接觸簧片沖壓模具設(shè)計(jì)【級進(jìn)?！?/h1>
接觸簧片沖壓模具設(shè)計(jì)【級進(jìn)?！?級進(jìn)模,接觸,簧片,沖壓,模具設(shè)計(jì)
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）任務(wù)書題目：接觸簧片沖裁模設(shè)計(jì)系 名 專 業(yè) 學(xué) 號 學(xué)生姓名 指導(dǎo)教師 職 稱 年 月 日一、原始依據(jù)（包括設(shè)計(jì)或論文的工作基礎(chǔ)、研究條件、應(yīng)用環(huán)境、工作目的等。）設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)：沖壓模具在現(xiàn)在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中占有十分重要的地位。目前，沖壓模具的設(shè)計(jì)方法和設(shè)計(jì)步驟都已經(jīng)形成了一定規(guī)律，而且，還有各種沖壓模具的典型結(jié)構(gòu)。以沖壓工藝為基礎(chǔ)，根據(jù)沖壓模典型結(jié)構(gòu)，再結(jié)合所給工件尺寸，設(shè)計(jì)一套沖裁模。研究條件：一臺電腦， AutoCAD繪圖軟件，三維繪圖軟件。應(yīng)用環(huán)境：工廠生產(chǎn)。工作目的：設(shè)計(jì)一套沖裁模，模具結(jié)構(gòu)合理，生產(chǎn)的工件滿足精度要求，有使用價(jià)值。二、參考文獻(xiàn)1魏春雷、朱三武主編，模具專業(yè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)手冊，天津：天津大學(xué)出版社，20102夏巨諶、李志剛主編，中國模具工程大典，北京：電子工業(yè)出版社，20073鄧明主編，實(shí)用模具設(shè)計(jì)簡明手冊，北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，20064王秀鳳、萬良輝主編，冷沖壓模具設(shè)計(jì)與制造，北京：北京航空航天大學(xué)出版社，20055翁其金、徐新成主編，沖壓工藝及模具設(shè)計(jì)，北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，20096高錦張主編，塑性成形工藝與模具設(shè)計(jì)，北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，20107劉占軍編著，多工位級進(jìn)模設(shè)計(jì)及實(shí)例精解，北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，20098薛啟翔主編，沖壓模具設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)圖冊，北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，20059閻亞林主編，沖壓與塑壓成形設(shè)備，北京：高等教育出版社，201010周玲主編，沖模設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)例詳解，北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，200711劉占軍主編，沖壓排樣技巧，北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，201012宛強(qiáng)主編，沖壓模具設(shè)計(jì)及實(shí)例精解，北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，200813王鵬駒、成虹主編，沖壓模具設(shè)計(jì)師手冊，北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，200914張正修主編，沖壓技術(shù)實(shí)用數(shù)據(jù)速查手冊，北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，200915王立人、張輝主編，沖壓模設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo)，北京：北京理工大學(xué)出版社，2009三、設(shè)計(jì)（研究）內(nèi)容和要求（包括設(shè)計(jì)或研究內(nèi)容、主要指標(biāo)與技術(shù)參數(shù)，并根據(jù)課題性質(zhì)對學(xué)生提出具體要求。）1、編寫設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算說明書，正文部分不少于15000字（格式及字號參照教務(wù)處相關(guān)要求）。 說明書主要內(nèi)容：根據(jù)所給零件圖，對冷沖壓件工藝性分析，確定沖壓工藝方案及模具結(jié)構(gòu)形式，對模具設(shè)計(jì)的計(jì)算，包括排樣圖設(shè)計(jì)及材料利用率的計(jì)算，工序壓力的計(jì)算及壓力中心的確定，工作零件刃口尺寸及公差的計(jì)算，模具主要零部件的設(shè)計(jì)與選用。2、 用計(jì)算機(jī)繪制工程圖，折合零號圖紙應(yīng)不少于2張。 繪圖內(nèi)容：繪制模具裝配圖和主要零部件圖。3、原始資料：材料：錫磷青銅， 料厚：1.5mm生產(chǎn)批量：大批量生產(chǎn)指導(dǎo)教師（簽字）年 月 日審題小組組長（簽字）年 月 日Mold development trend1.mold CAD / CAE / CAM being integrated, three-dimensional, intelligent and network direction(1) mold software features integratedDie software features of integrated software modules required relatively complete, while the function module using the same data model, in order to achieve Syndicated news management and sharing of information to support the mold design, manufacture, assembly, inspection, testing and production management of the entire process to achieve optimal benefits. Series such as the UK Delcams software will include a surface / solid geometric modeling, engineering drawing complex geometry, advanced rendering industrial design, plastic mold design expert system, complex physical CAM, artistic design and sculpture automatic programming system, reverse engineering and complex systems physical line measurement systems. (2) mold design, analysis and manufacture of three-dimensional Two-dimensional mold of traditional structural design can no longer meet modern technical requirements of production and integration. Mold design, analysis, manufacturing three-dimensional technology, paperless software required to mold a new generation of three-dimensional, intuitive sense to design the mold, using three-dimensional digital model can be easily used in the product structure of CAE analysis, tooling manufacturability evaluation and CNC machining, forming process simulation and information management and sharing. Such as Pro / ENGINEER, UG and CATIA software such as with parametric, feature-based, all relevant characteristics, so that mold concurrent engineering possible. In addition, Cimatran company Moldexpert, Delcams Ps-mold and Hitachi Shipbuilding of Space-E/mold are professional injection mold 3D design software, interactive 3D cavity, core design, mold base design configuration and typical structure . Australian company Moldflow realistic three-dimensional flow simulation software MoldflowAdvisers been widely praised by users and applications. China Huazhong University of Science have developed similar software HSC3D4.5F and Zhengzhou University, Z-mold software. For manufacturing, knowledge-based intelligent software function is a measure of die important sign of advanced and practical one. Such as injection molding experts Cimatrons software can automatically generate parting direction based parting line and parting surface, generate products corresponding to the core and cavity, implementation of all relevant parts mold, and for automatically generated BOM Form NC drilling process, and can intelligently process parameter setting, calibration and other processing results.(3) mold software applications, networking trendWith the mold in the enterprise competition, cooperation, production and management, globalization, internationalization, and the rapid development of computer hardware and software technology, the Internet has made in the mold industry, virtual design, agile manufacturing technology both necessary and possible. The United States in its 21st Century Manufacturing Enterprise Strategy that the auto industry by 2006 to achieve agile manufacturing / virtual engineering solutions to automotive dvelopment cycle shortened from 40 months to 4 months. 2 mold testing, processinge equipment to the precise, efficient, and multi-direction (1) mold testing equipment more sophisticated, efficient Sophisticated, complex, large-scale mold development, testing equipment have become increasingly demanding. Precision Mould precision now reached 2 3m, more domestic manufacturers have to use Italy, the United States, Japan and other countries in the high-precision coordinate measuring machine, and with digital scanning. Such as Dongfeng Motor Mould Factory not only has the capacity 3250mm 3250mm Italian coordinate measuring machine, also has a digital photography optical scanner, the first in the domestic use of digital photography, optical scanning as a means of spatial three-dimensional access to information, enabling the establishment from the measurement of physical model output of engineering drawings the whole process of mold making, reverse engineering a successful technology development and applications. This equipment include: second-generation British Renishaw high-speed scanners (CYCLON SERIES2) can be realized and contact laser probe complementary probe, laser scanner accuracy of 0.05mm, scanning probe contact accuracy of 0.02 mm. Another German company GOM ATOS portable scanners, Japan Rolands PIX-30, PIX-4 desktop scanner and the United Kingdom Taylor Hopsons TALYSCAN150 multi-sensor, respectively Three-dimensional scanner with high speed, low-cost and functional composite and so on.(2) CNC EDMJapan Sodick linear motor servo drive using the companys AQ325L, AQ550LLS-WEDM have driven fast response, transmission and high positioning accuracy, the advantages of small thermal deformation. Switzerland Chanmier company NCEDM with P-E3 adaptive control, PCE energy control and automatic programming expert systems. Others also used the powder mixed EDM machining technology, micro-finishing pulse power and fuzzy control (FC) technologies.(3) high-speed milling machine (HSM)Milling is an important means of cavity mold. The low-temperature high-speed milling with the workpiece, cutting force is small, smooth processing, processing quality, processing efficiency (for the general milling process 5 to 10 times) and can process hard materials (60HRC) and many other advantages. Thus in the mold processing more and more attention. Ruishikelang company UCP710-type five-axis machining center, machine tool positioning accuracy up to 8m, home-made closed-loop vector control spindle with a maximum speed 42000r/min. Italy RAMBAUDIs high-speed milling, the processing range of up to 2500mm 5000mm 1800mm, speed up 20500r/min, cutting feed speed of 20m/min. HSM generally used large, medium-sized mold, such as motor cover mold, die casting mold, large plastic surface machining, the surface precision up to 0.01mm.3 rapid economic modeling techniquesShorten the product development cycle is an effective means of market competition to win one. Compared with the traditional mold process, fast economic modeling technology is a short molding cycle, the characteristics of low cost, precision, and life can meet the production needs, overall economic efficiency is more significant in the mold manufacturing technology, specifically the following main technology.(1) rapid prototyping and manufacturing (RPM). It consists of three-dimensional laser lithography (SLA); laminated profile manufacturing (LOM); laser powder sintering prototyping (SLS); Fused Deposition Molding (FDM) and three-dimensional printing forming technology (3D-P) and so on. (2) the surface forming tooling. It refers to the use of spray, chemical corrosion, electroforming and new method for the formation of the cavity surface and a fine pattern technology. (3) Casting forming tooling. There are bismuth tin alloy tooling, zinc alloy tooling, resin composite forming technology and silicon rubber mold molding technology. (4) cold extrusion mold technology and ultra-molded shapes. (5) multi-point forming technology. (6) KEVRON steel blanking blanking tooling. (7) mold blank rapid manufacturing technology. Mainly dry sand Mold Casting, Vacuum Mold Casting, Resin Sand Mold Casting Lost Wax Casting, and other technologies. (8) Other aspects of technology. Such as the use of nitrogen gas spring pressure side, discharge, quick die technology, stamping unit technology, and cutting edge technology and solid surfacing edge inserts die casting technology.4 mold materials and surface treatment technology developed rapidlyIndustry to the level of mold, material application is the key. Due to improper selection and use of materials, causing premature die failure, which accounts for more than 45% failure die. In the mold material, commonly used cold work tool steel with CrWMn, Cr12, Cr12MoV and W6Mo5Cr4V2, flame hardened steel (such as Japan, AUX2, SX105V (7CrSiMnMoV), etc.; used a new type of hot work die steel American H13, Sweden QRO80M, QRO90SUPREME, etc.; used a pre-hardened plastic mold steel (such as the U.S. P20), age-hardening steel (such as the U.S. P21, Japan NAK55, etc.), heat treatment hardened steel (such as the United States, D2, Japan, PD613, PD555, Sweden wins the White 136, etc.), powder die steel (such as Japan KAD18 and KAS440), etc.; panel drawing die used HT300, QT60-2, Mo-Cr, Mo-V cast iron, large-scale mold with HT250. more regular use of Precision Die Hard Steel Results YG20 and other alloys and carbide. in the mold surface treatment, the main trends are: the infiltration of a single element to the multi-element penetration, complex permeability (such as TD method) development; by the general diffusion to the CVD, PVD, PCVD, ion penetration , the direction of ion implantation, etc.; can use the coating are: TiC, TiN, TiCN, TiAlN, CrN, Cr7C3, W2C, etc., while heat from the air treatment means to the development of vacuum heat treatment. In addition, the current strengthening of the laser, glow plasma Nitriding and electroplating (plating) enhanced anti-corrosion technologies are also more and more attention.5 mold industry new techniques, new ideas and new models have been gradually recognizedAs a result, additives in smaller systems must work harder because they have less time to interact with contaminants such as dirt and metal particles. The additives also have less time to demulsify weter that inevitably gets into hydraulic fluid through condensation or leakage. Unchecked, water in the fluid plugs filters and causes corrosion and pump wear.Smaller hydraulic systems simply use less oil, so additives must have reserve performance. Additive suppliers continue to develop additives for the harsh environment and pressures of compact hydraulic systems. Examples include more thermally stable antiwear and better antioxidants to improve performance. These additives, in combination with higher quality base oils, have resulted in hydraulic fluids better suited to small systems. Another cost-saving trend is extending the drain intervals-longer fluid life. In such cases, the additive package must have enough power in reserve-what is termed chemistry-to provide performance and durability despite severe applications and long overdue maintence.Long-life hydraulic oils must also meet stringent OEM filtration requirements that include the ability to filter effectively when contaminated by water and sludge generated by oxidation and thermal degradation. Many hydraulic formulations commonly use detergents to keep systems clean.As group number increases, so does cost. But higher-group-number base oils can extend equipment life due to lower volatility, better oxidation resistance, and less sensitivity to water in the system.In addition, higher-group-number base oils contain less sulfur and have more molecules, both of which are better for equipment. Saturate level refers to the number of double bonds -or unsaturated molecules-present in an oil. Unsaturated molecules in Group 1 base oils serve as reaction points for oxidation, which can ultimately shorten hydraulic-oil life. Higher -group-number base oils, in contrast, have fower unstaturated molecules. Combined with efficient antioxidants, the result is better oxidative stability.3, Additive package. Hydrauli fluids are made up of about 90% base oil and 1% or less additives. But thar one percent is critical. Factors that influence additive seliction include performance, compatibility, color, oddor, and economics.As mentioned proviously, additives provide a number of properties, including antiwear and corrosion protection, They can also contain a demulsifier to separate water from the oil, so water can be drained from the system. This helps extend fluid life. And additives provide good thermal and oxidation stability.Properly formulated hydraulic oils provide variety of conditions. In the forming process, the main function of composite stamping die, superplastic forming, plastic precision molding technology, plastic mold gas-assisted injection technology and hot runner technology, high-pressure injection molding technology. On the other hand, with the continuous development of advanced manufacturing technology and raise the level of mold industry as a whole, in the mold industry, there are some new design, production, management ideas and models. Concrete are: to adapt to the characteristics of mold-piece production flexible manufacturing technologies; to create the best management and effective teamwork, lean production; to enhance rapid response capabilities of Concurrent Engineering, Virtual Manufacturing and global agile manufacturing, manufacturing of new production networks philosophy; extensive use of standard parts common parts of the division of work mode of production; meet the environmental requirements of sustainable development and green design and manufacturing.模具的發(fā)展趨勢一、模具CAD/CAE/CAM正向集成化、三維化、智能化網(wǎng)絡(luò)化方向發(fā)展1.1模具軟件功能集成化模具軟件功能的集成化要求軟件的功能模塊比較齊全，同時(shí)各功能模塊采用同一數(shù)據(jù)模型，以實(shí)現(xiàn)信息的綜合管理與共享，從而支持模具設(shè)計(jì)、制造、裝配、檢驗(yàn)、測試及生產(chǎn)管理的全過程，達(dá)到實(shí)現(xiàn)最佳效益的目的。如英國Delcam公司的系列化軟件就包括了曲面/實(shí)體幾何造型、復(fù)雜形體工程制圖、工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)高級渲染、塑料模設(shè)計(jì)專家系統(tǒng)、復(fù)雜形體CAM、藝術(shù)造型及雕刻自動編程系統(tǒng)、逆向工程系統(tǒng)及復(fù)雜形體在線測量系統(tǒng)等。集成化程度較高的軟件還包括：Pro/ENGINEER、UG和CATIA等。1.2模具設(shè)計(jì)、分析及制造的三維化傳統(tǒng)的二維模具結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)已越來越不適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代化生產(chǎn)和集成化技術(shù)要求。模具設(shè)計(jì)、分析、制造的三維化、無紙化要求新一代模具軟件以立體的、直觀的感覺來設(shè)計(jì)模具，所采用的三維數(shù)字化模型能方便地用于產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)的CAE分析、模具可制造性評價(jià)和數(shù)控加工、成形過程模擬及信息的管理與共享。如Pro/ENGINEER、UG和CATIA等軟件具備參數(shù)化、基于特征、全相關(guān)等特點(diǎn)，從而使模具并行工程成為可能。另外，Cimatran公司的Moldexpert，Delcam公司的Ps-mold及日立造船的Space-E/mold均是3D專業(yè)注塑模設(shè)計(jì)軟件，可進(jìn)行交互式3D型腔、型芯設(shè)計(jì)、模架配置及典型結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)。澳大利亞Moldflow公司的三維真實(shí)感流動模擬軟件MoldflowAdvisers已經(jīng)受到用戶廣泛的好評和應(yīng)用。國內(nèi)有華中理工大學(xué)研制的同類軟件HSC3D4.5F及鄭州工業(yè)大學(xué)的Z-mold軟件。面向制造、基于知識的智能化功能是衡量模具軟件先進(jìn)性和實(shí)用性的重要標(biāo)志之一。如Cimatron公司的注塑模專家軟件能根據(jù)脫模方向自動產(chǎn)生分型線和分型面，生成與制品相對應(yīng)的型芯和型腔，實(shí)現(xiàn)模架零件的全相關(guān)，自動產(chǎn)生材料明細(xì)表和供NC加工的鉆孔表格，并能進(jìn)行智能化加工參數(shù)設(shè)定、加工結(jié)果校驗(yàn)等。1.3模具軟件應(yīng)用的網(wǎng)絡(luò)化趨勢 隨著模具在企業(yè)競爭、合作、生產(chǎn)和管理等方面的全球化、國際化，以及計(jì)算機(jī)軟硬件技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展，網(wǎng)絡(luò)使得在模具行業(yè)應(yīng)用虛擬設(shè)計(jì)、敏捷制造技術(shù)既有必要，也有可能。美國在其21世紀(jì)制造企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略中指出，到2006年要實(shí)現(xiàn)汽車工業(yè)敏捷生產(chǎn)/虛擬工程方案，使汽車開發(fā)周期從40個(gè)月縮短到4個(gè)月。二、模具檢測、加工設(shè)備向精密、高效和多功能方向發(fā)展2.1模具檢測設(shè)備的日益精密、高效精密、復(fù)雜、大型模具的發(fā)展，對檢測設(shè)備的要求越來越高?，F(xiàn)在精密模具的精度已達(dá)23m，目前國內(nèi)廠家使用較多的有意大利、美國、日本等國的高精度三坐標(biāo)測量機(jī)，并具有數(shù)字化掃描功能。如東風(fēng)汽車模具廠不僅擁有意大利產(chǎn)3250mm3250mm三坐標(biāo)測量機(jī)，還擁有數(shù)碼攝影光學(xué)掃描儀，率先在國內(nèi)采用數(shù)碼攝影、光學(xué)掃描作為空間三維信息的獲得手段，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)了從測量實(shí)物建立數(shù)學(xué)模型輸出工程圖紙模具制造全過程，成功實(shí)現(xiàn)了逆向工程技術(shù)的開發(fā)和應(yīng)用。這方面的設(shè)備還包括：英國雷尼紹公司第二代高速掃描儀(CYCLON SERIES2)可實(shí)現(xiàn)激光測頭和接觸式測頭優(yōu)勢互補(bǔ)，激光掃描精度為0.05mm，接觸式測頭掃描精度達(dá)0.02mm。另外德國GOM公司的ATOS便攜式掃描儀，日本羅蘭公司的PIX-30、PIX-4臺式掃描儀和英國泰勒霍普森公司TALYSCAN150多傳感三維掃描儀分別具有高速化、廉價(jià)化和功能復(fù)合化等特點(diǎn)。2.2數(shù)控電火花加工機(jī)床日本沙迪克公司采用直線電機(jī)伺服驅(qū)動的AQ325L、AQ550LLS-WEDM具有驅(qū)動反應(yīng)快、傳動及定位精度高、熱變形小等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。瑞士夏米爾公司的NCEDM具有P-E3自適應(yīng)控制、PCE能量控制及自動編程專家系統(tǒng)。另外有些EDM還采用了混粉加工工藝、微精加工脈沖電源及模糊控制(FC)等技術(shù)。2.3高速銑削機(jī)床(HSM)銑削加工是型腔模具加工的重要手段。而高速銑削具有工件溫升低、切削力小、加工平穩(wěn)、加工質(zhì)量好、加工效率高(為普通銑削加工的510倍)及可加工硬材料(60HRC)等諸多優(yōu)點(diǎn)。因而在模具加工中日益受到重視。瑞士克朗公司UCP710型五軸聯(lián)動加工中心，其機(jī)床定位精度可達(dá)8m，自制的具有矢量閉環(huán)控制電主軸，最大轉(zhuǎn)速為42000r/min。意大利RAMBAUDI公司的高速銑床，其加工范圍達(dá)2500mm5000mm1800mm，轉(zhuǎn)速達(dá)20500r/min，切削進(jìn)給速度達(dá)20m/min。HSM一般主要用于大、中型模具加工，如汽車覆蓋件模具、壓鑄模、大型塑料等曲面加工，其曲面加工精度可達(dá)0.01mm。三、快速經(jīng)濟(jì)制模技術(shù)縮短產(chǎn)品開發(fā)周期是贏得市場競爭的有效手段之一。與傳統(tǒng)模具加工技術(shù)相比，快速經(jīng)濟(jì)制模技術(shù)具有制模周期短、成本較低的特點(diǎn)，精度和壽命又能滿足生產(chǎn)需求，是綜合經(jīng)濟(jì)效益比較顯著的模具制造技術(shù)，具體主要有以下一些技術(shù)。(1)快速原型制造技術(shù)(RPM)。它包括激光立體光刻技術(shù)(SLA) ；疊層輪廓制造技術(shù)(LOM) ；激光粉末選區(qū)燒結(jié)成形技術(shù)(SLS) ；熔融沉積成形技術(shù)(FDM) 和三維印刷成形技術(shù)(3D-P)等。(2)表面成形制模技術(shù)。它是指利用噴涂、電鑄和化學(xué)腐蝕等新的工藝方法形成型腔表面及精細(xì)花紋的一種工藝技術(shù)。(3)澆鑄成形制模技術(shù)。主要有鉍錫合金制模技術(shù)、鋅基合金制模技術(shù)、樹脂復(fù)合成形模具技術(shù)及硅橡膠制模技術(shù)等。(4)冷擠壓及超塑成形制模技術(shù)。(5)無模多點(diǎn)成形技術(shù)。(6)KEVRON鋼帶沖裁落料制模技術(shù)。(7)模具毛坯快速制造技術(shù)。主要有干砂實(shí)型鑄造、負(fù)壓實(shí)型鑄造、樹脂砂實(shí)型鑄造及失蠟精鑄等技術(shù)。(8)其他方面技術(shù)。如采用氮?dú)鈴椈蓧哼叀⑿读?、快速換模技術(shù)、沖壓單元組合技術(shù)、刃口堆焊技術(shù)及實(shí)型鑄造沖模刃口鑲塊技術(shù)等。四、模具材料及表面處理技術(shù)發(fā)展迅速模具工業(yè)要上水平，材料應(yīng)用是關(guān)鍵。因選材和用材不當(dāng)，致使模具過早失效，大約占失效模具的45%以上。在模具材料方面，常用冷作模具鋼有CrWMn、Cr12、Cr12MoV和W6Mo5Cr4V2，火焰淬火鋼(如日本的AUX2、SX105V(7CrSiMnMoV)等；常用新型熱作模具鋼有美國H13、瑞典QRO80M、QRO90SUPREME等；常用塑料模具用鋼有預(yù)硬鋼(如美國P20)、時(shí)效硬化型鋼(如美國P21、日本NAK55等)、熱處理硬化型鋼(如美國D2，日本PD613、PD555、瑞典一勝白136等)、粉末模具鋼(如日本KAD18和KAS440)等；覆蓋件拉延模常用HT300、QT60-2、Mo-Cr、Mo-V鑄鐵等，大型模架用HT250。多工位精密沖模常采用鋼結(jié)硬質(zhì)合金及硬質(zhì)合金YG20等。在模具表面處理方面，其主要趨勢是：由滲入單一元素向多元素共滲、復(fù)合滲(如TD法)發(fā)展；由一般擴(kuò)散向CVD、PVD、PCVD、離子滲入、離子注入等方向發(fā)展；可采用的鍍膜有：TiC、TiN、TiCN、TiAlN、CrN、Cr7C3、W2C等，同時(shí)熱處理手段由大氣熱處理向真空熱處理發(fā)展。另外，目前對激光強(qiáng)化、輝光離子氮化技術(shù)及電鍍(刷鍍)防腐強(qiáng)化等技術(shù)也日益受到重視。五、模具工業(yè)新工藝、新理念和新模式逐步得到了認(rèn)同在成形工藝方面，主要有沖壓模具功能復(fù)合化、超塑性成形、塑性精密成形技術(shù)、塑料模氣體輔助注射技術(shù)及熱流道技術(shù)、高壓注射成形技術(shù)等。另一方面，隨著先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展和模具行業(yè)整體水平的提高，在模具行業(yè)出現(xiàn)了一些新的設(shè)計(jì)、生產(chǎn)、管理理念與模式。具體主要有：適應(yīng)模具單件生產(chǎn)特點(diǎn)的柔性制造技術(shù)；創(chuàng)造最佳管理和效益的團(tuán)隊(duì)精神，精益生產(chǎn)；提高快速應(yīng)變能力的并行工程、虛擬制造及全球敏捷制造、網(wǎng)絡(luò)制造等新的生產(chǎn)哲理；廣泛采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件通用件的分工協(xié)作生產(chǎn)模式；適應(yīng)可持續(xù)發(fā)展和環(huán)保要求的綠色設(shè)計(jì)與制造等。8