高二英語備課《Module 4 Great Scientists》詞匯詳解 教學(xué)素材 外研版必修4

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111知識感悟一、詞匯詳解1.technique n.技術(shù)；技巧；工藝【典型例句】 Dick Fosbury had a new technique for doing the high jump.迪克福斯貝里有一種跳高的新技術(shù)?！镜湫屠洹?(1)technical adj.技術(shù)的；技能的Everyone of us is active in technical innovation.我們每個人都積極參加技術(shù)革新。(2)technology n.(科學(xué))技術(shù)We should master the basic advanced technology of the 90s within a few short years.我們必須在短短的幾年內(nèi)掌握90年代基本的先進技術(shù)。(3)technique n.技術(shù),技巧;技法,手法;工藝學(xué)(復(fù)數(shù))(4)technician n.技術(shù)員；技師；技工；技術(shù)專家His father is a technician in mechanic.他父親是一名機械技師。2.touch v.觸摸；感動；涉及n.接觸；碰到；少許；風(fēng)格【典型例句】 The horse became quiet at the touch of my hand.這匹馬我用手一摸就靜下來了。A blind man reads by touch.盲人靠觸覺閱讀。Dont touch the paint until its dry.油漆未干，切勿觸摸。He is so tall that his head nearly touches the ceiling.他是如此之高，他的頭幾乎要碰到天花板。I was really touched beyond words.我確實感動得無法形容。Hell have to touch up the book before it is published.這本書出版以前，他還得最后進行潤色?！鞠嚓P(guān)鏈接】 keep in touch with表示“與保持聯(lián)系”；get in touch with表示“與取得聯(lián)系”；be out of touch “失去聯(lián)系”。3.emerge vi.顯現(xiàn)；浮現(xiàn)；暴露；形成【典型例句】 The road was dark and then the moon emerged from behind the clouds.路上黑黑的，不久月亮自云后出來了。A wonderful thought emerged.浮現(xiàn)出一個極妙的想法。When old problems were solved,new problems emerged.舊的問題解決了，新的問題又出現(xiàn)了?！疽c歸納】 emerge from(=appear,become known)出現(xiàn),暴露(問題、意見等)【相關(guān)鏈接】 It emerges that.暴露，出現(xiàn)。例如：It emerged that he had deserted his family.他遺棄家人的事實暴露了。4.decline vt.vi.衰退；下降；減少；謝絕；婉謝【典型例句】 Great nations rise and decline.大國都經(jīng)歷了盛衰的過程。My health is declining.我的健康越來越差。He declined their invitation.他婉言謝絕了他們的邀請。There is a sharp decline in interest in sports in our town.我們鎮(zhèn)對體育的情趣急劇下降。We are studying the decline of ancient Rome.我們在研究古羅馬的衰落。【相關(guān)鏈接】 on the decline 在衰退中,在減少中5.take advantage of 趁機；利用；欺騙(或愚弄)某人【典型例句】 She advised him to take advantage of the opportunity.她建議他利用這個機會。Taking advantage of Johns ignorance,the dealer sold him a worthless car.那舊汽車商人欺騙約翰外行，賣給他一輛不能用的汽車。6.arise v.發(fā)生；出現(xiàn)；升起【典型例句】 Accidents can arise from carelessness.意外事件可能因為疏忽而引起。New difficulties will arise from such a situation.那種情況將會產(chǎn)生新的難題。Smoke arose from the chimney.煙從煙筒升起?！鞠嚓P(guān)鏈接】 相似詞rise的用法：rise有“上升，升起；站起身；(河水、物價)漲”的意思。Would you like seeing the sun rise?你喜歡看日出嗎？The teacher rose from the chair to say hello to us.老師從椅子上起身向我們問好。作“上升”講時，指繼續(xù)上升，常用于日、月、云、煙、物價、溫度、河水、人的職位等，rise還有“起義”之意。7.in order 按順序；整齊；合乎程序的【典型例句】 Just give me five minutes to put the room in order,please.請給我五分鐘把房間弄整齊。The sentences are in order now.這些句子現(xiàn)在按順序排列好了?！鞠嚓P(guān)鏈接】 be under order to do sth. 受命令去做某事；帶著做的命令=by order ofin order to do 為了做(比單純的to do 更強調(diào)目的，也可以是 in order for sb. to do)on order 在訂購中，訂購的 out of order 順序混亂的，雜亂的take orders from sb.=take sb.s orders 接受某人的命令8.side by side肩并肩地；一面又一面的【典型例句】 They walked side by side.他們肩并肩地走?！鞠嚓P(guān)鏈接】 little by little 一點一點地day by day 日復(fù)一日地bit by bit 一點一點地step by step 一步一步地house by house 挨家挨戶地9.rather than 而不；寧愿不愿【典型例句】 They were determined to die rather than surrender.他們寧死不屈。It ought to be you rather than me that sign the letter.在信上簽署的應(yīng)該是你而不是我。Shall we go for a walk rather than watching television?咱們不看電視，出去散散步，好不好？Our group would prefer to start off in August rather than in April.我們小組寧愿在八月出發(fā)，而不愿在四月出發(fā)。10.try out 試用；試驗；試【典型例句】 The director is trying out some actors for the new play.導(dǎo)演正為那個新戲試演員。We wont know if the plan is good till we have tried it out.這個計劃在試行之前我們很難說是不是可行?！鞠嚓P(guān)鏈接】 try sth.on 試穿衣服;耍弄，用來騙人try ones best盡力，盡量11.come out出來；(書等)出版；發(fā)行；泄露 【典型例句】 Flowers have come out.花開了。When will her new book come out?她的新書什么時候出版？We have nothing to do if it comes out.假如此事泄露，我們都沒辦法了?！鞠嚓P(guān)鏈接】 come about相當(dāng)于happen或occur,該短語常用在How does it come about that.這一句型中。come into being“出現(xiàn)；產(chǎn)生；誕生”，沒有被動形式，往往表示經(jīng)過一個過程之后產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。12.far from 遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不；完全不；絕非【典型例句】 I cant do the work because it is far from easy.這活兒我干不了，因為它太難了。【相關(guān)鏈接】 far away from與far from辨析：(1)far away from只表示距離,away可省去。例如：The school is far(away)from my house.學(xué)校離我家很遠(yuǎn)。(2)far from除了表示距離的“遠(yuǎn)”之外，還有“遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不，完全不，絕非”之意，后接名詞、動名詞或形容詞。例如：Far from reading his letter,she didnt open it.別說看他的信了，她連信都沒拆。13.devote.to把獻給；把用于【典型例句】 Net chat may be interesting,but you should not devote all your time to it.網(wǎng)上聊天或許很有趣，但你不應(yīng)該把所有的時間都用在這上面。The doctor is determined to devote his whole life to studying SARS virus.那位醫(yī)生決心一生都致力于SARS病毒的研究?！鞠嚓P(guān)鏈接】 be devoted to作“致力于，獻身于”講，表示主語所處的狀態(tài)。14.otherwise adv.另外；在其他方面；否則；要不然adj.不這樣；并非如此【典型例句】 My father wanted me to become a farmer,but I decided otherwise.我父親要我當(dāng)個農(nóng)民，但是我決定干別的。The house is small,but otherwise it is comfortable.房子小是小，但是很舒適。You must go early,otherwise you will miss the bus.你必須早點走，否則就趕不上公共汽車了。【知識歸納】 otherwise用在句末時需要特別注意，此時它的含義就應(yīng)該為“別樣的，不同的”。15.impression n.印象；感想；印記【典型例句】 First impressions are half the battle.諺最初的印象最深刻/先入為主。I have the impression that Ive seen that man before.我覺得我以前見過那個人。The robber left an impression of his foot in the mud.強盜在爛泥里留下了他的腳印?！鞠嚓P(guān)鏈接】 (1)impress vt.使(人)印象深刻;使銘記;蓋印His words are strongly impressed on my memory.他的話使我深深銘記心頭。He impressed the wax with a seal.他把圖章印在蠟上。(2)impressive adj.給人深刻印象的；感人的Its an impressive ceremony.那是個難忘的儀式。(3)習(xí)語歸納：impress on(upon)使銘記make an impression on sb. 給某人留下印象;給人以影響be under the impression that認(rèn)為;覺得give sb.a favorable impression給某人以好印象give ones impression of陳述自己對的印象二、句型剖析the first time引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，表示“當(dāng)?shù)谝淮蔚臅r候”?！镜湫屠洹?He left me a good impression the first time I met him.我第一次見他時他給我留下了好印象。The first time I came here,I knew her.第一次我來這的時候我認(rèn)識了她。【相關(guān)鏈接】 (1)the first time 與for the first time辨析：for the first time表示有生以來或一段時間中第一次做某事； 在句中一般單獨作狀語。the first time是連詞詞組，常引導(dǎo)一個時間狀語從句，其重點不是要說第一次做了什么，而是敘述另一動作或情況。(2)某些表時間的名詞短語the moment/minute,every/each/next time，the last time 也可以引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句。Be sure to call on us next time you come to town.下次你進城一定來看我們。The last time I spoke to Bob,he seemed happy enough.上一次我和鮑勃說話時，他看上去很開心。三、語法解讀(一)時間狀語從句時間狀語從句的引導(dǎo)詞有after，before，as，once，since，till，until，when，whenever，while，as soon as，the moment/minute.(一就)，the time,the day,every time,next time,each time，by the time of，no sooner.than(一就)，hardly.when(一就),scarcely.when.注意：(1)no sooner.than；hardly.when；scarcely.when的句子結(jié)構(gòu),主句多用完成時。例如：No sooner had he got to the station than the train started.他一到達(dá)車站，火車就開走了。Hardly had it stopped raining when they went to work in the fields.雨一停，他們就到田里去干活了。Scarcely had the bell rung when they went to the playground.鈴一響，他們就到操場去了。(2)“on+動名詞”句型多用來表示時間的短促和動作的緊湊，這一介詞短語一般放在句首。句中的謂語動詞用一般過去時：on后的動名詞，一般來自表示去向性動作的動詞，如arrive，reach，return,leave等。例如：On arriving at the village，we were warmly welcomed by the villagers.我們一到那個村子，就受到了村民們的熱烈歡迎。(3)when/while/whenever辨析：when引導(dǎo)的從句動詞可以是延續(xù)性的或短暫性的，while引導(dǎo)的從句中動詞必須是延續(xù)性的。例如：When I got home I found the door locked./While(或When)we were working in the fields,it suddenly began to rain.在“be.when.”句式中，when表示“at that time(就在這時)”，這樣的when不能換為while；while有時并不表示時間，而表示對比，意為“而”“卻”，when無這樣的用法。例如：He was wandering through the forests when a bike hit him.他正穿過森林，就在這時一輛自行車撞到了他。His pencil is red,while mine is yellow.他的鉛筆是紅色的，然而我的是黃色的。whenever指的是“在任何一個不具體的時間”。例如：Whenever you come,I will welcome you.無論你什么時來，我都?xì)g迎你。(4)till與until辨析：一般情況下可以互換，但until可以位于句首，till則不能。例如：Until it stops raining，the children cant go out.雨停了，孩子們才能出去。Not until the rain stops can the children go out.(二)省略1.在含有狀語從句的復(fù)合句中 由when，while，as,once，whenever引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句，由if，unless引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句，由though，although，even if,even though引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句，由as though，as if，as引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句，由because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句，由wherever引導(dǎo)的地點狀語從句，若從句的主句是it或與主句的主語相同，且在謂語中含有be時，常省略從句的主語和be。When(water is)heated,water is turned into vapour.水加熱時，會變成水蒸氣。Wood gives much smoke while(wood is)burning.木頭燃燒時會冒煙。When(I am)in trouble,I always turn to her for help.當(dāng)我遇到困難時，我總是會向她求助。He works very hard though(he is)still rather weak.雖然他很虛弱，但是他工作很努力。If(it were)not for dust,there would be no rain drops.如果沒有灰塵，就沒有雨點。2.在限制性定語從句中在限制性定語從句中作賓語的關(guān)系代詞that，which,whom可以省略；在以the same.as和such.as引導(dǎo)的定語從句中，可以省略與主句相同的部分；the way后面的定語從句中，可以省略that，in which；在含被動語態(tài)的定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞作主語時，可以省略關(guān)系代詞和be,省略之后,變成過去分詞短語作定語。 例如：This is one of the best films(that)Ive ever seen.這是我曾經(jīng)看過的最好的電影。He is the student (whom/that)we are talking about.他是我們正在談?wù)摰哪莻€學(xué)生。3.在感官動詞或短語中在see，watch，hear，feel，observe，notice，listen to等感官動詞或短語及make，have，let等使役動詞之后的“賓語+不定式作賓語補足語” 結(jié)構(gòu)中，不定式前省略to；有時為了避免重復(fù)，常省略與上文表達(dá)相同意思的不定式符號to之后的內(nèi)容，只保留不定式符號；不定式在tell，ask,advise,wish,permit,force等動詞后面作賓語補足語或主語補足語時，可以省略，但要保留不定式符號to；不定式在happy，glad，eager，ready，willing等形容詞后面作狀語時，可以省略，但要保留不定式符號to。 例如：Nothing has ever stopped him from sleeping when he wants to(sleep).當(dāng)他想睡覺時，沒有什么能阻止他。4.在if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件句中 if引導(dǎo)的虛擬語氣條件句中含有had，were，should時，可以把had，were，should放在句首，省略if。 例如:Should he come(=If he should come),tell him to ring me up.如果他來，告訴他給我打電話。Had he been more careful(=If he had been more careful),such mistakescould have been avoided.如果他更小心些，此類錯誤可能避免。活學(xué)巧用選詞填空(1)He is now studying in a Federal Institute of_.(2)My brother works as a_ adviser.(3)He has been working on _for more than 20 years.(4)To learn something well does not necessarily mean that you ought to be a craftsman or a _.答案：(1)Technology(2)technical(3)techniques(4)technician翻譯 (5)對我來說，這本書太專業(yè)了。_答案：This book is too technical for me.選擇 (1)In a time of social reform(改革)，peoples state of mind tends to keep _with the rapid changes of society.A.stepB.pace C.progressD.touch提示：keep pace with意思是“與并駕齊驅(qū)，同速前進”；keep(in)step with意思是“與步調(diào)(伐)一致”；C、D兩項不能直接與keep構(gòu)成短語。所以B項適合語境。答案：B填空(2)She couldnt help_ (觸摸)the door of the bricks of the Great Wall and thought for a while.答案：touching翻譯 (1)在調(diào)查過程中未發(fā)現(xiàn)新證據(jù)。_(2)游泳者從湖中出來。_(3)他三十歲時初露鋒芒擔(dān)任了領(lǐng)袖。_答案：(1)No new evidence emerged during the enquiry.(2)The swimmer emerged from the lake.(3)He emerged as leader at the age of thirty.選擇 His job at the hospital did not pay much,so he found another .A.on the rise B.on the spotC.on the declineD.on the side提示：on the side 額外,作為兼職；on the rise(作表語)在上升；on the spot 現(xiàn)場；on the decline(作表語)在下降。根據(jù)句意應(yīng)選D項。答案：D選擇 Id like to take_of this opportunity to thank you all for your cooperation.A.profitB.benefitC.advantageD.interests提示：take advantage of(=make use of sth.for ones own benefit)利用。答案：C選擇 Every morning only after your mother says “Come on,lazybones!Get out of bed” can you_ .Although you know failure can _from laziness.A.raise;riseB.raise;ariseC.arise;ariseD.arise;raise提示：第一個空為“起床”之意，可以填arise或者rise；而第二個空所在的句子的意思為“懶惰導(dǎo)致失敗”，arise from為固定短語。答案：C選擇 (1)Who told you about his illness?The doctor in_.A.turnB.publicC.chargeD.order提示：該句的意思是“有關(guān)他的病誰告訴你的？”“主治醫(yī)生?！盇項in turn “依次，輪流”；B項 in public “當(dāng)眾，公然”;D項 in order“按順序”。答案：C翻譯 (2)他為了要把家里弄得整整齊齊，忙了好一陣子。_答案：He was as busy as a bee trying to put the house in order.選擇 Even though they_for twenty years,the two neighbors are not on good terms.A.have been lived side by side B.had been living side by side C.have been side by side living D.have been living side by side提示：“肩并肩地生活了二十多年”這一狀態(tài)一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。答案：D翻譯 (1)她是職業(yè)婦女而不是家庭主婦。_(2)與其說她美倒不如說她迷人。_答案：(1)She is a career woman rather than a housewife.(2)She is not so beautiful as charming.(=She is charming rather than beautiful.)翻譯 (1)雪莉?qū)⒓釉搫≈鹘堑倪x拔演出。_(2)在買之前我想先試一下。_答案：(1)Shirley will try out for the lead in the play.(2)I want to try it out before I buy it.選擇 (1)Some flowers have begun to come_ in early spring.A.upB.outC.offD.on提示：come out開花。答案：B(2)It was a pity that you didnt_at my birthday party;every one had a great time.A.come out B.come onC.come along D.come up提示：come up在此意思是“出現(xiàn)”。答案：D選擇You speak very good English._.A.And so do youB.Far from very goodC.worse than you doD.Thanks for your praise提示：當(dāng)受到別人稱贊、夸獎時，出于禮貌要向別人表示謝意，不能像中國人所表現(xiàn)的那樣“太謙虛”；B、C項是典型的中國式英語。答案：D選擇 He used to _his teaching when he was young.A.devote toB.be devoted toC.devoting toD.being devoted to提示：be devoted to為系表結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“致力于、獻身于”，used to表示“過去習(xí)慣常”，后接原形動詞。答案：B選擇 We cannot understand disease _we understand the person who has the disease.A.thoughB.whetherC.unlessD.otherwise提示：though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，是“既然”的意思。whether是“是否”的意思，引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。unless引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句，是if的否定式，是“如果不，除非”的意思。otherwise的意思是“否則”。答案：C選擇 (1)Frank made a good_on the manager,so he gave him the job.A.feelingB.effectC.impressionD.sense提示：feeling感情；effect作用；impression 印象；sense意識。答案：C(2)The horrible scene after the big earthquake was deeply _upon my mind.A.affectedB.expressedC.presentedD.impressed提示：affect 影響，感動；express表達(dá)；present呈現(xiàn)；impress 銘記。答案：D(3)Which show of the 2006 Spring Festival Evening Party is the most _on your memory?A.effectiveB.impressiveC.favoriteD.attractive提示：effective 有效果的；impressive印象深的；favorite最喜歡的，沒有比較級和和最高級；attractive吸引人的，與on your memory不搭配。答案：B單句改錯(1)I thought her trustworthy at the first time I saw her._答案：去掉at。the first time引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，表示“當(dāng)?shù)谝淮蔚臅r候”。完成句子(2)I_this mistake in your paper_I read it.(我第一次看你的卷子時沒有看出這個錯誤。)答案：overlooked;the first time選擇(3) _he was a little shy in class,but now he acts more naturally.A.FirstB.At firstC.First of allD.For the first time提示：at first意思是“最初,起先”；first of all意思是“首先,第一”；for the first time意思是“第一次”；first意思是“首先,第一”。答案：B選擇(1)Jasmine was holidaying with her family in a wildlife park _she was bitten on the leg by a lion.A.whenB.whileC.sinceD.once提示:屬于be doing.when.句型。答案：A(2)What were you doing when Tony phoned you?I had just finished my work and _to take a shower.A.had startedB.startedC.have startedD.was starting提示:was starting to do sth.正要開始做某事。后一句意為“我剛做完工作，正要開始淋浴”。A項過去完成時表示“過去的過去”。答案：D(3)The discussion_alive when an interesting topic was brought in.A.was comingB.had comeC.has comeD.came提示:根據(jù)when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句的時態(tài)可確定用一般過去時。答案：D(4)There was_time _I hated to go to school.A.a;thatB.a;whenC.the;thatD.the;when提示:a time表示一段時間；when此處作時間狀語，意思是“那時”。答案：B(5)It is almost five years _we saw each other last time.A.beforeB.sinceC.afterD.when提示:“It is+一段時間+sinceclause”表示從事情發(fā)生到現(xiàn)在多長時間了。答案：B(6)Several weeks had gone by_I realized the painting was missing.A.asB.beforeC.sinceD.when提示:before在之前。表示在意識到油畫丟失前已過了多長時間。答案：B(7)The boy spent as much time watching TV as hestudying.A.hated B.was C.hadD.did 提示:did替代spent。答案：D(8)If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week,better _ityouve got some big bills coming.A.forgetB.forgotC.forgetting D.to forget 提示:better forget 相當(dāng)于youd better forget。答案：A(9)The boy wanted to play football in the street,but his parents told him_.A.not toB.not to doC.not do itD.do not to提示：重復(fù)前面的動詞不定式時，往往用省略形式，not to后面把play football省掉了。答案：A(10)Who is the man talking to the teacher?A model worker_our school.A.visitsB.is visitingC.visited D.visiting提示：答語回答who提出的問題,即說出句子的主語，ing短語在此作定語。答案：D(11)When _the education system of China with that of Japan,the professor made no answer.A.being asked to compareB.asking him to compareC.asked to compareD.asked him to compare 提示:總體推斷法?？键c：從句中的主語因與主句主語一致，被省略了；在本句中，professor與 ask是動賓關(guān)系。答案：C(12)I wonder why you wont do it as_and its the third time you have done so.A.told youB.be toldC.told toD.you told提示：as后省略的成分為you were。答案：C課文濃縮 下面的一段文章為課文原文的濃縮,仔細(xì)閱讀,根據(jù)原文章內(nèi)容將其補充完整,并盡量背誦。Hip hop is an American cultural movement_started in the 1970s at block parties in New York,especially in a district_the Bronx.There were four main_of hip hop:breakdance and graffiti art plus two types of hip hop musicDJ-ing and rapping.The DJs at block parties in the 1970s played a lot of soul music and they _that people preferred the percussion breaks to_.There were a lot of Jamaicans in New York who_the idea with them.Why was hip hop so successful?There are two main reasons.Firstly,its cheap and easy. _,people were bored_the pop music of the daydisco music and rock music were both in_in the mid-1970s.In the late 1980s,hip hop spread_the world,to Japan,India and many parts of Europe, especially France,Belgium and Italy.答案：which;called;aspects;noticed;dance to;brought;Secondly;with;decline;across111