2366 車燈注射模設(shè)計(jì)
2366 車燈注射模設(shè)計(jì),車燈,注射,設(shè)計(jì)
南京理工大學(xué)泰州科技學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文資料翻譯系部: 機(jī)械工程系 專 業(yè): 機(jī)械工程及自動化 姓 名: 張彪 學(xué) 號: 05010256 外文出處: Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 附 件: 1.外文資料翻譯譯文;2.外文原文。 指導(dǎo)教師評語:譯文基本能表達(dá)原文思想,語句較流暢,條理較清晰,專業(yè)用語翻譯基本準(zhǔn)確,基本符合中文習(xí)慣,整體翻譯質(zhì)量一般。簽名: 年 月 日附件 1:外文資料翻譯譯文冷沖裁模具隨著制造行業(yè)的發(fā)展,材料加工方法也隨著發(fā)展,其中冷沖壓加工方法在制造行業(yè)得到了廣泛的發(fā)展,特別在汽車制造行業(yè)。隨著冷沖壓加工方法的應(yīng)用,許多汽車零件的外形和精度得到了改善。側(cè)減震片的加工方法也得到了發(fā)展,最后由冷沖壓加工而成。最近的幾年里,冷沖壓加工方法得到了廣泛的發(fā)展。冷沖壓是建立在金屬塑性變形的基礎(chǔ)上,在常溫下利用安裝在壓力機(jī)上的模具對材料施加壓力,使其產(chǎn)生分離或塑性變形,從而獲得一定形狀、尺寸和性能的零件的一種加工方法。在冷加工中,將材料(金屬或非金屬)加工成零件(或半成品)的一種特殊工藝裝備,稱為冷沖壓模具(俗稱冷沖模) 。冷沖模在實(shí)現(xiàn)冷沖壓加工中是必不可少的工藝裝備,沒有先進(jìn)的模具技術(shù),先進(jìn)的沖壓工藝就無法實(shí)現(xiàn)。隨著國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的高速發(fā)展、沖壓技術(shù)的發(fā)展和新型模具材料的不斷研究開發(fā),市場對模具的需求量不斷增長,模具的結(jié)構(gòu)也發(fā)生了一定的變化,對模具的制造,裝配等都有了很大的影響。近年來,模具工業(yè)一直以 15%左右的增長速度快速發(fā)展。模具是機(jī)械制造業(yè)中技術(shù)先進(jìn)、影響深遠(yuǎn)的重要工藝裝備,具有生產(chǎn)效率高、材料利用率高、制件質(zhì)量優(yōu)良、工藝適應(yīng)性好等特點(diǎn),被廣泛應(yīng)用于汽車、機(jī)械、航天、航空、輕工、電子、電器、儀表等行業(yè)。一、經(jīng)過幾十年的發(fā)展,沖壓模具行業(yè)獲得了飛速發(fā)展,具體體現(xiàn)在:(1)輔助設(shè)計(jì)/加工/工程技術(shù)得到廣泛使用。(2)大型模具企業(yè)擁有高速數(shù)控加工/加工中心/數(shù)控機(jī)床等先進(jìn)的加工工藝與裝備,可以開展 RP/RT 或模具逆向工程工作,硬件裝備已經(jīng)站在了與世界基本同步的水平線上。(3)在沖模的表面精整加工技術(shù)方面,開展了積極探索、積累了一些經(jīng)驗(yàn)。 (4)以汽車覆蓋件為代表的大型、復(fù)雜、精密沖壓模具,采用 CAD /CAM /CAE軟件進(jìn)行三維設(shè)計(jì)和模擬,減少試模時(shí)間和縮短周期。借助高速、精密的加工設(shè)備加工生產(chǎn),獲得良好的尺寸精度和表面粗糙度,用新型的研磨或拋光方法代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)的手工研磨拋光,提高模具質(zhì)量。這些都代表了沖壓模具發(fā)展的趨勢。二、國際模具制造業(yè)的技術(shù)特點(diǎn)如下:(1)產(chǎn)品專業(yè)化車身模具企業(yè)向?qū)I(yè)化發(fā)展,如德國大眾公司模具廠、奧迪公司模具廠、SCHULLER 公司,意大利 COMAU 公司,美國 AUTODIE、SECKLY,日本豐田公司模具廠、荻原公司、富士公司,韓國現(xiàn)代汽車模具中心等。有的專業(yè)制造整體側(cè)圍模具,有的專業(yè)生產(chǎn)四門模具,有的專門生產(chǎn)地板及結(jié)構(gòu)件模具。模具向多工位自動化以及級進(jìn)模方向發(fā)展。(2)制造數(shù)字化三維實(shí)體設(shè)計(jì)廣泛應(yīng)用于模具制造中,二維 DL 圖轉(zhuǎn)為三維DL 圖后可直接用于有限元分析和數(shù)控編程,百分之百采用 CAE 分析。模具設(shè)計(jì)采用 3D 參數(shù)化設(shè)計(jì)。實(shí)現(xiàn)了不等厚板成形模具設(shè)計(jì),將同模模具推向生產(chǎn)。模具數(shù)控加工技術(shù)包括實(shí)型鑄造技術(shù)、精細(xì)化編程、高速加工技術(shù)、型面數(shù)控強(qiáng)化和修補(bǔ)技術(shù)。三、沖壓模具制造技術(shù)發(fā)展趨勢:(1)制造沖壓件用的傳統(tǒng)金屬材料,正逐步被高強(qiáng)鋼板、涂敷鍍層鋼板、塑料夾層鋼板和其他復(fù)合材料或高分子材料替代。隨著材料科學(xué)的發(fā)展,加強(qiáng)研究各種新材料的沖壓成形性能,不斷發(fā)展和改善沖壓成形技術(shù)。(2)精沖與半精沖、液壓成形、旋壓成形、爆炸成形、電水成形、電磁成形、超塑成形等技術(shù)得到不斷發(fā)展和應(yīng)用,某些傳統(tǒng)的沖壓加工方法將被它們所取代,產(chǎn)品的沖壓加工趨于更合理、更經(jīng)濟(jì)。其中精密沖裁技術(shù)得到了較快發(fā)展,精密沖裁是一種先進(jìn)制造技術(shù),可取代某些零件的切削加工,具有優(yōu)質(zhì)、高效、低耗、應(yīng)用廣的特點(diǎn)。以齒圈壓板精沖而論,在普通液壓機(jī)上進(jìn)行精沖,工藝裝備簡單而工件精密。它以金屬板材為原料,采用少無切削的塑性加工方法,一次成形即可得到尺寸精度高、剪切面粗糙度低的零件,采用精沖技術(shù)生產(chǎn)的零件稱為精沖、件。(3) 隨著計(jì)算機(jī)圖形技術(shù)的發(fā)展成熟,近年來在沖壓成形領(lǐng)域興起了計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)(CAD)、計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工程(CAE)和計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造(CAM)技術(shù)。該技術(shù)的出現(xiàn)對傳統(tǒng)沖壓技術(shù)的變革產(chǎn)生了重要的影響。尤其是板料成形數(shù)值模擬技術(shù)的出現(xiàn),使板料沖壓成形技術(shù)徹底擺脫了“經(jīng)驗(yàn)”和“定性”的水平,進(jìn)入了“科學(xué)”和“定量”的發(fā)展階段。采用這一技術(shù)進(jìn)行板材沖壓成形工藝過程的模擬,可以預(yù)知沖壓成形過程中金屬的流動、應(yīng)力應(yīng)變及厚度場的分布、模具受力及皺曲、破裂、沖擊線等可能的缺陷及失效形式。這為優(yōu)化工藝參數(shù)和模具結(jié)構(gòu)提供了極為有效的工具,在減少甚至取消試模過程,縮短產(chǎn)品開發(fā)周期,降低產(chǎn)品開發(fā)成本方面發(fā)揮著越來越重要的作用,已逐漸成為指導(dǎo)模具設(shè)計(jì)和優(yōu)化的重要手段。(4)高速銑削加工,國內(nèi)外近年來發(fā)展的高速銑削加工,大幅度提高了加工效率,并可獲得極高的表面光潔度。另外,還可加工高硬度模塊,還具有溫升低、熱變形小等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。高速銑削加工技術(shù)的發(fā)展,對汽車、家電行業(yè)中大型型腔模具制造注入了新的活力。目前它已向更高的敏捷化、智能化、集成化方向發(fā)展。 (5)模具掃描及數(shù)字化系統(tǒng),高速掃描機(jī)和模具掃描系統(tǒng)提供了從模型或?qū)嵨飹呙璧郊庸こ銎谕哪P退璧闹T多功能,大大縮短了模具的在研制制造周期。有些快速掃描系統(tǒng),可快速安裝在已有的數(shù)控銑床及加工中心上,實(shí)現(xiàn)快速數(shù)據(jù)采集、自動生成各種不同數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的加工程序、不同格式的 CAD 數(shù)據(jù),用于模具制造業(yè)的“逆向工程” 。模具掃描系統(tǒng)已在汽車、摩托車、家電等行業(yè)得到成功應(yīng)用,相信在“十五”期間將發(fā)揮更大的作用。(6)優(yōu)質(zhì)材料及先進(jìn)表面處理技術(shù),選用優(yōu)質(zhì)鋼材和應(yīng)用相應(yīng)的表面處理技術(shù)來提高模具的壽命就顯得十分必要。模具熱處理和表面處理是否能充分發(fā)揮模具鋼材料性能的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。模具熱處理的發(fā)展方向是采用真空熱處理。模具表面處理除完善應(yīng)發(fā)展工藝先進(jìn)的氣相沉積、等離子噴涂等技術(shù)。四、沖壓在機(jī)械制造中的地位及特點(diǎn):沖壓既能夠制造尺寸很小的儀表零件,又能夠制造諸如汽車大梁、壓力容器封頭一類的大型零件;既能夠制造一般尺寸公差等級和形狀的零件,又能夠制造精密(公差在微米級)和復(fù)雜形狀的零件。占全世界鋼產(chǎn) 60%70%以上的板材、管材及其他型材,其中大部分經(jīng)過沖壓制成成品。沖壓在汽車、機(jī)械、家用電器、電機(jī)、儀表、航空航天、兵器等制造中,具有十分重要的地位。沖壓件的重量輕、厚度薄、剛度好。它的尺寸公差是由模具保證的,所以質(zhì)量穩(wěn)定,一般不需再經(jīng)機(jī)械切削即可使用。冷沖壓件的金屬組織與力學(xué)性能優(yōu)于原始坯料,表面光滑美觀。冷沖壓件的公差等級和表面狀態(tài)優(yōu)于熱沖壓件6。沖壓生產(chǎn)的工藝和設(shè)備正在不斷發(fā)展,除傳統(tǒng)的使用壓力機(jī)和鋼制模具制造沖壓件外,液壓成形以及旋壓成形、超塑成形、爆炸成形、電水成形、電磁成形等各種特種沖壓成形工藝亦迅速發(fā)展,把沖壓的技術(shù)水平提高到了一個(gè)新的高度。特種沖壓成形工藝尤其適合多品種的中小批量(甚至是數(shù)十件)零件的生產(chǎn)。對于普通沖壓工藝,可采用簡易模具、低熔點(diǎn)合金模具、成組模具和沖壓柔性制造系統(tǒng)等,組織多品種的中小批量零件的沖壓加工??傊?,沖壓模具具有生產(chǎn)率高、加工成本低、材料利用率高、操作簡單、便于實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)械化與自動化等一系列優(yōu)點(diǎn)。采用沖壓與焊接、膠接等復(fù)合工藝,使零件結(jié)構(gòu)更趨合理,加工更為方便,可以用較簡單的工藝制造出更復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu)件。附件 2:外文原文known as DieWith the development of manufacturing industry, materials processing methods with the development of processing methods which cold stamping industry in the manufacture of a wide range of development, especially in the automotive manufacturing industry. With the cold stamping process applications, and many auto parts form and accuracy improved. Side damping film processing method has also made progress, and finally formed by cold stamping process. Recent years, cold stamping process has been widely development.cold pressing is built on the metal plastic deformation, based on the use of the installation at room temperature in the mold press to exert pressure on the material to produce separation or plastic deformation, and thus obtain a certain shape, size and performance parts a processing methods. In the cold will materials (metal or non-metallic) processing into parts (or semi-finished products) is a special technique and equipment, known as the cold stamping die (commonly known as Die). Die in the achievement of cold stamping processing technique and equipment is essential, there is no mold advanced technology, advanced stamping process can not be achieved. With the rapid development of the national economy, stamping technology development and new types of mold material constant research and development, the markets growing demand for mold, mold also occurred in the structure of certain changes in mold manufacturing and assembly have been greatly affected. In recent years, the mold industry has been around 15 percent to the growth rate of rapid development. Mold is a technologically advanced machinery manufacturing industry, an important and far-reaching process equipment, with the production of high efficiency, high utilization of materials, parts quality, technological adaptability and good characteristics, are widely used in automobiles, machinery, aerospace, aviation, light industry, electronics, electrical appliances, instrumentation and other industries. First, after decades of development, stamping die industry was the rapid development, embodied in: (1)-aided design / processing / engineering and technology are widely used. (2) large-scale enterprises have a high-speed mold CNC machining / Machining Center / CNC machine tools and other advanced processing technology and equipment, they can conduct RP / RT or Die reverse engineering work, hardware and equipment have been standing with the world level of the basic synchronous online . (3) in the die surface finishing processing technology, to carry out an active exploration and accumulated some experience. (4) automotive panel, represented by large, complex, precision stamping die, using CAD / CAM / CAE software for three-dimensional design and simulation to reduce the test time and shorten the cycle mode. With high-speed, precision processing equipment production, access to good dimensional accuracy and surface roughness, using a new type of grinding or polishing method to replace the traditional manual abrasive polishing, to improve the quality of mold. These represent the development trend of stamping dies. Second, the international mold manufacturing technical characteristics are as follows: (1) product specialization body mold enterprises to professional development, such as Germany Volkswagen mold factory, mold factory Audi AG, SCHULLER companies, companies COMAU Italy, the United States AUTODIE, SECKLY, Japans Toyota Mold Factory, Ogihara, Fujitsu Corporation, Hyundai Motor Dies center. Some professional mold manufacturing overall Wai side, some specializing in the production of four molds, and some specialize in the production floor and the structure of mold. Die to the Multi-Position Progressive Die automation and direction. (2) to create digital three-dimensional physical design widely used in mold manufacturing, the two-dimensional to three-dimensional map DL after DL chart can be used directly in finite element analysis and numerical control programming, the use of CAE analysis of 100 percent. Mold Design using 3D parametric design. Achieved a range of plate forming mold design, mold to the same mode of production. Die CNC machining technology, including EPC technology, the refinement of programming, high-speed processing technology, face NC technology to strengthen and repair. Third, stamping die manufacturing technology development trends: (1) manufacturing stampings with traditional metal materials, are gradually being high-strength steel plate, coated steel plating, plastic laminated steel and other composite materials or polymer materials substitution. With the development of materials science, strengthen the research of new materials stamping performance, continuous development and improvement of metal forming technology. (2) fine blanking and semi-fine blanking, hydroforming, spinning forming, explosive forming, electric water forming, electromagnetic forming, superplastic forming, such as technology development and applications, some of the traditional processing methods will be stamping their replaced by punching processing products become more reasonable and more economical. Fine Blanking technology which has been relatively rapid development, Fine Blanking is an advanced manufacturing technology, can be used to replace certain parts machining with high-quality, high efficiency, low consumption, application characteristics of Canton. Gear plate in terms of fine blanking, in ordinary hydraulic fine blanking machine, technique and equipment is simple and precision workpiece. Its sheet metal as raw material, the use of less without cutting the plastic processing methods, one can get the size shape and high precision, low-shear surface roughness of the parts, the use of fine blanking technology known as fine blanking parts, pieces. (3) With the development of computer graphics technology matures, the field of metal forming in recent years the rise of the computer-aided design (CAD), computer aided engineering (CAE) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) technology. The technology of traditional stamping technology changes have had an important impact. Especially the numerical simulation of sheet metal forming technology, so that sheet metal forming technology to rid itself of the experience and qualitative level, has entered a scientific and quantitative stage of development. The use of this technology for sheet metal forming process simulation, you can predict metal stamping process flow, stress and strain and thickness distribution, die by the strength and wrinkle, break down, the impact of lines of possible defects and failure mode. This is to optimize process parameters and die structure provides a very effective tool in reducing or even abolishing the test mode process, shorten the product development cycle and reduce the cost of product development plays an increasingly important role, has become the guiding mold design and optimization an important tool. (4) high-speed milling process, both at home and abroad in recent years the development of high-speed milling process to improve the processing efficiency, and access to high surface finish. In addition, high hardness module can also be processed, also has a low temperature rise, thermal deformation of the small advantages. High-speed milling technology, automobile, home appliance industry, a large cavity mold manufacturing has injected new vitality. At present it has more agile, intelligent, integrated direction. (5) die scanning and digitizing system, high-speed scanners and mold scanning system provides a model or in kind from the scan to be processed into the desired model number of the necessary functions, greatly reducing the mold in the development of the manufacturing cycle. Some quick scan system, which can quickly installed in existing CNC milling machine and machining center, the fast data acquisition, automatic generation of a variety of CNC machining process, the CAD data in different formats for the mold manufacturing industry Reverse Engineering. Die scanning system has been in the automotive, motorcycle, household appliances and other industries has been successfully applied, I believe in the Tenth Five-Year period will play a greater role. (6) high-quality materials and advanced surface treatment technologies, high-quality steel and application of the corresponding surface treatment technology to improve the life of mold it is very necessary. Mold heat treatment and surface treatment can give full play to the die steel material properties of the key link. Mold heat treatment is the development direction of vacuum heat treatment. In addition to improving the mold surface treatment technology should be developed advanced vapor deposition, plasma spraying techniques. Fourth, stamping machinery manufacturers in the position and characteristics: Pressing both capable of producing small-size instrument parts, but also capable of producing beams, such as automotive, pressure vessel head for a class of large parts; both capable of producing the general size and shape of the tolerance level of spare parts, also capable of producing precision (tolerances in the micron level ) and the complex shapes of parts. The worlds steel production accounted for 60% 70% of the plates, tubes and other profiles, most of which are made after stamping products. Stamping in the automotive, machinery, household appliances, electrical, instrumentation, aerospace, weapons manufacturing, a very important position. Stamping parts of the light weight, thickness, stiffness good. Its size tolerance is guaranteed by the mold, so the quality of stability, in general no longer be used by mechanical cutting. Cold metal stampings and mechanical properties superior to the original blank, smooth surface appearance. Cold stamping tolerance level and surface state is superior to hot-stamping parts 6. Stamping production technology and equipment is growing, with the exception of the use of the traditional mold presses and steel stampings, the hydroforming and spinning forming, superplastic forming, explosive forming, electric water forming, electromagnetic forming a variety of special Stamping technology is also developing rapidly, the press raise the level of skills to a new height. Special metal forming process is particularly suitable for many species of small and medium-sized quantities (or even dozens of) parts production. For ordinary stamping process, to be used in simple mold, low melting point alloy die, die and stamping group flexible manufacturing systems, organizations and more species of small and medium-sized quantities of stamping parts processing. In short, stamping die with high productivity, low processing costs, material utilization high, simple operation, easy to achieve mechanization and automation are a number of advantages. The use of stamping and welding, bonding and other composite process, so that more reasonable structural parts, processing more convenient, you can use relatively simple technology to create more complex structure. 南京理工大學(xué)泰州科技學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)開題報(bào)告學(xué) 生 姓 名: 張彪學(xué) 號:05010256專 業(yè) : 機(jī)械工程及自動化設(shè)計(jì) (論文 )題目 : 車燈注射模設(shè)計(jì)指 導(dǎo) 教 師 : 丁武學(xué)2008 年 12 月 31 日開題報(bào)告填寫要求1開題報(bào)告(含“文獻(xiàn)綜述” )作為畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)答辯委員會對學(xué)生答辯資格審查的依據(jù)材料之一。此報(bào)告應(yīng)在指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)下,由學(xué)生在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)工作前期內(nèi)完成,經(jīng)指導(dǎo)教師簽署意見及所在專業(yè)審查后生效;2開題報(bào)告內(nèi)容必須用黑墨水筆工整書寫或按教務(wù)處統(tǒng)一設(shè)計(jì)的電子文檔標(biāo)準(zhǔn)格式(可從教務(wù)處網(wǎng)頁上下載)打印,禁止打印在其它紙上后剪貼,完成后應(yīng)及時(shí)交給指導(dǎo)教師簽署意見;3 “文獻(xiàn)綜述”應(yīng)按論文的格式成文,并直接書寫(或打印)在本開題報(bào)告第一欄目內(nèi),學(xué)生寫文獻(xiàn)綜述的參考文獻(xiàn)應(yīng)不少于15 篇科技論文的信息量,一般一本參考書最多相當(dāng)于三篇科技論文的信息量(不包括辭典、手冊) ;4有關(guān)年月日等日期的填寫,應(yīng)當(dāng)按照國標(biāo) GB/T 740894數(shù)據(jù)元和交換格式、信息交換、日期和時(shí)間表示法規(guī)定的要求,一律用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字書寫。如“2009 年 3 月 15 日”或“2009-03-15”。 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)(論 文)開 題 報(bào) 告1結(jié)合畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)課題情況,根據(jù)所查閱的文獻(xiàn)資料,每人撰寫2000 字左右的文獻(xiàn)綜述:文 獻(xiàn) 綜 述摘要 塑料工業(yè)是當(dāng)今世界上增長最快的工業(yè)門類之一,而注塑模具是其中發(fā)展較快的種類,因此,研究注塑模具對了解塑料產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)過程和提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量有很大意義。模具是制造業(yè)的重要基礎(chǔ)裝備,它是“無以倫比的效益放大器” 。沒有高水平的模具,也就沒有高水平的工業(yè)產(chǎn)品,因此模具技術(shù)也成為衡量一個(gè)國家產(chǎn)品制造水平的重要標(biāo)志之一。關(guān)鍵詞 模具 分類 現(xiàn)狀 1 模具工業(yè)在國民經(jīng)濟(jì)中的地位模具是制造業(yè)的一種基本工藝裝備,它的作用是控制和限制材料(固態(tài)或液態(tài))的流動,使之形成所需要的形體。用模具制造零件以其效率高,產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量好,材料消耗低,生產(chǎn)成本低而廣泛應(yīng)用于制造業(yè)中。模具工業(yè)是國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的基礎(chǔ)工業(yè),是國際上公認(rèn)的關(guān)鍵工業(yè)。模具生產(chǎn)技術(shù)水平的高低是衡量一個(gè)國家產(chǎn)品制造水平高低的重要標(biāo)志,它在很大程度上決定著產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量,效益和新產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)能力。振興和發(fā)展我國的模具工業(yè),正日益受到人們的關(guān)注。早在 1989 年 3 月中國政府頒布的關(guān)于當(dāng)前產(chǎn)業(yè)政策要點(diǎn)的決定中,將模具列為機(jī)械工業(yè)技術(shù)改造序列的第一位。 1模具工業(yè)既是高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)的一個(gè)組成部分,又是高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)化的重要領(lǐng)域。模具在機(jī)械,電子,輕工,汽車,紡織,航空,航天等工業(yè)領(lǐng)域里,日益成為使用最廣泛的主要工藝裝備,它承擔(dān)了這些工業(yè)領(lǐng)域中 6090的產(chǎn)品的零件,組件和部件的生產(chǎn)加工。模具制造的重要性主要體現(xiàn)在市場的需求上,僅以汽車,摩托車行業(yè)的模具市場為例。汽車,摩托車行業(yè)是模具最大的市場,在工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)的國家,這一市場占整個(gè)模具市場一半左右 2。汽車工業(yè)是我國國民經(jīng)濟(jì)五大支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)之一,汽車工業(yè)重點(diǎn)是發(fā)展零部件,經(jīng)濟(jì)型轎車和重型汽車,汽車模具作為發(fā)展重點(diǎn),已在汽車工業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)政策中得到了明確。汽車基本車型不斷增加,2005 年將達(dá)到 170 種。一個(gè)型號的汽車所需模具達(dá)幾千副,價(jià)值上億元。為了適應(yīng)市場的需求,汽車將不斷換型,汽車換型時(shí)約有 80的模具需要更換 3。中國摩托車產(chǎn)量位居世界第一,據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),中國摩托車共有14 種排量 80 多個(gè)車型,1000 多個(gè)型號。單輛摩托車約有零件 2000 種,共計(jì) 5000 多個(gè),其中一半以上需要模具生產(chǎn)。一個(gè)型號的摩托車生產(chǎn)需 1000 副模具,總價(jià)值為1000 多萬元。其他行業(yè),如電子及通訊,家電,建筑等,也存在巨大的模具市場。目前世界模具市場供不應(yīng)求,模具的主要出口國是美國,日本,法國,瑞士等國家。中國模具出口數(shù)量極少,但中國模具鉗工技術(shù)水平高,勞動成本低,只要配備一些先進(jìn)的數(shù)控制模設(shè)備,提高模具加工質(zhì)量,縮短生產(chǎn)周期,溝通外貿(mào)渠道,模具出口將會有很大發(fā)展。研究和發(fā)展模具技術(shù),提高模具技術(shù)水平,對于促進(jìn)國民經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展有著特別重要的意義 4。2 各種模具的分類和占有量模具主要類型有:沖模,鍛摸,塑料模,壓鑄模,粉末冶金模,玻璃模,橡膠模,陶瓷模等。除部分沖模以外的的上述各種模具都屬于腔型模,因?yàn)樗麄円话愣际且揽咳S的模具形腔是材料成型 5。(1)沖模:沖模是對金屬板材進(jìn)行沖壓加工獲得合格產(chǎn)品的工具。沖模占模具總數(shù)的 50以上。按工藝性質(zhì)的不同,沖??煞譃槁淞夏#瑳_孔模,切口模,切邊模,彎曲模,卷邊模,拉深模,校平模,翻孔模,翻邊模,縮口模,壓印模,脹形模。按組合工序不同,沖模分為單工序模,復(fù)合模,連續(xù)模。(2)鍛模:鍛模是金屬在熱態(tài)或冷態(tài)下進(jìn)行體積成型是所用模具的總稱。按鍛壓設(shè)備不同,鍛模分為錘用鍛模,螺旋壓力機(jī)鍛模,熱模鍛壓力鍛模,平鍛機(jī)用鍛模,水壓機(jī)用鍛模,高速錘用鍛模,擺動碾壓機(jī)用鍛模,輥鍛機(jī)用鍛模,楔橫軋機(jī)用鍛模等。按工藝用途不同,鍛模可分為預(yù)鍛模具,擠壓模具,精鍛模具,等溫模具,超塑性模具等。(3)塑料模:塑料模是塑料成型的工藝裝備。塑料模約占模具總數(shù)的 35,而且有繼續(xù)上升的趨勢。塑料模主要包括壓塑模,擠塑模,注射模,此外還有擠出成型模,泡沫塑料的發(fā)泡成型模,低發(fā)泡注射成型模,吹塑模等 7。(4)壓鑄模:壓鑄模是壓力鑄造工藝裝備,壓力鑄造是使液態(tài)金屬在高溫和高速下充填鑄型,在高壓下成型和結(jié)晶的一種特殊制造方法。壓鑄模約占模具總數(shù)的 6。(5)粉末冶金模:粉末冶金模用于粉末成型,按成型工藝分類粉末冶金模有:壓模,精整模,復(fù)壓模,熱壓模,粉漿澆注模,松裝燒結(jié)模等 8。模具所涉及的工藝繁多,包括機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造,塑料,橡膠加工,金屬材料,鑄造(凝固理論) ,塑性加工,玻璃等諸多學(xué)科和行業(yè),是一個(gè)多學(xué)科的綜合,其復(fù)雜程度顯而易見。3 我國模具工業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀自 20 世紀(jì) 80 年代以來,我國的經(jīng)濟(jì)逐漸起飛,也為模具產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展提供了巨大的動力。20 世紀(jì) 90 年代以后,大陸的工業(yè)發(fā)展十分迅速,模具工業(yè)的總產(chǎn)值在 1990年僅 60 億元人民幣,1994 年增長到 130 億元人民幣,1999 年已達(dá)到 245 億元人民幣,2000 年增至 260270 億元人民幣。今后預(yù)計(jì)每年仍會以 1015的速度快速增長 10。目前,我國 17000 多個(gè)模具生產(chǎn)廠點(diǎn),從業(yè)人數(shù)五十多萬。除了國有的專業(yè)模具廠外,其他所有制形式的模具廠家,包括集體企業(yè),合資企業(yè),獨(dú)資企業(yè)和私營企業(yè)等,都得到了快速發(fā)展。其中,集體和私營的模具企業(yè)在廣東和浙江等省發(fā)展得最為迅速。例如,浙江寧波和黃巖地區(qū),從事模具制造的集體企業(yè)和私營企業(yè)多達(dá)數(shù)千家,成為我國國內(nèi)知名的“ 模具之鄉(xiāng) ”和最具發(fā)展活力的地區(qū)之一。在廣東,一些大集團(tuán)公司和迅速崛起的鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè),為了提高其產(chǎn)品的市場競爭能力,紛紛加入了對模具制造的投入。例如,科龍,美的,康佳和威力等知名集團(tuán)都建立了自己的模具制造中心。中外合資和外商獨(dú)資的模具企業(yè)則多集中于沿海工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū),現(xiàn)已有幾千家 11。在模具工業(yè)的總產(chǎn)值中,企業(yè)自產(chǎn)自用的約占三分之二,作為商品銷售的約占三分之一。其中,沖壓模具約占 50(中國臺灣:40) ,塑料模具約占 33(中國臺灣:48) ,壓鑄模具約占 6(中國臺灣:5) ,其他各類模具約占 11(中國臺灣:7 ) 。中國臺灣模具產(chǎn)業(yè)的成長,分為萌芽期(19611981) ,成長期(19811991) ,成熟期(19912001)三個(gè)階段。萌芽期,工業(yè)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)設(shè)備與技術(shù)的不斷改進(jìn)。由于紡織,電子,電氣,電機(jī)和機(jī)械業(yè)等產(chǎn)品外銷表現(xiàn)暢旺,連帶使得模具制造,維修業(yè)者和周邊廠商(如熱處理產(chǎn)業(yè)等)逐年增加。在此階段的模具包括:一般民生用品模具,鑄造用模具,鍛造用模具,木模,玻璃,陶瓷用模具,以及橡膠模具等 12。1981 年1991 年是臺灣模具產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展最為迅速且高度成長的時(shí)期。有鑒于模具產(chǎn)業(yè)對工業(yè)發(fā)展的重要性日益彰顯,自 1982 年起,臺灣地區(qū)就將模具產(chǎn)業(yè)納入“策略性工業(yè)適用范圍” ,大力推動模具工業(yè)的發(fā)展,以配合相關(guān)工業(yè)產(chǎn)品的外銷策略,全力發(fā)展整體經(jīng)濟(jì)。隨著民生工業(yè),機(jī)械五金業(yè),汽機(jī)車及家電業(yè)發(fā)展,沖壓模具與塑料模具,逐漸形成臺灣模具工業(yè)兩大主流。從 1985 年起,模具產(chǎn)業(yè)已在推行計(jì)算機(jī)輔助模具設(shè)計(jì)和制造等 CAD/CAM 技術(shù),所以臺灣模具業(yè)接觸 CAD/CAM/CAE/CAT 技術(shù)的時(shí)間相當(dāng)早 13。成熟期,在國際化,自由化和國際分工的潮流下,1994 年,1998 年,由臺灣地區(qū)政府委托金屬中心執(zhí)行“工業(yè)用模具技術(shù)研究與發(fā)展五年計(jì)劃”與“工業(yè)用模具技術(shù)應(yīng)用與發(fā)展計(jì)劃” ,以協(xié)助業(yè)界突破發(fā)展瓶頸,并支持產(chǎn)業(yè)升級,朝向開發(fā)高附加值與進(jìn)口依賴高的模具。1997 年 11 月間臺灣憑借模具產(chǎn)業(yè)的實(shí)力,獲得世界模具協(xié)會(ISTMA)認(rèn)同獲準(zhǔn)入會,正式成為世界模具協(xié)會會員 16。整體而言,臺灣模具產(chǎn)業(yè)在這一階段的發(fā)展,隨著機(jī)械性能,加工技術(shù),檢測能力的提升,以及計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì),臺灣模具廠商供應(yīng)對象已由傳統(tǒng)的民用家電,五金業(yè)和汽機(jī)車運(yùn)輸工具業(yè),提升到計(jì)算機(jī)與電子,通信與光電等精密模具,并發(fā)展出汽機(jī)車用大型鈑金沖壓,大型塑料射出及精密鍛造等模具。參 考 文 獻(xiàn)1李建軍,李德群模具設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)及模具 CAD M北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,2005 2鄧明等現(xiàn)代模具制造技術(shù)M北京:化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,20053塑料模具技術(shù)手冊編委會塑料模具技術(shù)手冊M北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,20014葉久新,王群塑料制品成型及模具設(shè)計(jì)M湖南:科學(xué)技術(shù)出版社,20055孫玉芹等機(jī)械精度設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)M北京:科學(xué)出版社,20046陳再枝,藍(lán)德年模具鋼手冊M北京:冶金工業(yè)出版社,20027(美國)TA奧斯瓦德,L特恩格 PJ格爾曼,吳其曄譯注射成型手冊M北京:化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,20058洪慎章實(shí)用注塑成型及模具設(shè)計(jì)M北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,20069中國模具工業(yè)協(xié)會標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件委員會中國模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件手冊M上海:科學(xué)普及出版社,198910(加拿大)H瑞斯,朱元吉譯模具工程第二版M 北京:化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,200511王文廣,田雁塑料配方設(shè)計(jì)第二版M北京:化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社,200412 伍先明等塑料模具設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)M北京:國防工業(yè)出版社,200613大連理工大學(xué)工程畫教研室機(jī)械制圖(第四版)M大連:高等教育出版社,200214張沛頎等PRO/ENGINEER 野火版進(jìn)階設(shè)計(jì)M北京:人民郵電出版社,200415 陳永康,李素循,李玉林. 高超聲速流繞雙橢球的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究A. 見:北京空氣動力研究所編. 第九屆高超聲速氣動力會議論文集C. 北京:北京空氣動力研究所,1997:914. 16 孔祥福. FD-09 風(fēng)洞帶地面板條件下的流場校測報(bào)告R. 北京空氣動力研究所技術(shù)報(bào)告 BG7-270,北京:北京空氣動力研究所,1989. 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)(論 文)開 題 報(bào) 告本課題要研究或解決的問題和擬采用的研究手段(途徑):一、 課題研究內(nèi)容塑料注射模具是成型塑料制品的主要,具有高效率、高質(zhì)量及成型后有少加工或 加工等特點(diǎn)。本課題是車燈注射模具設(shè)計(jì)。二、 研究途徑1、測繪車燈圖紙,完成 CAD 三維造型設(shè)計(jì)2、車燈注射模方案設(shè)計(jì)(1)注塑模類型的選擇現(xiàn)擬采用普通注射模。(2)分型面的選擇最大輪廓處為分型面(3)澆口的選擇根據(jù)車燈的外觀情況,擬采用主流道澆口。3、注射模成型零件尺寸的計(jì)算4、完成車燈注射模的裝配圖設(shè)計(jì)和全部零件的圖紙?jiān)O(shè)計(jì)5、完成該注射模的制造工藝設(shè)計(jì) 畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)(論 文)開 題 報(bào) 告指導(dǎo)教師意見:1對“文獻(xiàn)綜述”的評語:2對本課題的深度、廣度及工作量的意見和對設(shè)計(jì)(論文)結(jié)果的預(yù)測:指導(dǎo)教師: 年 月 日所在專業(yè)審查意見:負(fù)責(zé)人: 年 月 日
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