī)械工程系
專 業(yè):
機(jī)械制造及自動(dòng)化
設(shè)計(jì)(論文)題目:
車床變速用撥叉加工工藝及
關(guān)鍵工序工裝設(shè)計(jì)
指導(dǎo)教師:
龔光容
教授
材 料 目 錄
序號(hào)
名 稱
數(shù)量
備 注
1
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)選題、審題表
1
教師完成
2
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)任務(wù)書
1
教師完成
3
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)開題報(bào)告〔含文獻(xiàn)綜述〕
1
學(xué)生完成
4
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文資料翻譯〔含原文〕
1
學(xué)生完成
5
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)中期檢查表
1
教師完成
2009年6月
南京理工大學(xué)泰州科技學(xué)院
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文資料翻譯
系 部: 機(jī)械工程系
專 業(yè): 機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化
姓 名: 劉劍超
學(xué) 號(hào): 05010125
外文出處: Process Planning and Concurrent Engineering
附 件: 1.外文資料翻譯譯文;2.外文原文。
指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)語:
簽名:
年 月 日
附件1:外文資料翻譯譯文
工序制訂與并行工程
產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)是用于產(chǎn)品,及它的部件裝配的計(jì)劃。為了把產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)轉(zhuǎn)化成一個(gè)實(shí)際存在的物體,這需要一個(gè)制造計(jì)劃。而制訂一個(gè)這樣的計(jì)劃的行動(dòng)就叫做工序制訂。它是產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)和制造之間的連接。工序制訂包括決定加工順序和制造產(chǎn)品所必須完成的裝配步驟。在這篇文章中,我們將對(duì)工序制訂和他的一些相關(guān)的主題進(jìn)行解釋。
首先,我們應(yīng)該區(qū)別在這篇文章中被反復(fù)提到的工序制訂和生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃。工序制訂與如何制造產(chǎn)品和它的零件等工程技術(shù)問題有關(guān)。制造零件和裝配產(chǎn)品需要什么樣的設(shè)備和工具?工序制訂與產(chǎn)品制造物流管理有關(guān)系。它在工序制訂后面與原料分類及獲得滿足制造充分?jǐn)?shù)量產(chǎn)品要求的資源有關(guān)。
工序制訂
工序制訂包括決定最適當(dāng)?shù)闹圃旒把b配步驟和順序,可計(jì)劃的工序范圍和多樣性通常由于公司車間可用設(shè)備和技術(shù)能力而受到限制。在公司內(nèi)部不能夠制造的零件必須到外部市場(chǎng)購買。工序制訂所提及的工序選擇同樣也受到詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)資料的限制。我們稍后將會(huì)回到這一點(diǎn)。
工序制訂通常是由制造工程師完成的。(工業(yè)工程師擁有其他權(quán)利。)工序制訂者必須熟悉工廠中詳細(xì)可用的制造流程并且能夠說明工程圖?;谥朴喺叩闹R(shí),技術(shù)和經(jīng)驗(yàn),用于制造每個(gè)零件的工序步驟以最合乎邏輯的順序被發(fā)展制訂。下列各項(xiàng)是在工序制訂范圍里的許多決定和詳細(xì)資料:
.設(shè)計(jì)圖的說明. 在工序制訂的開始,產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)的這一部分(材料、尺寸、公差、表面處理、等等)必須進(jìn)行分析。
.工序和順序. 工序制訂者必須選擇哪一個(gè)工序是必需的及必需工序的序列。此外還必須準(zhǔn)備好一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短的工序步驟描述。
.設(shè)備選擇. 大體上,工序制訂者必須逐步展開利用工廠現(xiàn)有機(jī)器的計(jì)劃。另外,組件必須被購買或在新設(shè)備上的投資必須被制定。
.工具、沖模、鑄模、夾具、量具. 工序必須決定每個(gè)工序需要什么工具。這些工具的實(shí)際設(shè)計(jì)和制造通常通過委派工具設(shè)計(jì)部門和工具庫或者聯(lián)系專攻那種工具制造的外面廠商來完成。
.方法分析. 車間規(guī)劃、小工具、提升重物的提升間、甚至在一些人工操作情景中的肢體動(dòng)作也被指定。
.操作步驟. 工作測(cè)量技術(shù)被用來為每個(gè)操作設(shè)定時(shí)間標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
.切削工具和切削條件. 這些必須對(duì)加工操作通過推薦標(biāo)準(zhǔn)手冊(cè)來進(jìn)行詳細(xì)說明。
零件工序制訂
對(duì)于單個(gè)零件,加工順序通過一種被稱為進(jìn)路表的表格來進(jìn)行文件證明備份。 (不是所有的公司使用進(jìn)路表這個(gè)名字;另外的一個(gè)名字是“操作說明書?!保┚腿绻こ虉D被用于詳細(xì)說明產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)一樣,進(jìn)路表被用于詳細(xì)說明工序計(jì)劃。他們是類似的,一個(gè)用于產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì),另一個(gè)用于制造。典型的進(jìn)路表,如圖21.1 中舉例,包括下列信息:(1)所有工作部分要執(zhí)行的操作都按照他們應(yīng)當(dāng)被執(zhí)行的順序列出來;(2)一個(gè)指出關(guān)于零件圖尺寸公差必須完成加工的每個(gè)操作的簡(jiǎn)短描述;(3)用于完成這個(gè)操作的特定設(shè)備;(4)象沖模,鉆模,切削刀具,鉆夾具或夾具,和量具這樣的特定工具。一些公司還包括時(shí)間設(shè)置,周期標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和其他數(shù)據(jù)。他被稱為進(jìn)路表是因?yàn)楣ば蝽樞蛞?guī)定了零件在工廠中必須遵循的路線。如表21-1中,列出了在準(zhǔn)備一個(gè)進(jìn)路表時(shí)所需要的一些指導(dǎo)方針。
進(jìn)路表
包含 XYZ在內(nèi)的機(jī)械工廠
零件號(hào)
081099
材料 1050 H18 A1
序號(hào)
零件名稱
發(fā)電機(jī)軸
產(chǎn)品尺寸
60mm diam,206mm length
操作內(nèi)容
面向末端(0.003mm).粗車直徑至52.00mm.在50.00mm處結(jié)束車削面向并車削長15.00mm直徑為42.00mm的軸肩
退刀結(jié)束.表面加工至200.00mm長.粗車直徑到52.0mm.至50.mm車削結(jié)束.
鉆4個(gè)直徑為7.5mm的孔
銑6.5mm深x方向5.00mm寬的槽
在對(duì)面銑寬10.00mm的槽
制訂者
MPGroover
校核: N.Needed
日期08/12/xx
頁數(shù)
1/1
注釋
加工方法
設(shè)備
裝備
時(shí)間設(shè)置
操作時(shí)間
10
20
30
40
50
lathe
L45
Drill
Mill
Mill
L45
G0810
D09
M32
F630
G0810
0.7hr
J555
F662
1.5hr
1.0hr
3.0min.
0.5hr
0.7hr
4.8min
5.2min
3.2min
6.2min
圖 21.1 詳細(xì)說明工序計(jì)劃的典型進(jìn)路表
表21-1 準(zhǔn)備一個(gè)進(jìn)路表的典型指導(dǎo)方針
連續(xù)操作步驟的操作序號(hào)應(yīng)該以10,20,30,等形式列出。如果必要的話這允許插入新的操作。
當(dāng)一個(gè)工件從一個(gè)工作站到另一個(gè)工作站, 新的操作和序號(hào)必須進(jìn)行詳細(xì)說明。
當(dāng)一個(gè)工件從一個(gè)夾具到另一個(gè)夾具,盡管有可能在同一設(shè)備上,新的操作和序號(hào)也必須進(jìn)行詳細(xì)說明。
當(dāng)在一條生產(chǎn)線上如果一個(gè)工件從一個(gè)工人到另一個(gè)工人,新的操作和序號(hào)也必須進(jìn)行詳細(xì)說明。
開始
原料
基礎(chǔ)工序
二級(jí)工序
特性加強(qiáng)工序
最后工序
完成零件
特性加強(qiáng)工序不一定是必須的
在特性加強(qiáng)之后,有時(shí)需要一些二級(jí)工序
圖21.2 在零件制造中的典型工序順序
制造單個(gè)零件的典型加工順序包括:(1)一個(gè)基本工序,(2)二級(jí)工序,(3) 提高物質(zhì)特性工序,和(3)最后工序。在圖21.2中顯示了這種序列。一個(gè)基本工序決定了工件的起始造型。金屬鑄件,塑料成型,金屬精煉是基本工序中的實(shí)例。 起始造型常常必須通過改變起始造型操作(或者接近于最終造型)的二級(jí)工序來精制。二級(jí)工序習(xí)慣于和基本工序一起提供起始造型。當(dāng)砂型鑄造是基本工序,車加工通常是二級(jí)工序。當(dāng)軋鋼廠制造金屬片是基本工序,沖壓操作象沖裁和彎曲通常是二級(jí)工序。當(dāng)塑料注入成型是基本工序時(shí),二級(jí)工序通常是不必要的,因?yàn)樗拇蠖鄶?shù)幾何特征制造通過別的方式如成型制造來完成。塑料成型和其他操作的二級(jí)工序被稱為凈成型工序的并發(fā)二級(jí)工序。需要一些但并不多的二級(jí)工序的操作就是所提到的近似凈成型工序。許多有印象的摸鍛件就是這一類。這類零件能夠經(jīng)常在鍛造(初級(jí)工序)階段被成型,因此減少了必要的加工(二級(jí)工序)。
一旦模型被建立,許多零件的下一步是改良它們的機(jī)械物理性能。提高特性工序并不改變零件模型,然而,它卻能改變零件的物理特性。金屬零件的熱處理操作就是最普通的實(shí)例。類似的如玻璃通過熱處理來制造鋼化玻璃。對(duì)于大多數(shù)零件的制造來說,這些特性加強(qiáng)工序如在圖21.2指出的可選擇路徑那樣在加工工序中并不需要。
最后工序通常對(duì)零件(或裝配體)的表面提供一個(gè)涂層。例如電鍍,薄膜沉積技術(shù),涂漆。表面處理的目的是改善外觀,改變顏色,或者表面保護(hù)防止腐蝕和磨損等等。在很多零件中最后工序是并不需要的;例如,塑料成型就很少需要最后程序。當(dāng)必須需要最后程序,他通常是加工順序的最后一步。表21-2列出了一些普通原料加工的典型加工順序:
表21-2 一些典型加工順序
基本工序
開始原料
二級(jí)工序
最后成型
加強(qiáng)工序
最后工序
砂型鑄造
砂型鑄件
加工
車加工零件
(可選擇)
涂漆
拉摸鑄造
拉摸鑄件
(凈成型)
拉摸鑄造
(可選擇)
涂漆
玻璃鑄造
玻璃錠
擠壓 ,吹塑法
玻璃器皿
熱處理
(無)
注塑成型
模型制品
(凈成型)
成型塑料
(無)
(無)
軋?jiān)?
金屬片l
切割模
彎曲模
沖壓
(無)
電鍍 噴漆
軋?jiān)?
金屬片l
深沖壓
沖壓
(無)
電鍍 噴漆
鍛造
鍛件
(凈成型) 加工
機(jī)加工件
(無)
電鍍 噴漆
軋?jiān)?棒材拉拔
棒料
磨削加工
機(jī)加工件
熱處理
電鍍 噴漆
擠壓鋁
壓出型材
切削
擠壓零件
(無)
陽極電鍍 噴漆
霧化
金屬粉末
擠壓
PM 零件
燒結(jié)
噴漆
粉碎
陶器粉末
擠壓
陶器
燒結(jié)
上釉
錠拉拔
矽塊
鋸和碾磨
硅片
清洗
鋸 和 磨削
矽塊
氧化,
CVD,PVD
蝕化
IC芯片
表面處理
裝配工序制訂
一個(gè)既定產(chǎn)品的典型裝配方法由以下因素決定的:(1)預(yù)期產(chǎn)品數(shù)量;(2)裝配產(chǎn)品的復(fù)雜性,例如,不同組件的數(shù)量;和(3)常用裝配工序,例如,機(jī)械定位焊接。對(duì)于小數(shù)量產(chǎn)品,通常在人工裝配線上進(jìn)行裝配。對(duì)于大量制造的一打或這樣組件的簡(jiǎn)單零件,要采用適當(dāng)?shù)淖詣?dòng)化裝配線。無論如何,這里有一個(gè)工作必須被完成的優(yōu)先順序。這個(gè)優(yōu)先需求經(jīng)常用一個(gè)優(yōu)先表來進(jìn)行圖表描繪。
裝配工序制訂包括裝配指令的發(fā)展,但是更詳細(xì)地,對(duì)于小批量生產(chǎn),在一個(gè)崗位完成整個(gè)裝配。對(duì)于一個(gè)裝配線上的大批量生產(chǎn),工序制訂由一種分配工作條件到裝配線個(gè)別工位并被叫做人工投入線性平衡法的程序組成。這種裝配線按照裝配線平衡解決方案決定的順序發(fā)送工作單元到個(gè)別工位。在個(gè)別組成,任意工具或夾具的工序制訂時(shí),一條裝配線的決定,設(shè)計(jì),和制造必須被完成,并且工作站的必須被列出來。
制造或購買決定
在工序制定過程中出現(xiàn)的一個(gè)重大問題是一個(gè)特定零件應(yīng)該在公司內(nèi)部的工廠內(nèi)生產(chǎn)還是從外部銷售商處購買,并且這個(gè)問題的答案被認(rèn)為是制造或購買決定。如果公司沒有技術(shù)設(shè)備或制造零件所必須的詳細(xì)制造工序中的專門技術(shù),那么答案就很明顯了:因?yàn)闆]有其他選擇零件必須購買。然而,在很多例子中,零件既可以在利用現(xiàn)有設(shè)備在內(nèi)部制造或者可以從外部擁有相似制造能力的生產(chǎn)銷售商處購買。
在我們的關(guān)于制造或購買的決定的討論中,他應(yīng)該認(rèn)識(shí)到在開始幾乎所有的制造者從供應(yīng)商那里購買原料。一個(gè)機(jī)械加工廠從一個(gè)金屬經(jīng)銷商購買他的起動(dòng)柄原料或從一個(gè)鑄造廠購買他的砂型鑄件。一個(gè)塑料成型廠從一個(gè)化工廠購買他的模塑料。一個(gè)沖壓廠可以去經(jīng)銷商或直接從軋鋼廠購買金屬片。很少的公司能夠在操作中從原料一直進(jìn)行垂直整合,這看來至少購買一些也許在他的工廠可以另外制造的零件是合理的。也有可能為公司使用的每一個(gè)組成要求制造或購買決定。
這里有許多影響制造或購買決定的因素。在表21-3中列出一列影響決定的因素和結(jié)果。一個(gè)人可能認(rèn)為成本是決定是購買還是制造零件的最重要的因素。如果一個(gè)外部經(jīng)銷商比公司工廠更精通于制造零件的工序,因而公司內(nèi)部生產(chǎn)成本可能比經(jīng)銷商賺取成本后的價(jià)格還要高。可是,如果購買決定導(dǎo)致公司工廠設(shè)備和勞動(dòng)的閑置,可是購買零件的表面優(yōu)勢(shì)就會(huì)喪失。考慮以下例子,例21.1制造或購買決定
為一個(gè)特定零件被引述的價(jià)格是100個(gè)單位的每單位$20.00。制造零件的成分如下所示:
單位原料成本=每單位$8.00
直接勞動(dòng)成本=每單位6.00
勞動(dòng)加班150%=每單位9.00
設(shè)備修理成本=每單位5.00
總計(jì)=每單位28.00
表21-3制造或購買決定因素
因素
在制造或購買決定的說明和效果
零件成本是如何比較的?
這也許被看作是在制造或購買決定的最重要的因素。然而,成本比較并不明顯,如例21.1
這種加工可以在內(nèi)部使用嗎?
如果一個(gè)給定工序的設(shè)備和專門技術(shù)在內(nèi)部不能用,那么購買是顯而易見的決定。經(jīng)銷商經(jīng)常適合精通特定工序,這使得他們?cè)趦?nèi)外比較中有較強(qiáng)的成本競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。然而,如果公司不發(fā)展在對(duì)于制造該類型產(chǎn)品的重要特定工序的專門技術(shù),這將影響公司的長期成本運(yùn)算。
什么是產(chǎn)品總產(chǎn)量?
必需的單位總數(shù)在產(chǎn)品的生命上是主要因數(shù)。如果總生產(chǎn)量增大,這用意支持制造決定。較低的生產(chǎn)量支持購買決定。
什么是產(chǎn)品預(yù)期壽命?
較長的產(chǎn)品壽命趨向于支持這種決定
組成是不是一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)項(xiàng)目?
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)目錄項(xiàng)目(舉例來說,硬件項(xiàng)目如螺栓,螺釘,螺母,和其他標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件)由那些專門制造這種產(chǎn)品的廠商以低成本制造。在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件上,成本比較幾乎一直支持一個(gè)購買決定
供應(yīng)商是否值得信賴?
一個(gè)經(jīng)銷商在關(guān)鍵零件的交貨延誤將導(dǎo)致公司總裝配廠的停工。擁有保證交貨期和質(zhì)量報(bào)告的供應(yīng)商比那些有較少報(bào)告的供應(yīng)商要受到優(yōu)先考慮的。
公司工廠是不是已經(jīng)全能力操作?
在最高要求周期中,公司也許被迫從外部經(jīng)銷商購買一部分必需的產(chǎn)品來增大列出工廠設(shè)備能力。
公司需要一個(gè)其它可能的供給來源嗎?
公司有時(shí)為他們的生產(chǎn)工廠從外部經(jīng)銷商購買的零件來維持可選擇的貨源。
附件2:外文原文
Process Planning and Concurrent Engineering
The product design is the plan for the product and its components and subassemblies.To convert the product design into a physical entity ,a manufacturing plan is needed .The activity of developing such a plan is called process planning .It is the link between product design and manufacturing .Process planning involves determining the sequence of processing and assembly steps that must be accomplished to make the product .In the present chapter ,we examine processing planning and several related topics.
At the outset ,we should distinguish between process planning and production planning ,which is covered in the following chapter. Process planning is concerned with the engineering and technological issues of how to make the products and its parts. What types of equipment and tooling are required to fabricate the parts and assemble the product ? Production planning is concerned with the logistics of making the product .After process planning is concerned with ordering the materials and obtaining the resources required to make the product in sufficient quantities to satisfy demand for it.
Process Planning
Process planning involves determining the most appropriate manufacturing and assembly processes and the sequence in which they should be accomplished to produce a given part or product according to specifications set forth in the product design documentation.The scope and variety of processes that can be planned are generally limited by the available processing equipment and technological capabilities of the company of plant .Parts that cannot be made internally must be purchased from outside vendors. It should be mentioned that the choice of processes is also limited by the details of the product design.This is a point we will return to later.
Process planning is usually accomplished by manufacturing engineers .(Other titles include in industrial engineer.) The process planner must be familiar with the particular manufacturing processes available in the factory and be able to interpret engineering drawings .Based on the planner’s knowledge,skill,and experience ,the processing steps are developed in the most logical sequence to make each part .Following is a list of the many decisions and details usually include within the scope of process planning :
.Interpretation of design drawings. The part of product design must be analyzed (materials,dimensions,tolerances ,surface finished,etc.) at the start of the process planning procedure.
.Process and sequence. The process planner must select which processes are required and their sequence.A brief description of processing steps must be prepared.
.Equipment selection . In general , process planners must develop plans that utilize existing equipment in the plant .Otherwise ,the component must be purchased ,or an investment must be made in new equipment .
.Tools ,dies,molds,fixtures,and gages. The process must decide what tooling is required for each processing step.The actual design and fabrication of these tools is usually delegated to a tool design department and tool room ,or an outside vendor specializing in that type of tool is contacted.
Methods analysis . Workplace layout ,small tools ,hoists for lifting heavy parts ,even in some cases hand and body motions must be specified for manual operations .The industrial engineering department is usually responsible for this area.
.Work standards. Work measurement techniques are used to set time standards for each operation .
.Cutting tools and cutting conditions. These must be specified for machining operations ,often with reference to standard handbook recommendations.
Process Planning for parts
For individual parts,the processing sequence is documented on a form called a route sheet .(Not all companies use the name route sheet ;another name is “operation sheet .”)Just as engineering drawings are used to specify the product design ,route sheets are used to specify the process plan .They are counterparts,one for product design ,the other for manufacturing .A typical route sheet ,illustrated in Fig.21.1,includes the following information: (1) all operations to be performed on the work part ,listed in the order in which they should be performed ; (2) a brief description of each operation indicating the processing to be accomplished,with references to dimensions and tolerances on the part drawing; (3) the specific machines on which the work to be done; and (4) special tooling such as dies molds ,cutting tools,jigs or fixtures ,and gages.Some companies also include setup times ,cycle time standards,and other data.It is called a route sheet because the processing sequence defines the route that the part must follow in the factory .Some of the guidelines in preparing a route sheet are listed in Table 21-1.
Decisions on process to be used to fabricate a given part are based largely on the starting material for the part .This starting material is selected by the product designer.Once the material has been specified ,the range of the possible processing operation is reduced considerably .The product designer’s decisions on starting material are based primarily on functional requirements ,although economics and manufacturability a role in the selection.
Route Sheet
XYZ Machine Shop,Inc.
Part no.
081099
Material 1050 H18 A1
No.
Part name
Shaft ,generator
Stock size
60mm diam,206mm length
Operation description
Face end (approacx.3 mm).Rough turn to 52.00 mm diam Finish turn to 50.00 mm diam.Face and turn shoulder to 42.00 mm diam.and 15.00 mm lenghth
Reverse end.Face end to 200.00mm length.Rough turn to 52.00mm diam.Finish turn to 50.00mm diam
Drill 4radial holes 7.50mm diam
Mill 6.5 mm deep X 5.00 mm wide slot
Mill 10.00 mm wide flat ,opposite side.
Planner
MPGroover
Check by: N.Needed
Date 08/12/xx
Page
1/1
Comments
Dept
Machine
Tooling
Setup
Sdt
10
20
30
40
50
lathe
L45
Drill
Mill
Mill
L45
G0810
D09
M32
F630
G0810
0.7hr
J555
F662
1.5hr
1.0hr
3.0min.
0.5hr
0.7hr
4.8min
5.2min
3.2min
6.2min
Fig.21.1 Typical routes sheet for specifying the process plan
Table 21-1 Typical Guidelines in Preparing a Route Sheet
.Operation numbers for consecutive processing steps should be listed as 10,20,30,etc
This allows new operations to be inserted if necessary.
.A new operation and number shouled be specified when a work part leaves one workstation and is transferred to another station.
.A new operation and number should be specified if a part is transferred to another workholder(e.g...,jig or fixture),even if it is on the same machine tool.
.A new operation and number should be specified if the work part is transferred from one worker to another ,as on a production line.
Starting raw material
Basic process
Secondary process
Property-enhancing processes
Finishing operations
Finished part
Property-enhancing processes not always required
Additionary secondary processes sometimes required following property enhancement
Fig.21.2 Typical sequence of processes required in part fabrication
A typical processing sequence to fabricate an individual part consists of : (1) a basic process,(2)secondary processes ,(3) operations to enhance physical properties,and (4)finishing operations.The sequence is shown in Fig.21.2. A basic process determines the starting geometry of the workpart.Metal casting ,plastic molding ,and roling of sheet metal are examples of basic processes.The starting geometry must often be refined by secondary processes,operations that transform the starting geometry (or close to final geometry ).The secondary geometry processes that might be used are closely correlated to the basic process that provides the starting geometry.When sand casting is the basic processes,machining operations are generally the second processes .When a rolling mill produces sheet metal,stamping operations such as punching and bending are the secondary processes.When plastic injection molding is the basic process ,secondary operations are often unnecessary,because most of the geometric features that would otherwise require machining can be created by the molding operation.Plastic molding and other operation that require no subsequent secondary processing are called net shape processes.Operations that require some but not much secondary processing (usually machining ) are referred to as near net shape processes.Some impression die forgings are in this category .These parts can often be shaped in the forging operation(basic processes)so that minimal machining (secondary processing )is required .
Once the geometry has been established ,the next step for some parts is to improve their mechanical and physical properties .Operations to enhance properties do not alter the geometry of the part;instead,they alter physical properties .Heat treating operations on metal parts are the most common examples .Similar heating treatments are performed on glass to produce tempered glass.For most manufactured parts ,these property-enhancing operations are not required in the processing sequence ,as indicated by the alternative arrow path in Fig.21.2.
Finally finish operations usually provide a coat on the work parts (or assembly )surface. Examples inclued electroplating ,thin film deposition techniques ,and painting.The purpose of the coating is to enhance appearance ,change color ,or protect the surface from corrosion,abrasion ,and so forth .Finishing operations are not required on many parts ;for example, plastic molding rarely require finishing .When finishing is required ,it is usually the final step in the processing sequence .Table 21-2 presents some typical processing sequences for common materials used in manufacturing .
In most cases,parts and materials arriving at the factory have complete their basic process.Thus ,the first operation in the process plan follows the basic process that has provided the starting geometry of the part ..For example ,machined parts begain as bar stock or castings or forgings,which are purchased from outide vendors.The process plan begains with the machining operations in the company’s own plant .Stempings begin as sheet metal coils or strips that are bought from the rolling mill.These raw materials are supplied outside sources so that the secondary processes,property-enhancing operations ,and finishing operatios can be performed in the company’s own factory.
In addition to the route sheet ,a more detailed description of eac operation is usually prepared. This is filed in the particular production department office where the operation is performed.It lists specific details of the operation ,such as cutting conditionsand toolings(if the operation is machining )and other instructions that may be useful to the amchine operator.The desciptions often include sketches of the machine setup.
Table 21-2 Some Typical Process Sequence
Basic Process
Starting Material
Secondary processes
Final shape
Enhancing Processes
Finishing Processes
Sand casting
Sand casting
Machining
Machined part
(optional)
Painting
Die casting
Die casting
(Net shape)
Die casting
(optional)
Painting
Casting of glass
Glass ingot
Pressing ,blow molding
Glass ware
Heat treatment
(None)
Injection modeling
Molded part
(Net shape)
Plastic Molding
(None)
(None)
Rolling
Sheet metal
Blanking punching bending forming
Stamping
(None)
Plating painting
Rolling
Sheet metal
Deep drawing
Drawing
(None)
Plating painting
Forging
Forging
(near net shape) Machining
Machined part
(None)
Plating painting
Rolling and bar drawing
Bar stock
Machining grinding
Machined part
Heat treatment
Plating painting
Extrusion of aluminum
Extrudate
Cutoff
Extruded part
(None)
Painting anodizing
Atomize
Metal powders
Press
PM part
Sinter
Paint
Comminution
Ceramic powders
press
Ceramic ware
Sinter
Glaze
Ingot pulling
Silicon boule
Sawing and grinding
Silicon wafer
Cleaning
Sawing and grinding
Silicon boule
Oxidation,CVD,PVD
etching
IC chip
Coating
Processing Planning for Assemblies
The type of assembly method used for a given product depends on factors such as : (1) the anticipated production quantities ;(2) complexity of the assembled product ,for example ,the number of distinct components ;and (3)assembly processes used ,for example ,mechanical assembly versus welding .For a product that is to be made in relatively small quantities ,assembly is usually performed on manual assembly lines .For simple products of a dozen or so components,to be made in large quantities ,automated assembly systems are appropriate .In any case ,there is a precedence order in which the work must be accomplished .The precedence requirements are sometimes portrayed graphically on a precedence diagram.
Process planning for assembly involves development of assembly instructions,but in more detail .For low production quantities,the entire assembly is completed at a single station .For high production on an assembly line ,process planning consists of allocating work elements to the individual stations of the line, a procedure called line balancing.The assembly line routes the work unit to individual stations in the proper order as determined by the line balance solution.As in process planning for individual components ,any tools and fixtures required to accomplish an assembly task must be determined ,designed,and built;and the workstation arrangement must be
laid out.
Make or Buy Decision
An important question that arises in process planning is whether a given part should be produced in the company’s own factory or purchased from an outside vendor ,and the answer to this question is known as the make or buy decision .If the company does not possess the technological equipment or expertise in the particular manufacturing processes required to make the part ,then the answer is obvious: The part must be purchased because there is no internal alternative .However ,in many cases ,the part could either be made internally using existing equipment ,or it could be purchased externally from a vendor that process similar manufacturing capability.
In our discussion of the make or buy decision ,it should be recognized at the outset that n