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湖 南 科 技 大 學(xué)
英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯
學(xué) 生 姓 名： 王金思
學(xué) 院： 機(jī)電工程學(xué)院
專業(yè)及班級(jí)： 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化三班
學(xué) 號(hào)： 1103010324
指 導(dǎo) 教 師： 萬(wàn)林林
2015年 5月28日
- 7 -
湖南科技大學(xué)本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）
The Automatic Tool Changer’s main types,characteristics, and the scope of application
1、Auto Rotary Tool
Rotary Tool automatically on the use of CNC machine tool is a simple installation of automatic tool change, the Quartet and 47.60 Turret Tool various forms, such as rotary turret were installed on four, six or more of the Tool , NC instructions by ATC. Rotary Tool has two vertical and horizontal, relatively simple structure, applicable to economic CNC lathe.
Rotary Tool in the structure must have good strength and stiffness, resistance to bear rough Cutting Tool in the cutting force and reduce the role of deformation and improve processing accuracy. Rotating Tool to choose reliable positioning project structure and reasonable position, in order to ensure that each rotary turret to a higher position after 圖1 螺旋升降式四方刀架
repeated positioning accuracy (typically 0.001 to 0.005mm). Figure 2.1 shows the spiral movements of the Quartet Turret.
Auto Rotary Tool in the simplest of ATC, is 180 o rotary ATC devices, as shown in Figure 2 ATC instructions received, the machine control system put ATC spindle control to the designated location at the same time, the tool movement to the appropriate location, ATC, with the rotary axis and at the same time, the knives matching tool; Draw bars from Spindle Cutting Tools rip, ATC, will be the tool from their position removed; ATC, 180 o rotary tool spindle and the tool and tool away; ATC, the Rotary At the same time, the tool refocusing its position to accept Spindle removed from the cutting tool; Next, ATC, will be replaced with the cutter knives were unloaded into the spindle and tool: Finally, back to the original ATC, "standby" position. At this point, ATC completed procedures to continue to run. This ATC, the main advantage of simple structure, the less movement, fast tool change. The main disadvantage is that knives must be kept in parallel with the axis of the plane, and after the home side compared to the tool, chip and liquid-cutting knife into the folder, it is necessary to the tool plus protection. Cone knife folder on the chip will cause ATC error, or even damage knife folders, and the possibility of spindle. Some processing center at the transfer, and the tool side. When the ATC command is called, the transfer-cutter knives will be removed, the machine go forward, and positioning with the ATC, in line with the position. 180 o "Rotary ATC devices can be used horizontal machine, can also be used for vertical machining centers.
圖2 180°回轉(zhuǎn)式換刀裝置
2 、ATC head-turret installed
With rotating CNC machine tool often used such ATC devices, with a few turret head spindle, each with a spindle on both knives, the first tower interim process can be automatic tool change-realization. The advantage is simple structure, tool change time is short, only about 2 s. However, due to spatial constraints, the number of spindle can not be too much, usually only apply to processes less, not to high precision machine tools, such as the NC drill, such as CNC milling machine. In recent years there has been a mechanical hand and the turret head with a knife for the automatic tool change ATC devices, as shown in Figure 2.3. It is in fact a turret head ATC, and the knife-ATC device combination. The principle is as follows:
圖3 機(jī)械手和轉(zhuǎn)塔頭配合刀庫(kù)換刀的自動(dòng)換刀裝置
5 turret on the first two tool spindle 3 and 4, when using the tool spindle 4 processing tool, the manipulator 2 will be the next step to the need for the tool does not work on the tool spindle 3 until after the completion of this process , the first rotary turret 180 o, ATC completed. ATC most of their time and processing time coincidence, the only real tool change time turret transposition of the first time, this approach mainly used for ATC and NC NC drilling file bed.
3、 Automatic tool changer with tool magazine
Figure 4 shows?the knife and split-type machine to the appearance of CNC machine tool plans.
Figure 5 shows the knife and the whole machine tool CNC machine tools for the appearance of Fig.
At this point, knife storage capacity, a heavier tool can, and often additional transport unit to complete the knife between the spindle and cutting tool transport.
The ATC with tool magazine , the election knives, automatic loading and unloading machine tool and tool exchange institutions (manipulator), composed of four parts, used widely.
Tool Automatic Tool Change the manipulator system, the whole process more complicated ATC. We must first used in the processing of all installed in the standard tool on the knife handle in the machine outside the pre-size, according to a certain way Add to the knife. ATC, selected first in the knife knife, and then from ATC, from the knife from the knife or spindle, exchange, the new knife into the spindle, the old knife back into the knife.
? ATC, as the former two knives to accommodate a limited number can not be too many, can not meet the needs of complex parts machining, CNC machine tool Automatic Tool Changer with tool magazine the use of the automatic tool change devices. The knife has more capacity, both installed in the spindle box side or above. As for the automatic tool change with tool magazine device CNC machine tool spindle box only a spindle, spindle components to high stiffness to meet the machining requirements. The number of establishments in larger knife, which can meet the more complex parts of the machining processes, significantly improving productivity. the automatic tool changer with tool magazine applied to drilling centers and CNC machining centers. The comparison drawn automatic tool changer with tool magazine system is the most promising.
圖4 刀庫(kù)與機(jī)床為分體式數(shù)控機(jī)床 圖5 刀庫(kù)與機(jī)床為整體式數(shù)控機(jī)床
自動(dòng)換刀裝置的主要類型、特點(diǎn)和適用范圍
1、自動(dòng)回轉(zhuǎn)刀架
自動(dòng)回轉(zhuǎn)刀架是數(shù)控機(jī)床上使用的一種簡(jiǎn)單的自動(dòng)換刀裝置，有四方刀架和六角刀架等多種形式，回轉(zhuǎn)刀架上分別安裝有四把、六把或更多的刀具，并按數(shù)控指令進(jìn)行換刀?；剞D(zhuǎn)刀架又有立式和臥式兩種，結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡(jiǎn)單，適用于經(jīng)濟(jì)數(shù)控車床。
回轉(zhuǎn)刀架在結(jié)構(gòu)上必須具有良好的強(qiáng)度和剛度，以承受粗加工時(shí)切削抗力和減少刀架在切削力作用下的變形，提高加工精度?；剞D(zhuǎn)刀架還要選擇可靠的定位方案和合理的定位結(jié)構(gòu)，以保證回轉(zhuǎn)刀架在每次轉(zhuǎn)位之后具有較高的重復(fù)定位精度(一般為0.001 ~0.005mm )。圖1所示為螺旋升降式四方刀架。
圖1 螺旋升降式四方刀架
在自動(dòng)回轉(zhuǎn)刀架中最簡(jiǎn)單的換刀裝置是180o回轉(zhuǎn)式換刀裝置，如圖2.2所示。接到換刀指令后，機(jī)床控制系統(tǒng)便將主軸控制到指定換刀位置;與此同時(shí)，刀具庫(kù)運(yùn)動(dòng)到適當(dāng)位置，換刀裝置回轉(zhuǎn)并同時(shí)與主軸、刀具庫(kù)的刀具相配合;拉桿從主軸刀具上卸掉，換刀裝置將刀具從各自的位置上取下;換刀裝置回轉(zhuǎn)180o并將主軸刀具與刀具庫(kù)刀具帶走;換刀裝置回轉(zhuǎn)的同時(shí)，刀具庫(kù)重新調(diào)整其位置，以接受從主軸取下的刀具;接下來，換刀裝置將要換上的刀具與卸下的刀具分別裝入主軸和刀具庫(kù):最后，換刀裝置轉(zhuǎn)回原“待命”位置。至此，換刀完成，程序繼續(xù)運(yùn)行。這種換刀裝置的主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)是結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單、涉及的運(yùn)動(dòng)少、換刀快。主要缺點(diǎn)是刀具必須存放在與主軸平行的平面內(nèi)，與側(cè)置后置刀具庫(kù)相比，切屑及切削液易進(jìn)入刀夾，因此必須對(duì)刀具另加防護(hù)。刀夾錐面上有切屑會(huì)造成換刀誤差，甚至有損壞刀夾與主軸的可能。有些加工中心使用了傳遞桿，并將刀具庫(kù)側(cè)置。當(dāng)換刀指令被調(diào)用時(shí)，傳遞桿將刀具庫(kù)的刀具取下，轉(zhuǎn)到機(jī)床前方，并定位于與換刀裝置配合的位置。180o“回轉(zhuǎn)式換刀裝置既可用于臥式機(jī)床，也可用于立式機(jī)床。
圖2 180°回轉(zhuǎn)式換刀裝置
2、轉(zhuǎn)塔頭式換刀裝
帶有旋轉(zhuǎn)刀具的數(shù)控機(jī)床常采用此種換刀裝置，轉(zhuǎn)塔頭上裝有幾個(gè)主軸，每個(gè)主軸上均裝一把刀具，加工過程中轉(zhuǎn)塔頭可自動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)位實(shí)現(xiàn)換刀。其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，換刀時(shí)間短，僅為2s左右。但由于受空間位置的限制，主軸數(shù)目不能太多，通常只適用于工序較少、精度要就不高的機(jī)床，如數(shù)控鉆床、數(shù)控銑床等。近年來出現(xiàn)了一種用機(jī)械手和轉(zhuǎn)塔頭配合刀庫(kù)進(jìn)行換刀的自動(dòng)換刀裝置，如圖3所示。它實(shí)際上是轉(zhuǎn)塔頭換刀裝置和刀庫(kù)式換刀裝置的結(jié)合。其原理如下:
圖3 機(jī)械手和轉(zhuǎn)塔頭配合刀客換刀的自動(dòng)換刀裝置
轉(zhuǎn)塔頭5上有兩個(gè)刀具主軸3和4，當(dāng)用刀具主軸4上的刀具進(jìn)行加工時(shí)，可由機(jī)械手2將下一步需要的刀具換至不工作的刀具主軸3上，待本工序完成后，轉(zhuǎn)塔頭回轉(zhuǎn)180o，完成換刀。因其換刀時(shí)間大部分和加工時(shí)間重合，真正換刀時(shí)間只需轉(zhuǎn)塔頭轉(zhuǎn)位的時(shí)間，這種換刀方式主要用于數(shù)控鉆床和數(shù)控銼床等。
3、帶刀庫(kù)的自動(dòng)換刀系統(tǒng)
圖4所示為刀庫(kù)與機(jī)床為分體式數(shù)控機(jī)床的外觀圖。
圖5所示為刀庫(kù)與機(jī)床為整體式數(shù)控機(jī)床的外觀圖。
此時(shí)，刀庫(kù)容量大，刀具可以較重，常常附加運(yùn)輸裝置來完成刀庫(kù)與主軸之間刀具的運(yùn)輸。
帶刀庫(kù)的換刀裝置由刀庫(kù)、選刀機(jī)構(gòu)、刀具自動(dòng)裝卸機(jī)械及刀具交換機(jī)構(gòu)(機(jī)械手)等四部分組成，應(yīng)用廣泛。
刀庫(kù)機(jī)械手自動(dòng)換刀系統(tǒng)，整個(gè)換刀過程比較復(fù)雜。首先要把加工過程中使用的全部刀具安裝在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)刀柄上，在機(jī)外進(jìn)行尺寸預(yù)調(diào)后，按一定的方式放入刀庫(kù)。換刀時(shí)，先在刀庫(kù)中選刀，再由換刀裝置從刀庫(kù)或主軸上取刀，進(jìn)行交換，將新刀裝入主軸，舊刀放回刀庫(kù)。
由于前兩種換刀裝置容納的刀具數(shù)量有限不能太多，不能滿足復(fù)雜零件的加工需要，所以自動(dòng)換刀數(shù)控機(jī)床多采用帶刀庫(kù)的自動(dòng)換刀裝置。刀庫(kù)具有較大容量，既可安裝在主軸箱的側(cè)面或上方。由于帶刀庫(kù)的自動(dòng)換刀裝置的數(shù)控機(jī)床的主軸箱內(nèi)只有一根主軸，主軸部件的剛度要高，以滿足精密加工要求。刀庫(kù)內(nèi)數(shù)量較大，因而能滿足復(fù)雜零件的多工序加工，大大提高生產(chǎn)率。帶刀庫(kù)的自動(dòng)換刀系統(tǒng)適用于數(shù)控鉆削中心和加工中心。進(jìn)行比較得出帶刀庫(kù)的自動(dòng)換刀系統(tǒng)是最有發(fā)展前景的。
圖4 刀庫(kù)與機(jī)床為分體式數(shù)控機(jī)床 圖5 刀庫(kù)與機(jī)床為整體式數(shù)控機(jī)床