PE10自行車無(wú)級(jí)變速器設(shè)計(jì)【鋼球圓錐式無(wú)級(jí)變速器】

購(gòu)買設(shè)計(jì)請(qǐng)充值后下載，資源目錄下的文件所見即所得，都可以點(diǎn)開預(yù)覽，資料完整，充值下載可得到資源目錄里的所有文件?！咀ⅰ浚篸wg后綴為CAD圖紙，doc,docx為WORD文檔，原稿無(wú)水印，可編輯。具體請(qǐng)見文件預(yù)覽，有不明白之處，可咨詢QQ:12401814 沈 陽(yáng) 化 工 大 學(xué) 科 亞 學(xué) 院本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)成績(jī)考核評(píng)價(jià)表畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)名 稱PE10自行車無(wú)級(jí)變速器設(shè)計(jì)專 業(yè)機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 班級(jí)1101班 姓名郭成健 評(píng)價(jià)人權(quán)重評(píng)價(jià)點(diǎn)得分指導(dǎo)教師10圖紙完備、整潔，設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書的撰寫質(zhì)量5分析、計(jì)算、論證的綜合能力5能綜合運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí)和專業(yè)知識(shí)，獨(dú)立工作能力強(qiáng)5畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)表現(xiàn)、進(jìn)度表書寫情況評(píng)閱人10設(shè)計(jì)的有重大改進(jìn)或獨(dú)特見解，有一定應(yīng)用價(jià)值5設(shè)計(jì)的難度和工作量，結(jié)合本專業(yè)情況5計(jì)算、圖紙、公式、符號(hào)、單位是否符合工程設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范5說(shuō)明書的條理性、語(yǔ)言、書寫、圖表水平答辯小組10設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)格符合要求及答辯規(guī)范程度10答辯掛圖準(zhǔn)備情況10答辯中思維敏捷，知識(shí)面寬厚程度10回答問(wèn)題的正確性，有無(wú)錯(cuò)誤10是否有創(chuàng)新意識(shí)，設(shè)計(jì)是否有新意教師、評(píng)閱人和答辯小組按以上各條的相應(yīng)評(píng)價(jià)點(diǎn)給出得分，合計(jì)總分?jǐn)?shù)。在總成績(jī)分?jǐn)?shù)中，90-100分為優(yōu)秀，80-89分為良好，70-79為中等，60-69為及格，不足60分為不及格，列入本表右側(cè)成績(jī)欄中。注意：有嚴(yán)重抄襲現(xiàn)象的學(xué)生成績(jī)應(yīng)定為不及格，有抄襲現(xiàn)象但不嚴(yán)重的學(xué)生成績(jī)應(yīng)降檔處理。指導(dǎo)教師、評(píng)閱人及答辯小組對(duì)此應(yīng)切實(shí)注意，如有不可解決的分歧，可交于院系答辯委員會(huì)裁定。合計(jì)分?jǐn)?shù)成績(jī)答辯小組： 年 月 日畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)閱意見表專業(yè)機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化班級(jí)1101姓名 郭成健題目PE10自行車無(wú)級(jí)變速器設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)語(yǔ)該生論文選題符合專業(yè)培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)，能夠達(dá)到綜合訓(xùn)練目的，題目有難度，工作量較大。按照選題要求做了詳盡的理論計(jì)算，能較好地運(yùn)用技術(shù)用語(yǔ)和計(jì)量單位、格式、圖表、數(shù)據(jù)。論文語(yǔ)言表達(dá)流暢，格式符合規(guī)范要求；參考了相關(guān)課題的文獻(xiàn)資料，有一定的實(shí)踐指導(dǎo)意義。圖紙按規(guī)范進(jìn)行折疊。同意參加答辯。簽字： 年 月 日編號(hào)無(wú)錫太湖學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）相關(guān)資料題目： 三角帶無(wú)級(jí)變速裝置設(shè)計(jì) 信機(jī) 系 機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化專業(yè)學(xué) 號(hào)： 0923059學(xué)生姓名： 胡建義 指導(dǎo)教師： 唐正寧（職稱：副教授） （職稱： ）2013年5月25日目 錄一、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）開題報(bào)告二、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文資料翻譯及原文三、學(xué)生“畢業(yè)論文（論文）計(jì)劃、進(jìn)度、檢查及落實(shí)表”四、實(shí)習(xí)鑒定表無(wú)錫太湖學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）開題報(bào)告題目： 三角帶無(wú)級(jí)變速裝置設(shè)計(jì) 信機(jī) 系 機(jī)械工程及自動(dòng)化 專業(yè)學(xué) 號(hào)： 0923059 學(xué)生姓名： 胡建義 指導(dǎo)教師： 唐正寧（職稱：副教授） （職稱： ）2012年11月14日 課題來(lái)源上海輕工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)院科學(xué)依據(jù)（包括課題的科學(xué)意義；國(guó)內(nèi)外研究概況、水平和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)；應(yīng)用前景等）（1）課題科學(xué)意義無(wú)級(jí)變速技術(shù)采用傳動(dòng)帶和工作直徑可變的主、從動(dòng)輪相配合來(lái)傳遞動(dòng)力，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)傳動(dòng)比的連續(xù)改變，從而得到傳動(dòng)系與電機(jī)工況的最佳匹配。常見的無(wú)極變速器有液力機(jī)械式無(wú)級(jí)變速器和金屬帶式無(wú)級(jí)變速器。無(wú)級(jí)變速器在紙長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)包裝機(jī)中是主動(dòng)性的部件，無(wú)極變速器的研究幾乎成為包裝機(jī)改進(jìn)的全部。能夠自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)變速比，即調(diào)節(jié)包裝紙的輸送速度的變速器成為目前的主流。（2） 無(wú)級(jí)變速器的研究現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展前景 研究現(xiàn)狀： 金屬帶式無(wú)級(jí)變速器的結(jié)構(gòu)、力學(xué)分析、傳動(dòng)效率等，在國(guó)外已研究成熟，國(guó)外的研究熱點(diǎn)主要集中在CVT電液控制系統(tǒng)的智能PID控制、魯棒控制、模糊控制、神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)控制等。金屬帶式無(wú)級(jí)變速器的結(jié)構(gòu)、力學(xué)分析、傳動(dòng)效率等研究在國(guó)內(nèi)已取得很大的進(jìn)展，但CVT電液控制系統(tǒng)的控制策略、實(shí)驗(yàn)仿真等研究在國(guó)內(nèi)剛剛起步。 發(fā)展前景： 隨著電子技術(shù)、材料及加工技術(shù)的發(fā)展，無(wú)級(jí)變速器正朝著以下幾個(gè)方面發(fā)展:向3升以上排量的汽車上發(fā)展，以實(shí)現(xiàn)更廣泛的應(yīng)用;更加優(yōu)越的控制及快捷的反應(yīng);更低廉的價(jià)格。研究?jī)?nèi)容 達(dá)到技術(shù)指標(biāo)所規(guī)定的要求，滿足實(shí)際工作需要； 主機(jī)部件工作時(shí)定位準(zhǔn)確，啟動(dòng)無(wú)沖擊； 熟練操作CAD軟件，繪制零件圖、裝配圖； 掌握無(wú)級(jí)變速的調(diào)速原理及調(diào)速過(guò)程； 學(xué)習(xí)掌握Solidworks軟件的基本操作，并繪制三維圖；擬采取的研究方法、技術(shù)路線、實(shí)驗(yàn)方案及可行性分析（1）設(shè)計(jì)思路通過(guò)給定的參數(shù)，首先進(jìn)行總體方案設(shè)計(jì)，確定變速器各個(gè)部分的結(jié)構(gòu)形式，然后對(duì)變速器各部分分別進(jìn)行詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)和校核，確定變速器各部分的主要參數(shù)。確定參數(shù)后，用Solidworks進(jìn)行各個(gè)零部件的三維建模與裝配，又根據(jù)三維模型使用CAD畫出典型零件的二維圖，同時(shí)在畫二維圖的過(guò)程中對(duì)三維模型中的不合理之處進(jìn)行修改。（2）主要設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容 變速器總體方案設(shè)計(jì)； 典型零部件設(shè)計(jì)、校核。研究計(jì)劃及預(yù)期成果研究計(jì)劃：2012年10月12日-2012年12月25日：按照任務(wù)書要求查閱論文相關(guān)參考資料，填寫畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開題報(bào)告書。2013年1月11日-2013年3月5日：填寫畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告。2013年3月8日-2013年3月14日：按照要求修改畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開題報(bào)告。2013年3月15日-2013年3月21日：學(xué)習(xí)并翻譯一篇與畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)相關(guān)的英文材料。2013年3月22日-2013年4月11日：無(wú)級(jí)變速器整體設(shè)計(jì)。2013年4月12日-2013年4月25日：圖紙繪制。2013年4月26日-2013年5月21日：畢業(yè)論文撰寫和修改工作。預(yù)期成果：達(dá)到預(yù)期的設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)果，能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)無(wú)極變速，廣泛應(yīng)用于實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中。特色或創(chuàng)新之處 通過(guò)電動(dòng)機(jī)的正反轉(zhuǎn)改變帶式輸送機(jī)的速度，從而達(dá)到包裝紙的長(zhǎng)度； 采用固定某些參量、改變某些參量來(lái)研究問(wèn)題的方法，思路清晰，簡(jiǎn)潔明了，行之有效。已具備的條件和尚需解決的問(wèn)題 實(shí)驗(yàn)方案思路已經(jīng)非常明確，已經(jīng)具備使用Solidworks的基本操作能力以及三維建模能力； 使用Solidworks的能力尚需加強(qiáng)，仿真方面仍不足。指導(dǎo)教師意見 指導(dǎo)教師簽名：年 月 日教研室（學(xué)科組、研究所）意見 教研室主任簽名： 年 月 日系意見 主管領(lǐng)導(dǎo)簽名： 年 月 日英文原文Stepless speed technologyStepless speed technology USES belt and the work of the Lord diameters driven pulley, cooperated with the power to deliver, can realize the TRANSMISSION ratio of the continuous change, and get the TRANSMISSION and engine condition the best match between. Common step-less transmission have hydraulic mechanical step-less transmission and belt type step-less transmission , the current domestic market of the vehicles already more and more. Editor this section step-less transmission and the origin of the automatic transmissionAutomatic transmission is easy to operate, reduce fatigue driving, born of the gear drive system, the control method, it can be divided into the hydraulic controlled hydraulic and electric automatic transmission hydraulic automatic transmission; According to the change of the transmission way and can be divided into have levels of automatic transmission and no levels of automatic transmission. Therefore, step-less transmission is actually a kind of automatic transmission, but it than common automatic transmission is much more complex, more advanced technologies. Step-less transmission and common hydraulic automatic transmission of the biggest differences is on the structure, the latter is by hydraulic control gear drive system structure, still have the gears, it can be realized in between the two block is continuously variable transmission , and is two groups plate and a belt speed of than traditional automatic transmission, simple structure, smaller. In addition, it is free to change gear ratios, so as to realize the full speed stepless speed change, make more smoothly, without the traditional transmission shift at the feeling. Editor this section step-less transmission classificationTo realize stepless speed, driving mode can be adopted according to the liquid transmission, power transmission and mechanical drive three ways.Liquid transmissionLiquid transmission is divided into two kinds: one kind is hydraulic, mainly is composed by the pump and motor or the valve and pump variable speed of transmission device, apply to small and medium-sized power transmission. Another kind is hydraulic type, adopts hydraulic coupler or hydraulic torque of variable speed drive, used in high power (kw). To hundreds of thousands of The main characteristics of liquid transmission is: speed range, can absorb the impact and big to prevent transmission efficiency high, overload, long life, easy to realize automation: manufacturing precision demand is high, the price is more expensive, output characteristics for constant torque, sliding rate is bigger, running vulnerable to leak.Power transmissionPower transmission basically is divided into three categories: one kind is electromagnetic sliding type, it is in the asynchronous motor installed in electromagnetic clutch, sliding by changing its exciter current to speed, this belongs to a kind of relatively backward speed adjustment way. The characteristics of simple structure, low cost, convenient operation and maintenance, sliding, low efficiency, biggest fever, not suitable for long-term serious load operation, the general used only for small power transmission. Second is the dc motor type, changes in the magnetic flux or change the armature voltage realize the speed. Its characteristic is speed range, high precision, large and complex, high cost but equipment, maintenance difficulties, are used for medium power range (dozens to hundreds of kw), has gradually been ac motor type instead. Three kinds of ac motor type is, through the change pole, pressure control and frequency conversion for the speed. The most practical application for variable frequency speed regulation, namely deserve using a horns, and then get luffing power drive motor variable speed. Its characteristic is the speed performance is good, range, high efficiency, it can automatic control, small volume, it is suitable for a wide range of power: mechanical properties in single reducing speed constant torque, low efficiency and low speed running smooth enough, the price is higher, maintenance should be professional. In recent years, frequency converter as an advanced, excellent variable speed device rapid development of machinery, step-less transmission produced a certain impact.Mechanical transmissionThe main characteristic of the mechanical transmission is stable, rotate speed sliding rate, reliable, and has small constant power mechanical properties, the transmission efficiency is high, and simple structure, convenient maintenance, the price is relatively cheap; But parts processing and lubrication to demand higher bearing capacity, low resistance, resistance to impact overload and poor, so general suitable for medium and small power transmission.1, MTThe manual transmission (MT: Manual Transmission) gearset, because the number of teeth of each gear is fixed, each gear ratio is a fixed value (that is, the so-called level). For example, a block ratio of 3.455, the second gear is 2.056 to the five-speed 0.85, these figures are multiplied by the main reduction ratio is the total transmission ratio of the power train, 5-speed transmission 5 value (ie 5 level), so it is a step-variable transmission. The manual transmission is the most common transmission, composed of relatively AT and CVT, its structure is simple, the main axis of the input shaft, output shaft and the intermediate shaft, the shaft bearings, each gear, the synchronizer, the shift operating mechanism. Manual transmission failure rate is relatively low, the use of lower cost. 2, ATAutomatic transmission (AT: Automatic Transmission) automatic upshifts and downshifts lifting gear control, computer based primarily on speed and load (throttle pedal stroke), but also refer to a variety of signal transmission oil temperature, shift mode. The same point of the AT and MT both step-variable transmission, only that the AT has a continuous speed ratio variation in the respective gear, and the speed according to the vehicle speed automatically to achieve a gear change for hand can be eliminated block cars frustrated variable block feeling. (1) AT structure: Compared with manual wave, hydraulic automatic transmission (AT) are very different in structure and use. Manually waves mainly composed of gears and shafts, variable speed torque generated by different gear combinations; AT by the torque converter, a planetary gear and the hydraulic steering system, to achieve a variable speed hydraulic transmission and gear combination moment. Wherein the torque converter is the most characteristic parts of the AT, it is composed by the pump impeller, turbine and guide wheel member, directly enter the engine power transmitting torque and clutch effect. (2) AT advantages and disadvantages: AT without a clutch shift, gear changes less stable connection, so the operation is easy, both to car, bring comfort to the car. But the disadvantage is also one of the speed changes in response to slow, there is no manual transmission is sensitive, so many play car owners like to open a manual transmission car; Second, the economic cost of oil, the transmission efficiency is low variable torque range is limited, in recent years, the introduction of electronic control technology improve this problem; institutional complex, difficult to repair. High-Speed circulating within the torque converter hydraulic oil will generate heat, so as to use the specified high temperature hydraulic oil. In addition, if the car can not be started due to battery power shortage, you can not start with a truck or trailer bed. Hauling fault car, pay attention to the drive wheels off the ground to protect the Automatic gear from damage. (3) AMT AMT transformation, major changes in the mechanical transmission (manual transmission) based on the original manual shift control section. In the case of the overall transmission structure constant through the installation of computer-controlled robotic systems to achieve the automation of the shift. AMT is actually a robot system to complete the two movements operating the clutch and the gear selector. AMT is the production of manual wave based on the transformation, production inheritance, investment responsibility with lower production plant. AMTs core technology is computer-controlled, electronic technology and quality will directly determine the quality of the performance and operation of the AMT. 3, the CVTThe continuously variable transmission (CVT: Continuous Variable Transmission) with a step-type main difference in that: it is the speed ratio is not interrupted, but a series of discrete values, for example, has been changing from 3.455 to 0.85. CVT structure is simpler than conventional automatic transmission, smaller, neither many manual transmission gear pair, there is no automatic transmission complex planetary gear set, it depends mainly on the main driven wheel and metal band or wheel dial to achieve the speed ratio stepless change. Its principle is as several sets of gear sizes watched under the control of an aggregate with a common gearbox, and a different speed ratio, like a bicycle pedal driven by the size of the wheel and the chain wheels to rotate at different speeds. Also changes due to the different strength of the thrust generated by each group gear sizes, resulting in the transmission output speed, in order to achieve the bradycardia rotation, regardless of grade. CVT belts and variable-width ratchet power transmission, i.e., when the ratchet wheel changes the groove width of the elbow, corresponding to the shift change the contact radius of the drive wheel and the driven wheel on the driving belt, a belt ships with a rubber band, metal band and metal chain. CVT is truly stepless, it is light weight, small size, fewer parts, and AT has a high operating efficiency, lower fuel consumption. CVT disadvantage is obvious, is the transmission belt can be easily damaged, can not withstand a greater load, low power and low torque vehicles can only be restricted to about 1 liter of displacement, so the share of the automatic transmission 4. After the major car companies vigorously research in recent years, the situation has improved. CVT will be the development direction of the automatic transmission. Domestic vehicle models equipped with the CVT, such as the Nissan Teana, Sylphy, X-Trail full range of models, FAW-Volkswagen, Audi, the Guangqi Honda Fit, South Fiat Siena, Pa Baclofen, Chery Cowin.The main structure and working principle of the CVT (1) steel belt CVTThe CVT is a combination of pulleys and a steel strip, power is transmitted to replace the conventional gear device. The main components of the basic member of the including capstan group, a driven wheel set, a metal band, and a hydraulic pump, etc. Metal band by the two beams of metal rings and hundreds of sheet metal. Capstan group and a driven wheel set by the movable disc and the fixed rent, close to one side of the pulley and the cylinder can slide on the shaft, the other side is fixed. Movable plate and the fixed plate cone structure, the cone forming a V-groove to engage with the V-shaped metal transmission belt. The power output of the engine output shaft is first passed to the capstan of the CVT, and then is transmitted to the driven wheel through a V-type power transmission belt, and finally via the gear unit, the differential is transmitted to the wheels to drive the car. Through the capstan and the driven wheel when the movable disc for axial movement to change the working radius of the capstan and the tapered surface of the driven pulley with a V-type drive belt engaging, thereby changing the transmission ratio. The amount of axial movement of the movable platen is needed by the driver through the control system to adjust the capstan, the follower wheel cylinder of the hydraulic pump pressure to achieve. Continuously adjusted in order to achieve a continuously variable transmission can be achieved due to the working radius of drive pulley and driven pulley. In the the CVT hydraulic system, the role of the slave cylinder to control the tension of the metal band, in order to ensure the efficient and reliable delivery of power from the engine. Active cylinder to control the position of the driving bevel wheel moves axially along the V-groove move in the the capstan group metal band, due to the constant length of the metal strip, a group of the driven wheel in the opposite direction on the metal strip along the V-groove changes. Change the radius of gyration of the metal strip in the the capstan group and a driven wheel set on the continuous variation of the speed ratio. When the car is started, the small working radius of the driving wheel, the transmission can get a larger gear ratio, thus ensuring the drive axle to have enough torque to ensure the car has a higher acceleration. As the speed increases, the capstan working radius is gradually reduced, the working radius of the driven wheel increases accordingly, and the CVT transmission is decreased so that the car can travel at higher speeds.(2) wheel rotary CVTCan be used to deliver more power and torque applicable in a larger displacement automobiles. This CVT combination of turntable and roller transfer drive torque and change the transmission ratio. It is changed by moving the power roller transmission ratio, input dial to the power roller force is applied in a timely manner, so that CVT gear ratio change of the reaction faster than the strip-type CVT, in order to achieve the drivers accelerator input of the transmission ratio changes linearly. In addition, similar to the strip-drive CVT, the continuous change of the transmission ratio so that the driver can enjoy seamless smooth shifting, without any shift shock.Engine power transmitted to an input dial input dial to the rotational movement of the transmitting power to the wheel, and then passed through the rollers to the output of the turntable. By continuously changing the inclination angle of the power roller, CVT performs a smooth and continuous gear ratio changes. The size of the contact circle between the points of contact between the input wheel and the power roller circle size and the output of the dial and the power roller is changed according to the change of the inclination angle of the power roller. The size ratio of the circle corresponding to the input the turntable and output rotational speed ratio of the turntable, the rotational speed ratio is equal to the drive ratio. When the the output dial circle is larger, the rotation of the output dial slower than the input dial, which is equivalent to the traditional low-end of the transmission. Conversely, output dial circle small, the rotation of the output dial faster than the input dial, which is equivalent to the high-end of the traditional transmission.The momentum wheel is supported on the trunnion connected above and below the assembly and the hydraulic servo piston can move up and down.Power roller, this configuration allows each roller rotating around the trunnion.When the power roller axis through the wheel center, does not produce the force of the tilt of the wheel. Accordingly, since the wheel tilt remains unchanged, it is no change in the transmission ratio.Since the high-speed rotation of the turntable, as long as the wheel moves up or down. 0.1mm to 1.0mm, can be tilted. This immediate response to a gear ratio change instruction, the EXTROID CVT cause particularly rapid transmission ratio change.The inclination angle of the power roller hydraulic mechanism for manipulation. Despite the transmission ratio is changed by tilting the power roller, but not directly to the wheel afterburner. Instead, the force generated using the turntable so that the inclined roller when the vertical movement of the wheel from the center axis, the turntable on the roller tilt. As the high-speed rotary dial, dial the forces generated by the wheel movement and force the hours immediately tilt, so we can quickly feel the transmission ratio changes significantly. When the drivers accelerator input, and the linear acceleration and deceleration.中文譯文無(wú)級(jí)變速器無(wú)級(jí)變速技術(shù)，它采用傳動(dòng)帶和工作直徑可變的主、從動(dòng)輪相配合來(lái)傳遞動(dòng)力，可以實(shí)現(xiàn)傳動(dòng)比的連續(xù)改變，從而得到傳動(dòng)系與發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工況的最佳匹配。常見的無(wú)級(jí)變速器有液力機(jī)械式無(wú)級(jí)變速器和金屬帶式無(wú)級(jí)變速器自動(dòng)變速器，按齒輪變速系統(tǒng)的控制方式，它可以分為液控液壓自動(dòng)變速器和電控液壓自動(dòng)變速器；按傳動(dòng)比的變化方式又可分為有級(jí)式自動(dòng)變速器和無(wú)級(jí)式自動(dòng)變速器。因此，無(wú)級(jí)變速器實(shí)際上是自動(dòng)變速器的一種，但它比常見的自動(dòng)變速器要復(fù)雜得多，技術(shù)上也更為先進(jìn)。 無(wú)級(jí)變速器與常見的液壓自動(dòng)變速器最大的不同是在結(jié)構(gòu)上，后者是由液壓控制的齒輪變速系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成，還是有擋位的，它所能實(shí)現(xiàn)的是在兩擋之間的無(wú)級(jí)變速，而無(wú)級(jí)變速器則是兩組變速輪盤和一條傳動(dòng)帶組成的，比傳統(tǒng)自動(dòng)變速器結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，體積更小。另外，它可以自由改變傳動(dòng)比，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)全程無(wú)級(jí)變速，使車速變化更為平穩(wěn)，沒(méi)有傳統(tǒng)變速器換擋時(shí)那種“頓”的感覺(jué)。為實(shí)現(xiàn)無(wú)級(jí)變速，按傳動(dòng)方式可采用液體傳動(dòng)、電力傳動(dòng)和機(jī)械傳動(dòng)三種方式。液體傳動(dòng)液體傳動(dòng)分為兩類：一類是液壓式，主要是由泵和馬達(dá)組成或者由閥和泵組成的變速傳動(dòng)裝置，適用于中小功率傳動(dòng)。另一類為液力式，采用液力耦合器或液力矩進(jìn)行變速傳動(dòng)，適用于大功率（幾百至幾千千瓦）。 液體傳動(dòng)的主要特點(diǎn)是：調(diào)速范圍大，可吸收沖擊和防止過(guò)載，傳動(dòng)效率較高，壽命長(zhǎng)，易于實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)化：制造精度要求高，價(jià)格較貴，輸出特性為恒轉(zhuǎn)矩，滑動(dòng)率較大，運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)容易發(fā)生漏油。電力傳動(dòng)電力傳動(dòng)基本上分為三類：一類是電磁滑動(dòng)式，它是在異步電動(dòng)機(jī)中安裝一電磁滑差離合器，通過(guò)改變其勵(lì)磁電流來(lái)調(diào)速，這屬于一種較為落后的調(diào)速方式。其特點(diǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，成本低，操作維護(hù)方便：滑動(dòng)最大，效率低，發(fā)熱嚴(yán)重，不適合長(zhǎng)期負(fù)載運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，故一般只用于小功率傳動(dòng)。 二類是直流電動(dòng)機(jī)式，通過(guò)改變磁通或改變電樞電壓實(shí)現(xiàn)調(diào)速。其特點(diǎn)是調(diào)速范圍大，精度也較高，但設(shè)備復(fù)雜，成本高，維護(hù)困難，一般用于中等功率范圍（幾十至幾百千瓦），現(xiàn)已逐步被交流電動(dòng)機(jī)式替代。 三類是交流電動(dòng)機(jī)式，通過(guò)變極、調(diào)壓和變頻進(jìn)行調(diào)速。實(shí)際應(yīng)用最多者為變頻調(diào)速，即采用一變幅器獲得變幅電源，然后驅(qū)動(dòng)電動(dòng)機(jī)變速。其特點(diǎn)是調(diào)速性能好、范圍大、效率較高，可自動(dòng)控制，體積小，適用功率范圍寬：機(jī)械特性在降速段位恒轉(zhuǎn)矩，低速時(shí)效率低且運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)不夠平穩(wěn)，價(jià)格較高，維修需專業(yè)人員。近年來(lái)，變頻器作為一種先進(jìn)、優(yōu)良的變速裝置迅速發(fā)展，對(duì)機(jī)械無(wú)級(jí)變速器產(chǎn)生了一定的沖擊。機(jī)械傳動(dòng)機(jī)械傳動(dòng)的特點(diǎn)主要是：轉(zhuǎn)速穩(wěn)定，滑動(dòng)率小，工作可靠，具有恒功率機(jī)械特性，傳動(dòng)效率較高，而且結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，維修方便，價(jià)格相對(duì)便宜；但零部件加工及潤(rùn)滑要求較高，承載能力較低，抗過(guò)載及耐沖擊性較差，故一般適合于中、小功率傳動(dòng)。1、MT手動(dòng)變速器（MT：Manual Transmission）采用齒輪組，由于每擋齒輪組的齒數(shù)是固定的，所以各擋速比是個(gè)固定值（也就是所謂的“級(jí)”）。比如，一擋速比是3.455，二擋是2.056，再到五擋的0.85，這些數(shù)字再乘上主減速比就是汽車動(dòng)力傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的總傳動(dòng)比，5擋變速器共有5