泵蓋注塑模具設計
泵蓋注塑模具設計,注塑,模具設計
第 13 頁 共 14 頁 桂林電子科技大學畢業(yè)設計用紙 自動裝配模型注塑模具注射模具是包含產品生產部分和自動化裝配的組件,本篇論文論述了注射成型模塑的兩個關鍵的裝配組件,也就是由計算機設計模擬出來,并且決定非生產部件在裝配組件中的位置和取向。這種從本質特征和客觀取向所設計的組件,是為了表現出注射成型裝配組件的。這種設計允許設計者忽略模塑制件的細節(jié),直接描述制件重點的那一部分及其原因,因此它給設計者提供了一次設計裝配的機會,一個系統(tǒng)的簡單幾何方法通常可以在相同的條件下推斷出一個客觀配件在裝配組件中的位置。在這種粗略設計和系統(tǒng)簡單的幾何方法的基礎上,模塑自動化裝配組件被進一步研究。關鍵詞:模塑組裝,表觀現象,注射成型,客觀取向1. 前言 注射成型是塑料制造業(yè)中最重要的一個環(huán)節(jié)。它所必要的設備包含兩個部分:注射成型機和注射模具。今天所用的注射模具機就是所謂的萬能機,在一定的范圍內不同尺寸的塑件通過它生產出來,但是模具設計時需要根據塑件的要求進行改變。不同的模具布局對于不同的模具形狀是必要的。注射成型模具的最基本的任務就是將熔化了的材料生產成不同形狀的制品,這個任務是由包含了陽模、型腔、嵌件、一級頂出機構的型腔系統(tǒng)完成的。型腔系統(tǒng)的幾何形狀和尺寸是由塑件直接決定的,因此一個型腔所有的構件稱為產品生產部件(產品就是指塑件,部件就是指注射模具的構件),另外產品成型是最基本任務,注射成型機需要完成很多任務,例如,分配、熔料、冷卻融化物注射塑件,功能部件所完成的這些任務與注射成型不同結構和尺寸的塑件非常相似,他們的結構和幾何形狀與塑件成型模具不相關,但是他們的尺寸可以根據塑件的尺寸而不斷改變,因此我們可以從中得到結論:注射成型機包含了塑件生產部分和與之相關的非生產部分的自動化裝配組件。圖1所示為注塑模具的裝配機構:圖1 注塑模具的裝配機構設計作為產品依賴的一部分是基于塑件的幾何形狀,最近幾年,CAD/CAM技術已經被成功的應用在幫助模具設計者設計塑件生產部分。塑件的自動化生產作為塑件生產的一部分給人們帶來很大的研究興趣,然而在塑料模具裝配建模上卻很少有行動,盡管它和產品的設計一樣很重要。當應用CAD系統(tǒng)設計產品生產部分和所有的注射成型裝配組件時模具工業(yè)面臨以下兩種困難,第一,在一個模具系統(tǒng)中往往有一百多個產品生產部分,并且這些部分之間互相聯系互相制約,模具設計者在一個裝配組件取向和安排這些組件時浪費了很多時間,第二,模具設計者利用大部分的時間來思考實際存在的客觀部件的選用原則,例如,螺絲、底座、釘子時,CAD系統(tǒng)應用了一個完全不同的客觀無體幾何水平。結果高水平的客觀取向想法不得不翻譯成低水平的CAD系統(tǒng),例如,線、面、塊,因此,對于解決上面的兩個問題,發(fā)展一個模塑自動化裝配組件是非常重要的。在這篇論文中我們論述了模塑自動化組建的兩個關鍵因素。在計算機中涉及模具生產部分和模具生產裝配組件,并且決定組成部分在一個裝配組件中的位置和客觀取向。這篇論文簡要的描述了模塑裝配組件的相關研究,并且論述了注射成型模塑裝配組件的一個不可缺少的設計,一個簡單的幾何方法被用來決定一個部件在模具裝配組件中的位置和客觀取向,介紹了注塑成型模塑的自動化裝配組件的一個例子。2相關的研究模具裝配已經在很多領域廣泛研究,例如,動力機體學、人工智能和幾何建模學。Libardi等人編輯了一本模塑組件的書,他們在其中報道了許多研究者在模具裝配研究中利用圖標機構。在這個圖標方案中,一些組件被比喻成鼻子,一些感觀機體被弧線連接起來。然而,這些感官機體并沒有重合在一起,這就嚴重的影響了改性過程。例如,一個幾何裝配移動,所有與之相關的部件沒有相應的移動。Lee 和 Gossard發(fā)明了一種支持包含了最基本信息的數據庫的有等級差別的裝配組建系統(tǒng),這些最基本的信息包含了兩個部件之間的墊片,這些改型基體取決于與之相關的實體,但是這些有等級模具差別的模具組建僅僅代表了這些模具中的一部分。自動化推斷配置部件在裝配中的作用,意味著模具設計者可以避免直接定義這些改性機體,另外,一個部件位置的改變,將會隨著與之相連的任意一個部件的形狀和位置的改動而變動,存在著三種技術推斷計算一個部件在一個裝配組件中的位置和取向,這三種技術分別是數字迭代技術、系統(tǒng)代數技術、和系統(tǒng)幾何技術。 Lee和 Gossard指出數字迭代技術使用計算存在與空間關系中任何一個部件的位置和取向,他們的方法包含了三個步驟:產生約束等式、減少約束等式的數量和解決這些等式,存在著16個等式與條件不符,18個等式符合條件,6個對任何機體合適的等式,還有2個附加等式符合旋轉部分,通常這些等式的數量超過了可以利用的等式,因此這就需要一種技術篩選到不需要的公式,牛頓力學公式被用來解決這個問題。這種技術有兩個缺點:第一、這種方法嚴重的依賴這前面的方法;第二、數字迭代技術不能區(qū)別不同的數字基礎,因此,它很可能用在空間關系的問題上,這個領域不是數學方面的空白,但是在理論上還很模糊。Ambler 和Popplestone提出了一種方法用來計算裝配組建中的每一個部件在兩個部件之間轉換和改觀方面所需要的空間關系,每一個部件存在著關于空間關系的六個轉變三個移動和三個旋轉)。這種技術需要大量的計算機程序應用和數據計算,同樣他不能用來解決在任何時間出現的所用問題,尤其是當一個等式不能在程序中被重寫的時候。Kramer發(fā)明了一種能夠決定一個剛性物體的位置和取向的集合方法,這種方法滿足一套的幾何約束。這種幾何方法是通過產生一系列沒任何約束的系統(tǒng)方法來解決問題的。這就導致了DOF數量的下降,Kramer利用了一種解決問題的技術稱作“上帝”,這是一個包含了一個點和兩條直交軸線的技術。7條約束現在圖標間被定義出來,對于一個涉及到單個對象與約束在那個機構上的標記與不變屬性和實驗分析的標記的問題獲得了解決。經試驗分析后確定一個幾何物體的最終布局,再一步一步的解決客觀物體的布局,自由度決定哪一種方法將會滿足一個物體沒有約束,這考慮到將來減小物體的自由運行,在每一步的結尾,一個可行的的法案增加到裝配計劃中。根據Shah和 Rogers的方法,Kramer的描述在塑裝配組建技術中起到了重大的作用,這種系統(tǒng)的幾何方法可以解決所有的約束條件,并且與數字迭代技術相比他擁有更吸引人的數字計算技術,但是要應用這種方法就需要大量的應用程序。盡管很多的設計者積極的投入到模塑裝配組建技術上,但是關于塑料注射成型模塑裝配組建技術的成果很少被系統(tǒng)的報道。Kruth等人發(fā)明一種支持注射成型的設計系統(tǒng),他們的系統(tǒng)通過高水平的功能模塑組建支持了注射成型模塑技術,因為他們的技術是建立在AUTOCAD的基礎上,所以只能通過簡單的塊和線框表示出來。3注射成型裝配組件的表征注射成型模塑的自動化裝配組件的兩個關鍵技術是在計算機中將模塑裝配組件表示出來以及決定部件的生產部分在裝配組件中的位置和方向。在這個階段我們可以利用客觀取樣和表觀現象來代表注射成型的裝配組件。在計算機中會使每個部件的結構與空間關系變?yōu)楝F實,這種設計必須支持所有的部件在裝配組件中的配合,所有部件間的改變關系和裝配組件作為一個整體的操作要求。另外,裝配組件的這種設計要求設計者在設計師必須滿足以下的要求:1、要求模具設計者有高水平的技術來應對實際存在的物體水平;2、裝配組件的這種設計必須能夠正確的表現出自動生產過程的功能;為了滿足這些要求一種具有表觀現象和客觀取向的有等級差別的模具被應用在注射成型技術中,一個裝配組件可以被分成很多集合裝配,這個集合裝配有包含了很多的構件,因此有等級差別的模具能夠分成合適的代表兩個構件之間的結構。一個等級差別的模具暗示了一個明確的裝配組件組,另外,一個等級差別的膜具能夠直接表現出一個構件對另一個構件的依賴?;谔卣鞯脑O計要求設計者站在一個比實際應用模具更高的水平線。幾何形狀是直接的、有尺寸的,當功能建模設計出來細節(jié),使用者能夠很快的通過一系列參數直接定位。當然,由于幾何形狀之間的關系,它同樣也可以使設計者比客觀取向的模具設計者容易做出變動。沒有客觀取向設計者就要根據模具要求考慮到所有的幾何結構,因此,每一次設計改變可直接根據模具要求改變而改變。另外,客觀取向的設計能夠給設計者提供更高水平的組件物體,例如,當模具設計者考慮到物體的真實水平時,如一個冷卻水孔相關的客觀表象在計算機中模擬使用??陀^取向模具設計是一個在考慮到現實事件中的模具技術的基礎上所應用的一種新的方法,它的基礎是客觀物體,這個物體結合了數據結構和性能客觀取向方法被用來理解問題和設計程序和數據庫,另外,客觀取向代表了裝配組件制造時單位客觀物體和總的組件的包含與被包含關系。圖2表示了模具裝配中的表觀現象與客觀取向,代表性就是抽象的層次結構來自低水平的幾何實體到高水平的組件。項目圖包含方格代表裝配模具,實線代表部件的關系,虛線代表其它的關系,部件組成實體。它聯合了表觀現象與客觀取向的優(yōu)點,它不僅包含部件與整體的關系,更擁有一些模具裝配的結構關系和使用功能。在3.1中將進一步分析模具裝配的意義,而在3.2中詳細的介紹各部件之間的關系。圖2 模具裝配中的表觀現象與客觀取向3.1裝配模具的定義在我們的工作中,把模具裝配“O” 在下面的公式中是獨一無二的實體:O = (Oid, A, M, R) (1)在這里:Oid是模具裝配的唯一標識符(O);A是一個三元組合(t,a,v), 其中a是O的一個屬性,每個與之相關的元素就是字符t, a和v;M是一個數組,(m, tc1, tc2, %, tcn, tc)。每一個元素都是每個功能的唯一標識符。R是O與其它元素之間的關系,這兒又六種基本的關系在模具裝配中。即:Part-of, SR, SC, DOF, Lts, and Fit.3.2裝配模具的關系在模具的裝配中有六種關系,分別是:Part-of, SR, SC, DOF, Lts, Fit。Part-of模具裝配本身的一種性質;SR明確規(guī)定的方向與裝配部件的客觀取向之間的關系,對于一個組成部分,它們特殊的空間關系來源于特殊的限制(SC);SC 一個部件與其它的裝配組件之間的限制關系;DOF 在裝配完成后允許的旋轉自由度;Lts 由于旋轉的自由度,單方向或多方向的限制;Fit 尺寸的限制為了保持某種狀態(tài);在模具裝配的所有元素中,模具的裝配各部件之間的關系是非常重要的,這種關系不僅決定部件的方位,而且能夠保持模具裝配的關系。接下來,我們將要進一步通過例子來闡述這種關系。3.2.1形狀特征間的關系從本質上說,模具設計就是一種思想,模具設計師們大部分時間在想一些實際的東西,例如底板、螺絲釘、溝槽、斜面和孔。所以,非常的有必要利用所有的標準部件建立幾何模型。模具設計師可以很容易的對部件的方位以及形狀進行改變,因為那些部件間的關系都顯示在模型上。圖3a顯示一個平板上有個孔,這個部件有兩個特征:階段性和反鉆孔,反鉆孔(FF1)在F2和 F1的坐標系中可用FF1表示,公式(2)(5)表示了二者之間的關系。對于形狀特征,這里沒有什么特殊的限制,所以設計者直接指定這種關系。這種詳細的關系如下:圖3 裝配關系公式(2)-(7)顯示了FF1與FF2之間的關系,這些關系最終決定在這一部件中的方位和方向,如果把這一部件看做是模具裝配,形狀特征便是模具裝配中的一個“元件”。形狀特征的選擇是建立在標準零部件的尺寸的基礎之上的,因為CAD/CAM系統(tǒng)技術的支持,形狀特征不僅滿足模具裝配的尺寸和位置,而且體現了我們選擇的模具部件之間的特殊關系。為了增加那種特殊的關系,我們必須記錄邏輯關系,為模具裝配配備合適的關系。在CAD系統(tǒng)更新前, 檢查合適的形狀特征都是必要的。 3.2.2各部件之間的關系 在模具裝配中,某部件的方向和方位是與其它部件相關聯的。圖3b顯示了一個模板(PP1)與螺絲釘(pp2)。螺釘的相對位置被模板上的孔所限制,這種模板與螺釘之間的關系如下:就像我們從公式(8)和(9)所看到的一樣,通過計算Mp 和Mr決定螺釘在平板上的位置和方向是非常重要的。Mp 和Mr來自空間的限制,這種推導需要推斷模具裝配中的配置,這個問題將在下一階段進行討論。我們已經介紹了一種注塑模具裝配的計算機模型。在這一階段,總結計算機模型的長處是有必要的。裝配模具作為組件的代表,反過來卻包括了組件,這個組件可以進一步代表裝配的形狀特征,如此等級關系暗示裝配順序以及包含關系。這種基礎特征不僅要求設計師們能夠高水平的設計單個部件,而且擴展了模具裝配的功能,因為這種性質允許部件隨同其他部件位置和方向的改變而改變。表觀現象可以聯合某個對象的數據庫以及操作。模具裝配中封裝的功能就像頂出機構與干涉檢查一樣能夠使的例行程序自動化。4注射成型模塑的裝配部件推斷我們從等式8和9中可以看出,裝配模具中部件的方位與方向最終會被變換母體所取代。為了方便,特別的機構關系通常是一些高水平的交配條件,就像伙伴、共線和平行。所以,在部件之間的隱含約束關系間自動獲取明確轉變條件是很必要的。在第二部分中已經對三種推斷模具裝配部件的技術進行了分析。因為幾何模型能夠找出所有問題,并同時間的復雜性組成等式,我們用這種方法去確定裝配模具部件的方位與方向,要將這種方法在模具裝配中付之于行動,需要大量的規(guī)劃。然而,一種簡化幾何的方法被提議去確定模具裝配時的部件方位與方向。在這種簡化幾何的方法中,通過產生一系列的行動去滿足那些約束來確定模具裝配時的部件方位與方向。滿足約束的所需資料被存儲在“計劃碎片”中,每個計劃碎片就是一個能夠指定順序和能夠使移動部件按照預定的路線移動的程序,計劃碎片還可以記錄物體的新自由度和相關的幾何變量。從概念上說,Kramer的計劃是一個三維調度表。我們用TDOF來代表自由度的平移度,RDOF來代表自由度的旋轉度。這種計劃表詳盡的例舉了所有空間的狀態(tài),為了滿足一系列的約束在物體上的標記和球坐標系中的標記而移動物體。例舉了上面三個因素相結合的不同,將導致82中差異。如果研究的空間減少的話,將會降低計劃表中的差異。為了實現這一目標,那些因素的例舉數量需減少。例如,對于一定的約束類型,如果TDOF由0,1,2 ,3變?yōu)?,3后,這樣研究空間就嚴重的降低。經過仔細的分析模具裝配部件的組成,四個基礎的約束被引用,他們的定義和代數方程如下:由于那些相關的限制,我們計劃表中的參數充分的下降了,在我們的計劃表中去解決一個、兩個和三個的限制,必須有九個參數。模具裝配中為了互相增加組件,更多的限制約束和自由度將會增加使用者的適應性。然而,在自動化模具裝配中,許多特殊的模具裝配關系將會事先確定,許多順序關系也不太重要。通過上面的約束限制,各部件之間的結構關系將會被資料庫中數據指定。當增加模具裝配中增加部件時,系統(tǒng)將會第一時間分解復雜的約束為簡單的約束,然后,生成一組碎片計劃使部件在模具裝配中有確定的方向和方位。5模具非標準的集合裝配許多注塑成型的裝配組件包含了生產部分和非生產部分, 生產部分單個組件的設計是在塑件幾何性能的基礎上得到的,通常產品生產部分應有與高水平裝配組件相同的取向,通常這些構件的位置和大小直接由設計者制定,對于產品省成本的設計,傳統(tǒng)的方法是設計者從手冊中直接選擇所需要的模型,對這些選擇的產品生產部分建立幾何模型塊,然后再將這些塊加入到注射成型裝配組件中,這樣的設計既浪費時間又錯誤百出。在我們所應用的新的設計方法中,所有生產部分的設計數據是在裝配組件和客觀需要的基礎上得到的,這些數據不僅包含了幾何形狀和生產部分的尺寸,而且還包含了部件之間的空間約束。另外,許多部件有固定的路線,例如:頂出和復位同樣也在這個數據庫中,因此,模具設計必須選則應用這要求的模具生產部分而確定它的結構,然后計算機軟件會自動的確定出這些部分所要求部件的取向和位置,最后再將這些部件加入到裝配組件中。5.1模架組件就像我們從圖1中看到的那樣,產品的生產部分可以進一步分為標準件和非標準件。這些非標準件是由一系列底座、導向機構等裝配組件構成的。除了確定產品的性狀外,一個模具還必須同時完成許多其他的功能,例如冷卻、注射產品、頂出、合模導向等,許多的模具應有相似的性能,因此這就導致了他們在結構上的相似,模具結構設計中有許多標準要求,模具非標準部件就是在這些標準組件的基礎上設計而成的。根據裝配組件設計師的客觀取樣和表觀現象,模具組件的表觀現象是非標準件首先應該考慮到的,另外,客觀組件的設計受到組件構件之間的相互關系和構件的功能的限制,然后利用這些客觀組件,一個有等級差比的集合裝配(模具的非標準部件)就形成了,這些模具的生產部分可以直接由目錄數據庫中的數據確定,圖4表示模具實際情況對立于模具的特殊組件,這種特殊的模具組件的例子被自動的添加的模具裝配中,模具部件與整體之間的結構關系可以以Mp和Mr為單元表示出來。圖4 模具設計實例5.2標準件的自動添加一個標準件就是一個自動組件,這個可以依據3.1中的公式1定義。在數據庫中的空間約束是由交差、平面直線和弧線確定的,但是它與非標準件不同,標準件的位置和客觀取向并不確定。在設計時軟件通過簡單的公式直接推斷出標準件的幾何形狀。5.3模具裝配中的復位機構自動化設計的一個關鍵考慮因素是復位過程,復位是指嵌件在設計過程中留出相應的一定空間使之歸位的操作。當一個頂出設備加入到裝配組件中就要求在設計過程中留出相應的孔,以便復位。如圖5所示:圖5 模具頂出機構既然利用了客觀取向技術,每一個裝配組件都可以有兩種表示方式:實際存在和客觀設計。實際存在的物體空間是根據一個真實物體所要占據的空間決定的,無論何時一個客觀構件被加入到裝配組件中,它的真實空間尺寸也同時被設計出來,復位操作技術是根據相關構件的相互關系而設計的。另外由于實際空間和真實空間的關系,復位技術的設計也要根據實際物體做出相應的改變,這種自動復位功能進一步說明了客觀取向的優(yōu)點。6系統(tǒng)實施在客觀取樣和表觀取向基礎上設計而出的模塑自動化裝配組件技術,已經在美國國立大學被應用在IMOLD領域內。這種繪圖技術是提高應用程序的一個有效方式,通過這種技術的使用這可以將其它部分加入到裝配組件中修改參數等。盡管繪圖技術提供了很好的功能,但是上文提到的方法仍然被用來推斷構件的布局,因為在設計過程中必須考慮到構件自由運行的程度和檢查構件在加入到裝配組件以前所需要的空間。這種系統(tǒng)的約束條件和圖表約束是相輔相成的。圖6顯示為一種注塑產品,圖7a中顯示成型這種塑件的注塑模具,圖7b中指出了各個組件在裝配時的父子關系。這種裝配組件使用IMOLD技術設計的,模具中的每一個非標準件被自動的安置在裝配組件中。同樣,標準件(例如:螺釘)也是被自動的加入到裝配組件中,復位技術也不例外。圖6 注塑產品圖7 成型注塑產品6的模具7. 結論在表觀現象和客觀取向技術上所設計的具有等級差別的注射模塑裝配組件,不僅僅提高了裝配組件設計技術,而且同時提高了操作功能和幾何約束性,例如:自由的程度,配合條件、鑲嵌和取向約束。因為,裝配組件設計的這一技術的提高,裝配組件中某一構件的尺寸變化可以在整體設計完以后再做出變動。裝配組件構件的封裝有以下兩個特點:1、配合技術在裝配構件中封裝自動化裝配組件設計時可以被容易的利用;2、裝配組件的封裝使得裝配組件的設計在應用過程中自動完成,例如:復位和構件檢查。提出的簡單的統(tǒng)計方法可以直接降低自動化設計過程中程序的難度。DVD-ROM上蓋的建模和注塑成型工藝對收縮率影響的分析 塑料注射成型在生產高品質塑料零件中發(fā)揮著關鍵的作用。收縮是影響注塑成型零件質量最重要的因素之一。本文通過評估丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物(ABS)材質的DVD-ROM上蓋質量著重研究建模和注塑成型工藝對收縮率的影響。通過數據分析確定工藝參數(模具溫度、熔點、注射壓力、注射時間和冷卻時間)與收縮率之間的數學關系開發(fā)一個有效的回歸模型。有限元 (FE) 分析 (L27)田口所設計Moldow仿真程序中運行的正交數組。通過方差分析(ANOVA)校驗回歸模型并確定工藝參數對收縮率的影響。通過Moldow仿真分析,可獲得有限元分析與控制的回歸模型的準確性。結果顯示回歸模型與有限元分析實驗的結果高度一致。由此可以得出結論這項建模的收縮問題在我們的應用程序中研究成功。關鍵詞:塑料注塑成型,回歸建模和方差分析,收縮。1 前言 注射成型是批量生產制造薄殼塑料零件常用的加工方法之一。塑料部件的質量取決于材料的特性、 模具設計和最重要的工藝參數。幾項研究發(fā)現,注射成型的工藝參數對塑料部件的質量都有關鍵的影響。他們調查注射成型工藝在生產過程中零部件的收縮、 彎曲、 熔合紋、凹陷和殘余應力等問題。他們的研究還顯示影響塑料部件質量的最重要參數是保壓、 熔化溫度和模具溫度。然而,這些研究沒有充分考慮到其他包括注射時間和冷卻時間等工藝參數的影響。此外,德米雷爾有對收縮和翹曲變形導致部件質量問題的計算進行實驗研究。這項研究還表明了收縮和翹曲變形隨著溫度的升高和注射壓力的降低而增加。在這個研究中,雖然沒有考慮到主要影響工藝參數注射時間和冷卻時間,但是這些實驗條件足夠得出寶貴的結論。許多發(fā)表的論文指出,在薄殼塑料部件的注射成型中,工藝參數和影響零塑件質量問題的收縮與彎曲可以建立物理關系。在以往的研究中,進行一系列的試驗來測量收縮和翹曲變形下的工藝參數的值。通過數學模型利用測量的值確定最佳工藝參數。以類似的方式,利用回歸分析取得薄殼塑料零件注射成型工藝參數與通過實驗獲得的收縮率之間的關系。通過工藝參數與收縮率的數學關系式創(chuàng)建二階廣義多項式回歸方程。由此發(fā)現,工藝對零塑件的質量起著至關重要的影響。另一方面,在上述研究中,它沒有經過任何成型仿真工具(模流分析)對實驗結果進行校核。然而,有許多研究工藝參數對質量的影響的仿真塑料注塑成型的文章。 其中一篇由Chen et al寫的文章具有典型代表性。這篇文章涉及到計算機輔助工程結合統(tǒng)計技術應用,用以減少塑料注塑參數引起的翹曲變形。為此,一些依賴田口正交數組的模塑仿真分析、回歸方程和方差分析(ANOVA) 可以結合預測各種注塑參數引起的翹曲變形。但是,這篇文章只是簡單說明了塑料注塑過程中的翹曲變形而未提到收縮。然而,由Chen等人寫的另一篇文章負責通過利用一系列模塑仿真分析研究注塑模制品收縮率變化有影響的有效參數。與上述研究結果不同的是,由阿爾坦做的一項研究使用田口方法、方差分析和模擬腦神經網絡使注塑成型收縮減小。進行了二十七次注射成型試驗獲得的聚丙烯 (PP)、 聚苯乙烯 (PS) 兩種不同的聚合物材料的收縮量。從這項研究可以看到通過綜合辦法可以獲得最佳工藝條件對應的最小收縮量。與從上述論文不同的是,一些研究人員只研究電火花加工(EDM) ??傊?,即使這些研究者工作在不同領域,但他們有采用和塑料注射成型類似的方法。從這項研究中,從模塑仿真分析模擬得到以有限元分析為基礎的有效回歸模型可獲得塑料注塑工藝參數 (模具溫度、 熔化溫度、 注射壓力、 注射時間和冷卻時間) 和使用 ABS 高分子材料的體積收縮率之間的數學關系。大多數研究文獻中沒有考慮到所有這些過程參數。在不同學者的論文內工藝參數的范圍也不同。方差分析是塑料注塑成型測量工藝參數和評估回歸模型最有效的方法。此外,通過四次DVD-ROM上蓋塑件的注塑成型實驗得到的理論值和實際測量值進行比較來驗證創(chuàng)建的回歸模型的準確性。2.實驗研究方法2.1田口正交數組設計實驗 利用正交數組的實驗設計方法,在大多數情況下,高效方便的實驗方法與傳統(tǒng)的試驗設計方法相比,有必要減少和控制實驗次數。此外,當工藝參數增加時,必須要進行大量的實驗。在此研究中,27 FE 分析基于田口正交數組(L27)對塑料注塑工藝參數的研究,包括:模具溫度 (T 模),運行熔融溫度 (T 熔體),注射壓力 (P 注射用),(I 時間),注射時間和冷卻時間 (C) 如表 1 所示。收縮參數值對應回歸模型中的響應值。在表 2 中提供了從模塑仿真分析軟件模擬有限元分析取得的收縮率結果。2.2模具設計制造 當生產一個塑料部件的時候,模具必須經過各種機械設計和制造。在此研究中,適用于制造DVD-ROM上蓋塑料產品的的步驟說明如圖1所示。在塑料注射成型中,用Pro/Engineer CAD/CAM 程序設計DVD-ROM上蓋塑料制品的CAD模型。此外,DVD ROM上蓋模具設計包括了兩個夾緊板、核心板和針腳。在制作模具組件中,會用到一些機械設備,如數控銑床、電火花加工、鉆和磨。DIN 1.2738 (IMPAX) 鋼被選為模具元件的材料。用沃伯特英斯特朗儀器測量此材料的硬度達到31HRC,表3中列出了它的化學成分。2.3 有限元 (FE) 分析和成型周期2.3.1 FE 的預先處理,DVD-ROM蓋。 3D模型的DVD-ROM上蓋部分被導入到Moldflow Plastic Insight 5.0(MPI 5.0)塑料仿真模擬軟件。DVD-ROM上蓋的尺寸為153mm45.17mm7mm。DVD-ROM上蓋的材料高分子聚合物(ABS)由模流分析類似的推測而來,在表4中列出了其材料屬性。在成型之前需要用干燥機烘高分子材料ABS四個小時。DVD-ROM 部件的有限元模型是利用離散幾何由較小的簡單元素創(chuàng)建的。有限元融合網格模型,如圖 2 所示由 2726年節(jié)點、69 梁元素和5318三角元素組成。2.3.2 DVD-ROM上蓋的成型周期。 模具組件的設計和制造是為了可以注入制造DVD-ROM上蓋部分的材料,這個上蓋是安裝在計算機機箱前部DVD安裝部位。這項研究所用的塑料注塑機是瑞士制造的NETSTAL (600 H-110 60 噸 1.66 盎司 (25 毫米)。這種塑料注塑機器技術規(guī)格最大夾緊力543噸、 243 MPa的最大注射壓力、 491 cm3/s最大注射率、螺釘直徑為25毫米和0.2 s的機液壓響應。13第 22 頁 共 23 頁 桂林電子科技大學畢業(yè)設計用紙 Automated Assembly Modelling for Plastic Injection Moulds An injection mould is a mechanical assembly that consists of product-dependent parts and product-independent parts. This paper addresses the two key issues of assembly modelling for injection moulds, namely, representing an injection mould assembly in a computer and determining the position and orientation of a product-independent part in an assembly. A feature-based and object-oriented representation is proposed to represent the hierarchical assembly of injection moulds. This representation requires and permits a designer to think beyond the mere shape of a part and state explicitly what portions of a part are important and why. Thus, it provides an opportunity for designers to design for assembly (DFA). A simplified symbolic geometric approach is also presented to infer the configurations of assembly objects in an assembly according to the mating conditions. Based on the proposed representation and the simplified symbolic geometric approach, automatic assembly modelling is further discussed.Keywords: Assembly modelling; Feature-based; Injection moulds; Object-oriented1. Introduction Injection moulding is the most important process for manufacturing plastic moulded products. The necessary equipment consists of two main elements, the injection moulding machine and the injection mould. The injection moulding machines used today are so-called universal machines, onto which various moulds for plastic parts with different geometries can be mounted, within certain dimension limits, but the injection mould design has to change with plastic products. For different moulding geometries, different mould configurations are usually necessary. The primary task of an injection mould is to shape the molten material into the final shape of the plastic product. This task is fulfilled by the cavity system that consists of core, cavity, inserts, and slider/lifter heads. The geometrical shapes and sizes of a cavity system are determined directly by the plastic moulded product, so all components of a cavity system are called product-dependent parts. (Hereinafter, product refers to a plastic moulded product, part refers to the component of an injection mould.) Besides the primary task of shaping the product, an injection mould has also to fulfil a number oftasks such as the distribution of melt, cooling the molten material, ejection of the moulded product, transmitting motion, guiding, and aligning the mould halves. The functional parts to fulfil these tasks are usually similar in structure and geometrical shape for different injection moulds. Their structures and geometrical shapes are independent of the plastic moulded products, but their sizes can be changed according to the plastic products. Therefore, it can be concluded that an injection mould is actually a mechanical assembly that consists of product-dependent parts and product-independent parts. Figure 1 shows the assembly structure of an injection mould. The design of a product-dependent part is based on extracting the geometry from the plastic product. In recent years, CAD/CAM technology has been successfully used to help mould designers to design the product-dependent parts. TheFig. 1. Assembly structure of an injection mouldautomatic generation of the geometrical shape for a product-dependent part from the plastic product has also attracted a lot of research interest 1,2. However, little work has been carried out on the assembly modelling of injection moulds, although it is as important as the design of product-dependent parts. The mould industry is facing the following two difficulties when use a CAD system to design product-independent parts and the whole assembly of an injection mould. First, there are usually around one hundred product-independent parts in a mould set, and these parts are associated with each other with different kinds of constraints. It is time-consuming for the designer to orient and position the components in an assembly. Secondly, while mould designers, most of the time, think on the level of real-world objects, such as screws, plates, and pins, the CAD system uses a totally different level of geometrical objects. As a result, high-level object-oriented ideas have to be translated to low-level CAD entities such as lines, surfaces, or solids. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an automatic assembly modelling system for injection moulds to solve these two problems. In this paper, we address the following two key issues for automatic assembly modelling: representing a product-independent part and a mould assembly in a computer; and determining the position and orientation of a component part in an assembly.This paper gives a brief review of related research in assembly modelling, and presents an integrated representation for the injection mould assembly. A simplified geometric symbolic method is proposed to determine the position and orientation of a part in the mould assembly. An example of automatic assembly modelling of an injection mould is illustrated.2. Related Research Assembly modelling has been the subject of research in diverse fields, such as, kinematics, AI, and geometric modelling. Lib-ardi et al. 3 compiled a research review of assembly modelling. They reported that many researchers had used graph structures to model assembly topology. In this graph scheme, the components are represented by nodes, and transformation matrices are attached to arcs. However, the transformation matrices are not coupled together, which seriously affects the transformation procedure, i.e. if a subassembly is moved, all its constituent parts do not move correspondingly. Lee and Gossard 4 developed a system that supported a hierarchical assembly data structure containing more basic information about assemblies such as “mating feature” between the components. The transformation matrices are derived automatically from the associations of virtual links, but this hierarchical topology model represents only “part-of” relations effectively.Automatically inferring the configuration of components in an assembly means that designers can avoid specifying the transformation matrices directly. Moreover, the position of a component will change whenever the size and position of its reference component are modified. There exist three techniques to infer the position and orientation of a component in the assembly: iterative numerical technique, symbolic algebraic technique, and symbolic geometric technique. Lee and Gossard 5 proposed an iterative numerical technique to compute the location and orientation of each component from the spatial relationships. Their method consists of three steps: generation of the constraint equations, reducing the number of equations, and solving the equations. There are 16 equations for “against” condition, 18 equations for “fit” condition, 6 property equations for each matrix, and 2 additional equations for a rotational part. Usually the number of equations exceeds the number of variables, so a method must be devised to remove the redundant equations. The NewtonRaphson iteration algorithm is used to solve the equations. This technique has two disadvantages: first, the solution is heavily dependent on the initial solution; secondly, the iterative numerical technique cannot distinguish between different roots in the solution space. Therefore, it is possible, in a purely spatial relationship problem, that amathematically valid, but physically unfeasible, solution can be obtained.Ambler and Popplestone 6 suggested a method of computing the required rotation and translation for each component to satisfy the spatial relationships between the components in an assembly. Six variables (three translations and three rotations) for each component are solved to be consistent with the spatial relationships. This method requires a vast amount of programming and computation to rewrite related equations in a solvable format. Also, it does not guarantee a solution every time, especially when the equation cannot be rewritten in solvable forms. Kramer 7 developed a symbolic geometric approach for determining the positions and orientations of rigid bodies that satisfy a set of geometric constraints. Reasoning about the geometric bodies is performed symbolically by generating a sequence of actions to satisfy each constraint incrementally, which results in the reduction of the objects available degrees of freedom (DOF). The fundamental reference entity used by Kramer is called a “marker”, that is a point and two orthogonal axes. Seven constraints (coincident, in-line, in-plane, parallelFz, offsetFz, offsetFx and helical) between markers are defined. For a problem involving a single object and constraints between markers on that body, and markers which have invariant attributes, action analysis 7 is used to obtain a solution. Actionanalysis decides the final configuration of a geometric object, step by step. At each step in solving the object configuration, degrees of freedom analysis decides what action will satisfy one of the bodys as yet unsatisfied constraints, given the available degrees of freedom. It then calculates how that action further reduces the bodys degrees of freedom. At the end of each step, one appropriate action is added to the metaphorical assembly plan. According to Shah and Rogers 8, Kramers work represents the most significant development for assembly modelling. This symbolic geometric approach can locate all solutions to constraint conditions, and is computationally attractive compared to an iterative technique, but to implement this method, a large amount of programming is required. Although many researchers have been actively involved in assembly modelling, little literature has been reported on feature based assembly modelling for injection mould design.Kruth et al. 9 developed a design support system for an injection mould. Their system supported the assembly design for injection moulds through high-level functional mould objects (components and features). Because their system was based on AutoCAD, it could only accommodate wire-frame and simple solid models.3. Representation of Injection Mould Assemblies The two key issues of automated assembly modelling for injection moulds are, representing a mould assembly in com- puters, and determining the position and orientation of a product-independent part in the assembly. In this section, we present an object-oriented and feature-based representation for assemblies of injection moulds. The representation of assemblies in a computer involves structural and spatial relationships between individual parts. Such a representation must support the construction of an assembly from all the given parts, changes in the relative positioning of parts, and manipulation of the assembly as a whole. Moreover, the representations of assemblies must meet the following requirements from designers: 1. It should be possible to have high-level objects ready to use while mould designers think on the level of real-world objects. 2. The representation of assemblies should encapsulate operational functions to automate routine processes such as pocketing and interference checks. To meet these requirements, a feature-based and object-oriented hierarchical model is proposed to represent injection moulds. An assembly may be divided into subassemblies, which in turn consists of subassemblies and/or individual components. Thus, a hierarchical model is most appropriate for representing the structural relations between components. A hierarchy implies a definite assembly sequence. In addition, a hierarchical model can provide an explicit representation of the dependency of the position of one part on another. Feature-based design 10 allows designers to work at a somewhat higher level of abstraction than that possible with the direct use of solid modellers. Geometric features are instanced, sized, and located quickly by the user by specifying a minimum set of parameters, while the feature modeller works out the details. Also, it is easy to make design changes because of the associativities between geometric entities maintained in the data structure of feature modellers. Without features, designers have to be concerned with all the details of geometric construction procedures required by solid modellers, and design changes have to be strictly specified for every entity affected by the change. Moreover, the feature-based representation will provide high-level assembly objects for designers to use. For example, while mould designers think on the level of a real- world object, e.g. a counterbore hole, a feature object of a counterbore hole will be ready in the computer for use. Object-oriented modelling 11,12 is a new way of thinking about problems using models organised around real-world concepts. The fundamental entity is the object, which combines both data structures and behaviour in a single entity. Object-oriented models are useful for understanding problems and designing programs and databases. In addition, the object- oriented representation of assemblies makes it easy for a“child” object to inherit information from its “parent”. Figure 2 shows the feature-based and object-oriented hier- archical representation of an injection mould. The representation is a hierarchical structure at multiple levels of abstraction, from low-level geometric entities (form feature) to high-level subassemblies. The items enclosed in the boxes represent “assembly objects” (SUBFAs, PARTs and FFs); the solid lines represent “part-of” relation; and the dashed lines represent other relationships. Subassembly (SUBFA) consists of parts (PARTs). A part can be thought of as an “assembly” of form features (FFs). The representation combines the strengths of a feature-based geometric model with those of object-oriented models. It not only contains the “part-of” relations between the parent object and the child object, but also includes a richer set of structural relations and a group of operational functions for assembly objects. In Section 3.1, there is further discussion on the definition of an assembly object, and detailed relations between assembly objects are presented in Section 3.2Fig. 2. Feature-based, object-oriented hierarchical representation3.1 Definition of Assembly Objects In our work, an assembly object, O, is defined as a unique, identifiable entity in the following form: O = (Oid, A, M, R) (1)Where: Oid is a unique identifier of an assembly object (O). A is a set of three-tuples, (t, a, v). Each a is called an attribute of O, associated with each attribute is a type,t, and a value, v. M is a set of tuples, (m, tc1, tc2, %, tcn, tc). Each element of M is a function that uniquely identifies a method. The symbol m represents a method name; and methods define operations on objects. The symbol tci(i= 1, 2, %, n) specifies the argument type and tc specifies the returned value type. R is a set of relationships among O and other assembly objects. There are six types of basic relationships between assembly objects, i.e. Part-of, SR, SC, DOF, Lts, and Fit.Table 1 shows an assembly object of injection moulds, e.g. ejector. The ejector in Table 1 is formally specified as: (ejector-pinF1, (string, purpose, ejecting moulding), (string, material, nitride steel), (string, catalogFno, THX), (checkFinterference(), boolean), (pocketFplate(), boolean), (part-of ejectionFsys), (SR Align EBFplate), (DOF Tx, Ty). In this example, purpose, material and catalogFno are attributes with a data type of string; checkFinterference and pocketFplate are member functions; and Part-of, SR and DOF are relationships.3.2 Assembly Relationships There are six types of basic relationships between assembly objects, Part-of, SR, SC, DOF, Lts, and Fit. Part-of An assembly object belongs to its ancestor object.SR Spatial relations: explicitly specify the positions and orientations of assembly objects in an assembly. For a component part, its spatial relationship is derived from spatial constraints (SC).SC Spatial constraints: implicitly locate a component part with respect to the other parts.DOF Degrees of freedom: are allowable translational/ rotational directions of motion after assembly, with or without limits.Lts Motion limits: because of obstructions/interferences, the DOF may have unilateral or bilateral limits.Fit Size constraint: is applied to dimensions, in order to maintain a given class of fit. Among all the elements of an assembly object, the relation-ships are most important for assembly design. The relationships between assembly objects will not only determine the position of objects in an assembly, but also maintain the associativities between assembly objects. In the following sub-sections, we will illustrate the relationships at the same assembly level with the help of examples.3.2.1 Relationships Between Form Features Mould design, in essence, is a mental process; mould designers most of the time think on the level of real-world objects such as plates, screws, grooves, chamfers, and counter-bore holes. Therefore, it is necessary to build the geometric models of all product-independent parts from form features. The mould designer can easily change the size and shape of a part, because of the relations between form features maintained in the part representation. Figure 3(a) shows a plate with a counter-bore hole. This part is defined by two form features, i.e. a block and a counter-bore hole. The counter-bore hole (FF2) is placed with reference to the block feature FF1, using their local coordinates F2and F1, respectively. Equations (2)(5) show the spatial relationships between the counter-bore hole (FF2) and the block feature (FF1). For form features, there is no spatial constraint between them, so the spatial relationships are specified directly by the designer. The detailed assembly relationships between two form features are defined as follows: Fig. 3. Assembly relationships. F2k= F1k (4) r2F= r1F+ b22*F1j+ AF1*F1i (5) DOF: ObjFhasF1FRDOF(FF2, F2j) The counter-bore feature can rotate about axis F2j. LTs(FF2, FF1): AF1, b11 0.5*b21 (6) Fit (FF2, FF1): b22= b12 (7)Where F and r are the orientation and position vectors of features. F1= (F1i, F1j, F1k), F2= (F2i, F2j, F2k). bij is the dimension of form features, Subscript i ifeature number, j is dimension number. AF1is the dimension between form features.Equations (2)(7) present the relationships between the form feature FF1 and FF2. These relationships thus determine the position and orientation of a form feature in the part. Taking the part as an assembly, the form feature can be considered as “components” of the assembly. The choice of form features is based on the shape characteristics of product-independent parts. Because the form features provided by the Unigraphics CAD/CAM system 13 can meet the shape requirements of parts for injection moulds and the spatial relationships between form features are also maintained, we choose them to build the required part models. In addition to the spatial relationships, we must record LTs, Fits relationships for form features, which are essential to c
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