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無(wú)無(wú)錫錫太太湖湖學(xué)學(xué)院院機(jī)機(jī)械械加加工工工工藝藝卡卡片片材材料料牌牌號(hào)號(hào)HT200HT200毛毛坯坯種種類類鑄鑄件件毛毛坯坯外外形形尺尺寸寸工工序序號(hào)號(hào)工工步步號(hào)號(hào)工工序序名名稱稱鉆鉆12.7mm12.7mm的的錐錐孔孔車車間間1005鑄鑄造毛坯鑄2005車粗車左側(cè)端面金工3005鏜粗鏜172mm的孔金工4005鏜粗鏜右側(cè)90mm的孔金工10鏜粗鏜68mm的孔金工5005拉粗拉寬18mm長(zhǎng)118mm的鍵槽金工6005鏜粗鏜四端110mm的孔金工10鏜粗鏜四端42mm的孔7005車精車左側(cè)端面金工8005鏜半精鏜172mm的孔金工9005鏜半精鏜90mm的孔金工10鏜半精鏜68mm的孔10005拉精拉寬18mm長(zhǎng)118mm的鍵槽金工11005鏜半精鏜110mm的孔金工10鏜半精鏜42mm的孔12005鏜精鏜172mm的孔金工13005鏜精鏜90mm的孔金工10鏜精鏜68mm的孔14005鏜精鏜110mm的孔金工15005鉸鉸42mm的孔金工16005輔去毛刺檢17005輔檢查檢18005輔入庫(kù)檢產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品型型號(hào)號(hào)零零件件圖圖號(hào)號(hào)產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品名名稱稱葉葉輪輪座座零零件件名名稱稱葉葉輪輪座座220314220314毛毛坯坯件件數(shù)數(shù)1 1設(shè)設(shè)備備型型號(hào)號(hào)工工藝藝設(shè)設(shè)備備主主軸軸轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)速速r/minr/min切切削削速速度度m/minm/minCA6140專用車夾具，車刀，卡板12584.78T68專用鏜夾具，鏜刀，卡板10054T68專用鏜夾具，鏜刀，卡板20056.52T68專用鏜夾具，鏜刀，卡板25053.38L6120專用拉夾具，鍵槽拉刀，卡板6T68專用鏜夾具，鏜刀，卡板16055.26專用鏜夾具，鏜刀，卡板40052.75CA6140專用車夾具，車刀，卡板160108.5T68專用鏜夾具，鏜刀，游標(biāo)卡尺10054T68專用鏜夾具，鏜刀，游標(biāo)卡尺25070.65專用鏜夾具，鏜刀，卡板31567.26L6120專用拉夾具，鍵槽拉刀，卡板7T68專用鏜夾具，鏜刀，游標(biāo)卡尺20069.08專用鏜夾具，鏜刀，卡板50065.94T68專用鏜夾具，鏜刀，游標(biāo)卡尺8043.21T68專用鏜夾具，鏜刀，游標(biāo)卡尺16045.22專用鏜夾具，鏜刀，游標(biāo)卡尺25053.38T68專用鏜夾具，鏜刀，游標(biāo)卡尺12543.18T68專用鉸夾具，鉸刀，游標(biāo)卡尺31541.54共共 1 1 頁(yè)頁(yè)第第 1 1 頁(yè)頁(yè)每每臺(tái)臺(tái)件件數(shù)數(shù)1 1進(jìn)進(jìn)給給量量mm/rmm/r背背吃吃刀刀量量mmmm工工 時(shí)時(shí)準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn) 終終單單 件件0.712.52.530.7430.470.570.7420.370.470.7420.690.850.1540.211.770.7420.120.150.7420.10.120.40.53.454.20.521.50.670.820.521.50.420.530.521.50.7810.1510.211.770.521.50.150.180.521.50.130.164.50.50.10.124.50.50.080.14.50.50.110.144.50.50.030.034.50.20.020.03葉葉輪輪座座無(wú)無(wú)錫錫太太湖湖學(xué)學(xué)院院機(jī)機(jī)械械加加工工工工藝藝過(guò)過(guò)程程卡卡片片產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品型型號(hào)號(hào)產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品名名稱稱材材料料牌牌號(hào)號(hào)HT200HT200毛毛坯坯種種類類鑄鑄件件毛毛坯坯外外形形尺尺寸寸220314220314工工序序號(hào)號(hào)工工序序名名稱稱鉆鉆12.7mm12.7mm的的錐錐孔孔車車間間工工段段10鑄鑄造毛坯鑄20車粗車左側(cè)端面金工30鏜粗鏜172mm的孔金工40鏜粗鏜右側(cè)90mm和68mm的孔金工50拉粗拉寬18mm長(zhǎng)118mm的鍵槽金工60鏜粗鏜四端110mm和42mm的孔金工70車精車左側(cè)端面金工80鏜半精鏜172mm的孔金工90鏜半精鏜90mm和68mm的孔金工100拉精拉寬18mm長(zhǎng)118mm的鍵槽金工110鏜半精鏜110mm和42mm的孔金工120鏜精鏜172mm的孔金工130鏜精鏜90mm和68mm的孔金工140鏜精鏜110mm的孔金工150鉸鉸42mm的孔金工160輔去毛刺檢170輔檢查檢180輔入庫(kù)檢零零件件圖圖號(hào)號(hào)葉葉輪輪座座零零件件名名稱稱葉葉輪輪座座共共 1 1 頁(yè)頁(yè)第第 1 1 頁(yè)頁(yè)毛毛坯坯件件數(shù)數(shù)1 1每每臺(tái)臺(tái)件件數(shù)數(shù)1 1設(shè)設(shè)備備型型號(hào)號(hào)工工藝藝設(shè)設(shè)備備工工 時(shí)時(shí)準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn) 終終單單 件件CA6140 專用車夾具，車刀，卡板T68專用鏜夾具，鏜刀，卡板T68專用鏜夾具，鏜刀，卡板L6120專用拉夾具，鍵槽拉刀，卡板T68專用鏜夾具，鏜刀，卡板CA6140 專用車夾具，車刀，卡板T68專用鏜夾具，鏜刀，游標(biāo)卡尺T68專用鏜夾具，鏜刀，游標(biāo)卡尺L6120專用拉夾具，鍵槽拉刀，卡板T68專用鏜夾具，鏜刀，游標(biāo)卡尺T68專用鏜夾具，鏜刀，游標(biāo)卡尺T68專用鏜夾具，鏜刀，游標(biāo)卡尺T68專用鏜夾具，鏜刀，游標(biāo)卡尺T68專用鉸夾具，鉸刀，游標(biāo)卡尺無(wú)無(wú)錫錫太太湖湖學(xué)學(xué)院院機(jī)機(jī)械械加加工工工工序序卡卡片片產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品型型號(hào)號(hào)產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品名名稱稱葉輪座車車間間毛毛胚胚種種類類鑄件設(shè)設(shè)備備名名稱稱車床夾夾具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工位位器器具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工步步號(hào)號(hào)工工步步內(nèi)內(nèi)容容工工藝藝裝裝備備 05粗車葉輪座左側(cè)端面專用車夾具，1625YG8硬質(zhì)合金車刀編編制制校校對(duì)對(duì)零零件件圖圖號(hào)號(hào)零零件件名名稱稱葉輪座共共 1414 頁(yè)頁(yè)第第 1 1 頁(yè)頁(yè)工工序序號(hào)號(hào)工工序序名名稱稱材材料料牌牌號(hào)號(hào)20 粗車葉輪座左側(cè)端面HT200毛毛胚胚外外形形尺尺寸寸每每毛毛胚胚可可制制件件數(shù)數(shù)每每臺(tái)臺(tái)件件數(shù)數(shù)22031411設(shè)設(shè)備備型型號(hào)號(hào)設(shè)設(shè)備備編編號(hào)號(hào)同同時(shí)時(shí)加加工工件件數(shù)數(shù)CA61401夾夾具具名名稱稱切切削削液液專用車夾具工工位位器器具具名名稱稱工工序序工工時(shí)時(shí)（分分）準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)終終單單件件主主軸軸轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)速速r/minr/min切切削削速速度度m/minm/min進(jìn)進(jìn)給給量量mm/rmm/r背背吃吃刀刀量量mmmm工工步步工工時(shí)時(shí)機(jī)機(jī)動(dòng)動(dòng)輔輔助助12584.780.712.52.53審審核核葉輪座車車間間毛毛胚胚種種類類鑄件設(shè)設(shè)備備名名稱稱車床夾夾具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工位位器器具具編編號(hào)號(hào)無(wú)無(wú)錫錫太太湖湖學(xué)學(xué)院院機(jī)機(jī)械械加加工工工工序序卡卡片片產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品型型號(hào)號(hào)產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品名名稱稱葉輪座車車間間毛毛胚胚種種類類鑄件設(shè)設(shè)備備名名稱稱鏜床夾夾具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工位位器器具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工步步號(hào)號(hào)工工步步內(nèi)內(nèi)容容工工藝藝裝裝備備主主軸軸轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)速速r/minr/min 05 粗鏜172mm的孔專用鏜夾具，硬質(zhì)合金鏜刀100編編制制校校對(duì)對(duì)零零件件圖圖號(hào)號(hào)零零件件名名稱稱葉輪座共共 1414 頁(yè)頁(yè)第第 2 2 頁(yè)頁(yè)工工序序號(hào)號(hào)工工序序名名稱稱材材料料牌牌號(hào)號(hào)30 粗鏜172mm的孔HT200毛毛胚胚外外形形尺尺寸寸每每毛毛胚胚可可制制件件數(shù)數(shù)每每臺(tái)臺(tái)件件數(shù)數(shù)22031411設(shè)設(shè)備備型型號(hào)號(hào)設(shè)設(shè)備備編編號(hào)號(hào)同同時(shí)時(shí)加加工工件件數(shù)數(shù)T681夾夾具具名名稱稱切切削削液液專用鏜夾具工工位位器器具具名名稱稱工工序序工工時(shí)時(shí)（分分）準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)終終單單件件切切削削速速度度m/minm/min進(jìn)進(jìn)給給量量mm/rmm/r背背吃吃刀刀量量mmmm工工步步工工時(shí)時(shí)機(jī)機(jī)動(dòng)動(dòng)輔輔助助540.7430.470.57審審核核夾夾具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工位位器器具具編編號(hào)號(hào)無(wú)無(wú)錫錫太太湖湖學(xué)學(xué)院院機(jī)機(jī)械械加加工工工工序序卡卡片片產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品型型號(hào)號(hào)產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品名名稱稱葉輪座車車間間毛毛胚胚種種類類鑄件設(shè)設(shè)備備名名稱稱鏜床夾夾具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工位位器器具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工步步號(hào)號(hào)工工步步內(nèi)內(nèi)容容工工藝藝裝裝備備主主軸軸轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)速速r/minr/min 05粗鏜90mm的孔專用鏜夾具，硬質(zhì)合金鏜刀200 10粗鏜68mm的孔專用鏜夾具，硬質(zhì)合金鏜刀250編編制制校校對(duì)對(duì)零零件件圖圖號(hào)號(hào)零零件件名名稱稱葉輪座共共 1414 頁(yè)頁(yè)第第 3 3 頁(yè)頁(yè)工工序序號(hào)號(hào)工工序序名名稱稱材材料料牌牌號(hào)號(hào)40粗鏜90mm和68mm的孔HT200毛毛胚胚外外形形尺尺寸寸每每毛毛胚胚可可制制件件數(shù)數(shù)每每臺(tái)臺(tái)件件數(shù)數(shù)22031411設(shè)設(shè)備備型型號(hào)號(hào)設(shè)設(shè)備備編編號(hào)號(hào)同同時(shí)時(shí)加加工工件件數(shù)數(shù)T681夾夾具具名名稱稱切切削削液液專用鏜夾具工工位位器器具具名名稱稱工工序序工工時(shí)時(shí)（分分）準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)終終單單件件切切削削速速度度m/minm/min進(jìn)進(jìn)給給量量mm/rmm/r背背吃吃刀刀量量mmmm工工步步工工時(shí)時(shí)機(jī)機(jī)動(dòng)動(dòng)輔輔助助56.520.7420.370.4753.380.7420.690.85審審核核夾夾具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工位位器器具具編編號(hào)號(hào)無(wú)無(wú)錫錫太太湖湖學(xué)學(xué)院院機(jī)機(jī)械械加加工工工工序序卡卡片片產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品型型號(hào)號(hào)產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品名名稱稱葉輪座車車間間毛毛胚胚種種類類鑄件設(shè)設(shè)備備名名稱稱拉床夾夾具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工位位器器具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工步步號(hào)號(hào)工工步步內(nèi)內(nèi)容容工工藝藝裝裝備備主主軸軸轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)速速r/minr/min 05粗拉寬18mm的鍵槽專用拉夾具，鍵槽拉刀編編制制校校對(duì)對(duì)零零件件圖圖號(hào)號(hào)零零件件名名稱稱葉輪座共共 1414 頁(yè)頁(yè)第第 4 4 頁(yè)頁(yè)工工序序號(hào)號(hào)工工序序名名稱稱材材料料牌牌號(hào)號(hào)50粗拉寬18mm的鍵槽HT200毛毛胚胚外外形形尺尺寸寸每每毛毛胚胚可可制制件件數(shù)數(shù)每每臺(tái)臺(tái)件件數(shù)數(shù)22031411設(shè)設(shè)備備型型號(hào)號(hào)設(shè)設(shè)備備編編號(hào)號(hào)同同時(shí)時(shí)加加工工件件數(shù)數(shù)L61201夾夾具具名名稱稱切切削削液液專用拉夾具工工位位器器具具名名稱稱工工序序工工時(shí)時(shí)（分分）準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)終終單單件件切切削削速速度度m/minm/min進(jìn)進(jìn)給給量量mm/rmm/r背背吃吃刀刀量量mmmm工工步步工工時(shí)時(shí)機(jī)機(jī)動(dòng)動(dòng)輔輔助助60.1540.211.77審審核核夾夾具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工位位器器具具編編號(hào)號(hào)無(wú)無(wú)錫錫太太湖湖學(xué)學(xué)院院機(jī)機(jī)械械加加工工工工序序卡卡片片產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品型型號(hào)號(hào)產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品名名稱稱葉輪座車車間間毛毛胚胚種種類類鑄件設(shè)設(shè)備備名名稱稱鏜床夾夾具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工位位器器具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工步步號(hào)號(hào)工工步步內(nèi)內(nèi)容容工工藝藝裝裝備備主主軸軸轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)速速r/minr/min 05粗鏜110mm的孔專用鏜夾具，硬質(zhì)合金鏜刀160 10粗鏜42mm的孔專用鏜夾具，硬質(zhì)合金鏜刀400編編制制校校對(duì)對(duì)零零件件圖圖號(hào)號(hào)零零件件名名稱稱葉輪座共共 1414 頁(yè)頁(yè)第第 5 5 頁(yè)頁(yè)工工序序號(hào)號(hào)工工序序名名稱稱材材料料牌牌號(hào)號(hào)60粗鏜110mm和42mm的孔HT200毛毛胚胚外外形形尺尺寸寸每每毛毛胚胚可可制制件件數(shù)數(shù)每每臺(tái)臺(tái)件件數(shù)數(shù)22031411設(shè)設(shè)備備型型號(hào)號(hào)設(shè)設(shè)備備編編號(hào)號(hào)同同時(shí)時(shí)加加工工件件數(shù)數(shù)T681夾夾具具名名稱稱切切削削液液專用鏜夾具工工位位器器具具名名稱稱工工序序工工時(shí)時(shí)（分分）準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)終終單單件件切切削削速速度度m/minm/min進(jìn)進(jìn)給給量量mm/rmm/r背背吃吃刀刀量量mmmm工工步步工工時(shí)時(shí)機(jī)機(jī)動(dòng)動(dòng)輔輔助助55.260.7420.120.1552.750.7420.10.12審審核核夾夾具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工位位器器具具編編號(hào)號(hào)無(wú)無(wú)錫錫太太湖湖學(xué)學(xué)院院機(jī)機(jī)械械加加工工工工序序卡卡片片產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品型型號(hào)號(hào)產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品名名稱稱葉輪座車車間間毛毛胚胚種種類類鑄件設(shè)設(shè)備備名名稱稱車床夾夾具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工位位器器具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工步步號(hào)號(hào)工工步步內(nèi)內(nèi)容容工工藝藝裝裝備備 05精車葉輪座左側(cè)端面專用車夾具，1625YG8硬質(zhì)合金車刀編編制制校校對(duì)對(duì)零零件件圖圖號(hào)號(hào)零零件件名名稱稱葉輪座共共 1414 頁(yè)頁(yè)第第 6 6 頁(yè)頁(yè)工工序序號(hào)號(hào)工工序序名名稱稱材材料料牌牌號(hào)號(hào)70 精車葉輪座左側(cè)端面HT200毛毛胚胚外外形形尺尺寸寸每每毛毛胚胚可可制制件件數(shù)數(shù)每每臺(tái)臺(tái)件件數(shù)數(shù)22031411設(shè)設(shè)備備型型號(hào)號(hào)設(shè)設(shè)備備編編號(hào)號(hào)同同時(shí)時(shí)加加工工件件數(shù)數(shù)CA61401夾夾具具名名稱稱切切削削液液專用車夾具工工位位器器具具名名稱稱工工序序工工時(shí)時(shí)（分分）準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)終終單單件件主主軸軸轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)速速r/minr/min切切削削速速度度m/minm/min進(jìn)進(jìn)給給量量mm/rmm/r背背吃吃刀刀量量mmmm工工步步工工時(shí)時(shí)機(jī)機(jī)動(dòng)動(dòng)輔輔助助160108.50.40.53.454.2審審核核葉輪座車車間間毛毛胚胚種種類類鑄件設(shè)設(shè)備備名名稱稱車床夾夾具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工位位器器具具編編號(hào)號(hào)無(wú)無(wú)錫錫太太湖湖學(xué)學(xué)院院機(jī)機(jī)械械加加工工工工序序卡卡片片產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品型型號(hào)號(hào)產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品名名稱稱葉輪座車車間間毛毛胚胚種種類類鑄件設(shè)設(shè)備備名名稱稱鏜床夾夾具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工位位器器具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工步步號(hào)號(hào)工工步步內(nèi)內(nèi)容容工工藝藝裝裝備備主主軸軸轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)速速r/minr/min 05 半精鏜172mm的孔專用鏜夾具，硬質(zhì)合金鏜刀100編編制制校校對(duì)對(duì)零零件件圖圖號(hào)號(hào)零零件件名名稱稱葉輪座共共 1414 頁(yè)頁(yè)第第 7 7 頁(yè)頁(yè)工工序序號(hào)號(hào)工工序序名名稱稱材材料料牌牌號(hào)號(hào)80 半精鏜172mm的孔HT200毛毛胚胚外外形形尺尺寸寸每每毛毛胚胚可可制制件件數(shù)數(shù)每每臺(tái)臺(tái)件件數(shù)數(shù)22031411設(shè)設(shè)備備型型號(hào)號(hào)設(shè)設(shè)備備編編號(hào)號(hào)同同時(shí)時(shí)加加工工件件數(shù)數(shù)T681夾夾具具名名稱稱切切削削液液專用鏜夾具工工位位器器具具名名稱稱工工序序工工時(shí)時(shí)（分分）準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)終終單單件件切切削削速速度度m/minm/min進(jìn)進(jìn)給給量量mm/rmm/r背背吃吃刀刀量量mmmm工工步步工工時(shí)時(shí)機(jī)機(jī)動(dòng)動(dòng)輔輔助助540.521.50.670.82審審核核夾夾具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工位位器器具具編編號(hào)號(hào)無(wú)無(wú)錫錫太太湖湖學(xué)學(xué)院院機(jī)機(jī)械械加加工工工工序序卡卡片片產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品型型號(hào)號(hào)產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品名名稱稱葉輪座車車間間毛毛胚胚種種類類鑄件設(shè)設(shè)備備名名稱稱鏜床夾夾具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工位位器器具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工步步號(hào)號(hào)工工步步內(nèi)內(nèi)容容工工藝藝裝裝備備主主軸軸轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)速速r/minr/min 05半精鏜90mm的孔專用鏜夾具，硬質(zhì)合金鏜刀250 10半精鏜68mm的孔專用鏜夾具，硬質(zhì)合金鏜刀315編編制制校校對(duì)對(duì)零零件件圖圖號(hào)號(hào)零零件件名名稱稱葉輪座共共 1414 頁(yè)頁(yè)第第 8 8 頁(yè)頁(yè)工工序序號(hào)號(hào)工工序序名名稱稱材材料料牌牌號(hào)號(hào)90半精鏜90mm和68mm的孔HT200毛毛胚胚外外形形尺尺寸寸每每毛毛胚胚可可制制件件數(shù)數(shù)每每臺(tái)臺(tái)件件數(shù)數(shù)22031411設(shè)設(shè)備備型型號(hào)號(hào)設(shè)設(shè)備備編編號(hào)號(hào)同同時(shí)時(shí)加加工工件件數(shù)數(shù)T681夾夾具具名名稱稱切切削削液液專用鏜夾具工工位位器器具具名名稱稱工工序序工工時(shí)時(shí)（分分）準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)終終單單件件切切削削速速度度m/minm/min進(jìn)進(jìn)給給量量mm/rmm/r背背吃吃刀刀量量mmmm工工步步工工時(shí)時(shí)機(jī)機(jī)動(dòng)動(dòng)輔輔助助70.650.521.50.420.5367.260.521.50.781審審核核夾夾具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工位位器器具具編編號(hào)號(hào)無(wú)無(wú)錫錫太太湖湖學(xué)學(xué)院院機(jī)機(jī)械械加加工工工工序序卡卡片片產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品型型號(hào)號(hào)產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品名名稱稱葉輪座車車間間毛毛胚胚種種類類鑄件設(shè)設(shè)備備名名稱稱拉床夾夾具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工位位器器具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工步步號(hào)號(hào)工工步步內(nèi)內(nèi)容容工工藝藝裝裝備備主主軸軸轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)速速r/minr/min 05精拉寬18mm的鍵槽專用拉夾具，鍵槽拉刀編編制制校校對(duì)對(duì)零零件件圖圖號(hào)號(hào)零零件件名名稱稱葉輪座共共 1414 頁(yè)頁(yè)第第 9 9 頁(yè)頁(yè)工工序序號(hào)號(hào)工工序序名名稱稱材材料料牌牌號(hào)號(hào)100精拉寬18mm的鍵槽HT200毛毛胚胚外外形形尺尺寸寸每每毛毛胚胚可可制制件件數(shù)數(shù)每每臺(tái)臺(tái)件件數(shù)數(shù)22031411設(shè)設(shè)備備型型號(hào)號(hào)設(shè)設(shè)備備編編號(hào)號(hào)同同時(shí)時(shí)加加工工件件數(shù)數(shù)L61201夾夾具具名名稱稱切切削削液液專用拉夾具工工位位器器具具名名稱稱工工序序工工時(shí)時(shí)（分分）準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)終終單單件件切切削削速速度度m/minm/min進(jìn)進(jìn)給給量量mm/rmm/r背背吃吃刀刀量量mmmm工工步步工工時(shí)時(shí)機(jī)機(jī)動(dòng)動(dòng)輔輔助助70.1510.211.77審審核核夾夾具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工位位器器具具編編號(hào)號(hào)無(wú)無(wú)錫錫太太湖湖學(xué)學(xué)院院機(jī)機(jī)械械加加工工工工序序卡卡片片產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品型型號(hào)號(hào)產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品名名稱稱葉輪座車車間間毛毛胚胚種種類類鑄件設(shè)設(shè)備備名名稱稱鏜床夾夾具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工位位器器具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工步步號(hào)號(hào)工工步步內(nèi)內(nèi)容容工工藝藝裝裝備備主主軸軸轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)速速r/minr/min 05半精鏜110mm的孔專用鏜夾具，硬質(zhì)合金鏜刀200 10半精鏜42mm的孔專用鏜夾具，硬質(zhì)合金鏜刀500編編制制校校對(duì)對(duì)零零件件圖圖號(hào)號(hào)零零件件名名稱稱葉輪座共共 1414 頁(yè)頁(yè)第第 1010 頁(yè)頁(yè)工工序序號(hào)號(hào)工工序序名名稱稱材材料料牌牌號(hào)號(hào)110半精鏜110mm和42mm的孔HT200毛毛胚胚外外形形尺尺寸寸每每毛毛胚胚可可制制件件數(shù)數(shù)每每臺(tái)臺(tái)件件數(shù)數(shù)22031411設(shè)設(shè)備備型型號(hào)號(hào)設(shè)設(shè)備備編編號(hào)號(hào)同同時(shí)時(shí)加加工工件件數(shù)數(shù)T681夾夾具具名名稱稱切切削削液液專用鏜夾具工工位位器器具具名名稱稱工工序序工工時(shí)時(shí)（分分）準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)終終單單件件切切削削速速度度m/minm/min進(jìn)進(jìn)給給量量mm/rmm/r背背吃吃刀刀量量mmmm工工步步工工時(shí)時(shí)機(jī)機(jī)動(dòng)動(dòng)輔輔助助69.080.521.50.150.1865.940.521.50.130.16審審核核夾夾具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工位位器器具具編編號(hào)號(hào)無(wú)無(wú)錫錫太太湖湖學(xué)學(xué)院院機(jī)機(jī)械械加加工工工工序序卡卡片片產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品型型號(hào)號(hào)產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品名名稱稱葉輪座車車間間毛毛胚胚種種類類鑄件設(shè)設(shè)備備名名稱稱鏜床夾夾具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工位位器器具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工步步號(hào)號(hào)工工步步內(nèi)內(nèi)容容工工藝藝裝裝備備主主軸軸轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)速速r/minr/min 05 精鏜172mm的孔專用鏜夾具，硬質(zhì)合金鏜刀80編編制制校校對(duì)對(duì)零零件件圖圖號(hào)號(hào)零零件件名名稱稱葉輪座共共 1414 頁(yè)頁(yè)第第 1111 頁(yè)頁(yè)工工序序號(hào)號(hào)工工序序名名稱稱材材料料牌牌號(hào)號(hào)120 精鏜172mm的孔HT200毛毛胚胚外外形形尺尺寸寸每每毛毛胚胚可可制制件件數(shù)數(shù)每每臺(tái)臺(tái)件件數(shù)數(shù)22031411設(shè)設(shè)備備型型號(hào)號(hào)設(shè)設(shè)備備編編號(hào)號(hào)同同時(shí)時(shí)加加工工件件數(shù)數(shù)T681夾夾具具名名稱稱切切削削液液專用鏜夾具工工位位器器具具名名稱稱工工序序工工時(shí)時(shí)（分分）準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)終終單單件件切切削削速速度度m/minm/min進(jìn)進(jìn)給給量量mm/rmm/r背背吃吃刀刀量量mmmm工工步步工工時(shí)時(shí)機(jī)機(jī)動(dòng)動(dòng)輔輔助助43.214.50.50.10.12審審核核夾夾具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工位位器器具具編編號(hào)號(hào)無(wú)無(wú)錫錫太太湖湖學(xué)學(xué)院院機(jī)機(jī)械械加加工工工工序序卡卡片片產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品型型號(hào)號(hào)產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品名名稱稱葉輪座車車間間毛毛胚胚種種類類鑄件設(shè)設(shè)備備名名稱稱鏜床夾夾具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工位位器器具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工步步號(hào)號(hào)工工步步內(nèi)內(nèi)容容工工藝藝裝裝備備主主軸軸轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)速速r/minr/min 05精鏜90mm的孔專用鏜夾具，硬質(zhì)合金鉸刀16010精鏜68mm的孔專用鉸夾具，硬質(zhì)合金鉸刀250編編制制校校對(duì)對(duì)零零件件圖圖號(hào)號(hào)零零件件名名稱稱葉輪座共共 1414 頁(yè)頁(yè)第第 1212 頁(yè)頁(yè)工工序序號(hào)號(hào)工工序序名名稱稱材材料料牌牌號(hào)號(hào)130精鏜90mm的孔HT200毛毛胚胚外外形形尺尺寸寸每每毛毛胚胚可可制制件件數(shù)數(shù)每每臺(tái)臺(tái)件件數(shù)數(shù)22031411設(shè)設(shè)備備型型號(hào)號(hào)設(shè)設(shè)備備編編號(hào)號(hào)同同時(shí)時(shí)加加工工件件數(shù)數(shù)T681夾夾具具名名稱稱切切削削液液專用鏜夾具工工位位器器具具名名稱稱工工序序工工時(shí)時(shí)（分分）準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)終終單單件件切切削削速速度度m/minm/min進(jìn)進(jìn)給給量量mm/rmm/r背背吃吃刀刀量量mmmm工工步步工工時(shí)時(shí)機(jī)機(jī)動(dòng)動(dòng)輔輔助助45.224.50.50.080.153.384.50.50.110.14審審核核夾夾具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工位位器器具具編編號(hào)號(hào)無(wú)無(wú)錫錫太太湖湖學(xué)學(xué)院院機(jī)機(jī)械械加加工工工工序序卡卡片片產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品型型號(hào)號(hào)產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品名名稱稱葉輪座車車間間毛毛胚胚種種類類鑄件設(shè)設(shè)備備名名稱稱鏜床夾夾具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工位位器器具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工步步號(hào)號(hào)工工步步內(nèi)內(nèi)容容工工藝藝裝裝備備主主軸軸轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)速速r/minr/min 05精鏜110mm的孔專用鏜夾具，硬質(zhì)合金鉸刀125編編制制校校對(duì)對(duì)零零件件圖圖號(hào)號(hào)零零件件名名稱稱葉輪座共共 1414 頁(yè)頁(yè)第第 1313 頁(yè)頁(yè)工工序序號(hào)號(hào)工工序序名名稱稱材材料料牌牌號(hào)號(hào)150精鏜110mm的孔HT200毛毛胚胚外外形形尺尺寸寸每每毛毛胚胚可可制制件件數(shù)數(shù)每每臺(tái)臺(tái)件件數(shù)數(shù)22031411設(shè)設(shè)備備型型號(hào)號(hào)設(shè)設(shè)備備編編號(hào)號(hào)同同時(shí)時(shí)加加工工件件數(shù)數(shù)T681夾夾具具名名稱稱切切削削液液專用鏜夾具工工位位器器具具名名稱稱工工序序工工時(shí)時(shí)（分分）準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)終終單單件件切切削削速速度度m/minm/min進(jìn)進(jìn)給給量量mm/rmm/r背背吃吃刀刀量量mmmm工工步步工工時(shí)時(shí)機(jī)機(jī)動(dòng)動(dòng)輔輔助助43.184.50.50.030.03審審核核夾夾具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工位位器器具具編編號(hào)號(hào)無(wú)無(wú)錫錫太太湖湖學(xué)學(xué)院院機(jī)機(jī)械械加加工工工工序序卡卡片片產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品型型號(hào)號(hào)產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品品名名稱稱葉輪座車車間間毛毛胚胚種種類類鑄件設(shè)設(shè)備備名名稱稱鏜床夾夾具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工位位器器具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工步步號(hào)號(hào)工工步步內(nèi)內(nèi)容容工工藝藝裝裝備備主主軸軸轉(zhuǎn)轉(zhuǎn)速速r/minr/min 05鉸42mm的孔專用鉸夾具，硬質(zhì)合金鉸刀315編編制制校校對(duì)對(duì)零零件件圖圖號(hào)號(hào)零零件件名名稱稱葉輪座共共 1414 頁(yè)頁(yè)第第 1414 頁(yè)頁(yè)工工序序號(hào)號(hào)工工序序名名稱稱材材料料牌牌號(hào)號(hào)150鉸42mm的孔HT200毛毛胚胚外外形形尺尺寸寸每每毛毛胚胚可可制制件件數(shù)數(shù)每每臺(tái)臺(tái)件件數(shù)數(shù)22031411設(shè)設(shè)備備型型號(hào)號(hào)設(shè)設(shè)備備編編號(hào)號(hào)同同時(shí)時(shí)加加工工件件數(shù)數(shù)T681夾夾具具名名稱稱切切削削液液專用鉸夾具工工位位器器具具名名稱稱工工序序工工時(shí)時(shí)（分分）準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)終終單單件件切切削削速速度度m/minm/min進(jìn)進(jìn)給給量量mm/rmm/r背背吃吃刀刀量量mmmm工工步步工工時(shí)時(shí)機(jī)機(jī)動(dòng)動(dòng)輔輔助助41.544.50.20.020.03審審核核夾夾具具編編號(hào)號(hào)工工位位器器具具編編號(hào)號(hào) 存檔編碼：無(wú)無(wú)錫錫太太湖湖學(xué)學(xué)院院 2013 屆屆畢畢業(yè)業(yè)作作業(yè)業(yè)周周次次進(jìn)進(jìn)度度計(jì)計(jì)劃劃、檢檢查查落落實(shí)實(shí)表表 系別：信機(jī)系 班級(jí)：機(jī)械97 學(xué)生姓名：馬磊 課題（設(shè)計(jì)）名稱：葉輪座零件加工工藝及專用夾具設(shè)計(jì) 開(kāi)始日期：2012.11.12周次起止日期工作計(jì)劃、進(jìn)度每周主要完成內(nèi)容存在問(wèn)題、改進(jìn)方法指導(dǎo)教師意見(jiàn)并簽字備 注1-32012年11月12日-2012年12月2日教師下達(dá)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)，學(xué)生初步閱讀資料，完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)題報(bào)告。按照任務(wù)書要求查閱論文相關(guān)參考資料，填寫畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)題報(bào)告書對(duì)相關(guān)資料不能準(zhǔn)確定位；耐心查找4-102012年12月3日-2013年1月20日指導(dǎo)專業(yè)實(shí)訓(xùn)掌握機(jī)床的基本操作不能熟練掌握，需要勤加練習(xí)11-122013年1月21日-3月1日指導(dǎo)畢業(yè)實(shí)習(xí)在校外的廠里實(shí)習(xí)5S管理和TPM不太熟悉工作流程，需要多問(wèn)，多看，多做132013年3月4日-3月8日繼續(xù)整理資料、分析、比較各種設(shè)計(jì)方案在導(dǎo)師的幫助下熟悉機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)中的各種設(shè)計(jì)方案不能區(qū)分各種方案間的不同點(diǎn)，對(duì)各方案中的有些概念感到模糊；需要仔細(xì)閱讀，認(rèn)真研究142013年3月11日-3月15日確定最合適的總設(shè)計(jì)方案確定了總設(shè)計(jì)方案很那最終確定總設(shè)計(jì)方案；根據(jù)實(shí)際對(duì)最后的可能方案作最后的研究152013年3月18日-3月22日總體設(shè)計(jì)（包括參數(shù)計(jì)算及結(jié)構(gòu)分析計(jì)算）進(jìn)行參數(shù)計(jì)算及結(jié)構(gòu)分析對(duì)計(jì)算公式比較陌生，需要查找相關(guān)書籍；回顧有關(guān)專業(yè)知識(shí)162013年3月25日-3月29日總體設(shè)計(jì)（完成參數(shù)計(jì)算及結(jié)構(gòu)分析計(jì)算后繪制草圖：總裝配圖）繪制了總裝配圖有些方面的圖不是很清楚地畫出來(lái)172013年4月1日-4月5日總體設(shè)計(jì)（最后完成部件裝配圖）繪制了部件裝配圖有些圖的部位不是很清楚182013年4月8日-4月12日夾具零件設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行夾具零件設(shè)計(jì)上網(wǎng)查閱資料進(jìn)行改進(jìn)192013年4月15日-4月19日夾具零件設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行夾具零件設(shè)計(jì)上網(wǎng)查閱資料進(jìn)行改進(jìn)202013年4月22日-4月26日夾具零件設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行夾具零件設(shè)計(jì)查閱標(biāo)準(zhǔn)零件進(jìn)行改進(jìn)212013年4月29日-5月3日整理設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書整理了設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書排版先后問(wèn)題222013年5月6日-5月10日完成設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書完成說(shuō)明書的設(shè)計(jì)排版及格式的整理232013年5月13日-5月17日對(duì)圖和說(shuō)明書完善、定稿完善圖和說(shuō)明書排版及格式問(wèn)題242013年5月20日-5月25日排版、打印、裝訂、答辯準(zhǔn)備做最后的準(zhǔn)備認(rèn)真回看自己的設(shè)計(jì)，準(zhǔn)備答辯更順利周次起止日期工作計(jì)劃、進(jìn)度每周主要完成內(nèi)容存在問(wèn)題、改進(jìn)方法指導(dǎo)教師意見(jiàn)并簽字備 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一、題目及專題：
１、 題目 葉輪座零件加工工藝與專用夾具設(shè)計(jì)
２、專題
二、課題來(lái)源及選題依據(jù)
葉輪座零件加工涉及車、銑、鉆、磨等多種加工方法，設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容包含工藝文件制訂、刀具選擇、切削用量計(jì)算等，以及夾具設(shè)計(jì)。是對(duì)機(jī)械專業(yè)學(xué)生所學(xué)專業(yè)知識(shí)的綜合應(yīng)用。該課題難度適中，設(shè)計(jì)量合適，能提升學(xué)生對(duì)知識(shí)的應(yīng)用能力。
三、本設(shè)計(jì)（論文或其他）應(yīng)達(dá)到的要求：
1. 根據(jù)零件使用要求，分析零件的機(jī)械加工的工藝性，編制零件機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程，并形成全套工藝文件，即工藝過(guò)程卡、機(jī)加工工藝卡、工序卡；
2. 分析計(jì)算該零件機(jī)械加工工藝參數(shù)，選用加工設(shè)備和工藝裝備；
3. 設(shè)計(jì)葉輪座零件加工的專用夾具，繪制夾具裝配圖及全套非標(biāo)零件圖，分析夾具的定位精度等。
4.編寫設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書（大于30頁(yè)）；
5.專業(yè)外語(yǔ)翻譯（大于8000~10000字符，約合漢字5000字符）；
四、接受任務(wù)學(xué)生：
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五、開(kāi)始及完成日期：
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六、設(shè)計(jì)（論文）指導(dǎo)（或顧問(wèn)）：
指導(dǎo)教師 薛慶紅 簽名
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〔學(xué)科組組長(zhǎng)研究所所長(zhǎng)〕 簽名
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CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS IN THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
Abstract : A centrifugal pump converts the input power to kinetic energy in the liquid by accelerating the liquid by a revolving device - an impeller. The most common type is the volute pump. Fluid enters the pump through the eye of the impeller which rotates at high speed. The fluid is accelerated radially outward from the pump chasing. A vacuum is created at the impellers eye that continuously draws more fluid into the pump . This article stresses on a series of centrifugal pumps，F(xiàn)rom a brief introduction to the principles.
Keywords : centrifugal pump ,Introduction ,Working principle , Cavitation ， Mechanism of Cavitation ，Solution and Remedies
1. Introduction
Pump ,device used to raise ,transfer ,or compress liquids and gases .Four general classes of pumps for liquids are described below .In all of them ,steps are taken to prevent cavitation (the formation of a vacuum) ,which would reduce the flow and damage the structure of the pump .Pumps used for gases and vapors are usually known as compressors .The study of fluids in motion is called fluid dynamics.
Water pump ,device for moving water from one location to another ,using tubes or other machinery .Water pumps operate under pressures ranging from a fraction of a pound to more than 10,000 pounds per square inch .Everyday examples of water pumps range from small electric pumps that circulate and aerate water in aquariums and fountains to sump pumps that remove water from beneath the foundations of homes .
One type of modern pumps used to move water is the centrifugal pump .Early version of the centrifugal pump ,the screw pump ,consists of a corkscrew-shaped mechanism in a pipe that ,when rotated ,pulls water upward .Screw pumps are often used in waste-water treatment plants because they can move large amounts of water without becoming clogged with debris .In the ancient Middle East the need for irrigation of farmland was a strong inducement to develop a water pump .Early pumps in this region were simple devices for lifting buckets of water from a source to a container or a trench .Greek mathematician and inventor Archimedes is thought to have devised the first screw pump in the third century BC .Later Greek inventor Ctesibius develop the first lift pump .During the late 17th and early 18th Centuries AD ,British engineer Thomas Savery ,French physicist Denis Papin ,And British blacksmith and inventor Thomas Newcomen contributed to the development of a water pump that used steam to power the pump’ piston .The steam-powered water pump’s first wide use was in pumping water out of mines .Modern-day examples of centrifugal pumps are those used at the Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River .This pump system has the potential to irrigate over one million acres of land .
Also known as rotary pumps ,centrifugal pumps have a rotating impeller ,also known as a blade ,that is immersed in the liquid .Liquid enters the pump near the axis of the impeller ,and the rotating impeller sweeps the liquid out toward the ends of the impeller blades at high pressure .The impeller also gives the liquid a relatively high velocity that can be converted into pressure in a stationary part of the pump ,known as the diffuser .In high-pressure pumps ,a number of impeller may be used in series ,and the diffusers following each impeller may contain guide vanes to gradually reduce the liquid velocity .For lower-pressure pumps ,the diffuser is generally a spiral passage ,known as a volute ,with its cross-sectional area increasing gradually to reduce the velocity efficiently .The impeller must be primed before it can begin operation ,that is ,the impeller must be surrounded by liquid when the pump is started .This can be done by placing a check valve in the suction line ,which holds the liquid in the pump when the impeller is not rotating .If this valve leaks ,the pump may need to be primed by the introduction of liquid from an outside source such as the discharge reservoir .A centrifugal pump generally has a valve in the discharge line to control the flow and pressure .For low flows and high pressures ,the action of the impeller is largely radial .For higher flows and lower discharge pressure ,the direction of the flow within the pump is more nearly parallel to the axis of the shaft ,and the pump is said to have an axial flow .The impeller in this case acts as a propeller .The transition from one set of floe conditions to the other is gradual ,and for intermediate condition , the device is called a mixed-flow pump .
2.The Centrifugal Pump
The centrifugal pump is by far the most widely used type in the chemical and petroleum industries .It will pump liquids with very wide ranging properties and suspensions with a high solids content including ,for example ,cement slurries ,and may be constructed from a very wide rang of corrosion resistant materials .The whole pump casing may be constructed from plastic such as polypropylene or it may be fitted with a corrosion-resistant lining .Because it operates at high speed ,it may be directly coupled to an electric motor and it will give a high flow rate for its size .
In this type of pump ,the fluid is fed to the centre of a rotating impeller and is thrown outward by centrifugal action .As a result of the high speed of rotation the liquid acquires a high kinetic energy and the pressure difference between the suction and delivery sides arises from the conversion of kinetic energy into pressure energy .
The impeller consists of a series of curved vanes so shaped that the flow within the pump is as smooth as possible .The greater the number of vanes on the impeller ,the greater is the control over the direction of the liquid and hence the smaller are the losses due to turbulence and circulation between the vanes .In the open impeller ,the vanes are fixed to a central hub ,whereas in the closed type the vanes are held between two supporting plates and leakage across the impeller is reduced .As will be seen later ,the angle of the tips of the blades very largely determines the operating characteristics of the pump .
The liquid enters the casing of the pump，normally in an axial direction，and is picked up by the vanes of the impeller．In the simple type of centrifugal pump，the liquid discharges into a volute，a chamber of gradually increasing cross—section with a tangential outlet．A volute type of pump is shown in Fig.(a)．In the turbine pump[-Fig．(b)]the liquid flows from the moving vanes of the impeller through a series of fixed vanes forming a diffusion ring．
This gives a more gradual change in direction to the fluid and more efficient conversion of kinetic energy into pressure energy than is obtained with the volute type．The angle of the leading edge of the fixed vanes should be such that the fluid is received without shock．The liquids flows along the surface of the impeller vane with a certain velocity whilst the tip of the vane is moving relative to the casing of the pump．The direction of motion of the liquid relative to the pump casing--and the required angle of the fixed vanes—is found by compounding these two velocities．In Fig．c，
c.
is the velocity of the liquid relative to the vane and is the tangential velocity of the tip of the vane；compounding these two velocities gives the resultant velocity of the liquid．It is apparent，therefore，that the required vane angle in the diffuser is dependent on the throughput，the speed of rotation，and the angle of the impeller blades．The pump will therefore operate at maximum efficiency only over a narrow range of conditions．
Virtual head of a centrifugal pump
The maximum pressure is developed when the whole of the excess kinetic energy of the fluid is converted into pressure energy. As indicated below．the head is proportional to the square of the radius and to the speed，and is of the order of 60m for a single—stage centrifugal pump；for higher pressures，multistage pumps must be used．Consider the liquid which is rotating at a distance of between r and r+dr from the centre of the pump(Fig．d)．
d
The mass of this element of fluid dm is given by 2πrdrdρ，where ρ is the density of the fluid and 6 is the width of the element of fluid。
If the fluid is traveling with a velocity u and at an angle θ to the tangential direction．The angular momentum of this mass of fluid
= dM (urcosθ)
The torque acting on the fluid dτ is equal to the rate of change of angular momentum with time，as it goes through the pump
Dτ = dM α/αt(urcosθ)=2πrbρdrα/αt(urcosθ) (2.1)
The volumetric rate of flow of liquid through the pump：
Q=2πrbα/αt (2.2)
Dr =Q ρ d(urcosθ) (2.3)
The total torque acting on the liquid in the pump is therefore obtained integrating dτ between the limits denoted by suffix 1 and suffix 2，where suffix 1 refers to the conditions at the inlet to the pump and suffix 2 refers to the condition at the discharge．
Thus，τ=Q ρ(cos- cos)
The advantages and disadvantages of the centrifugal pump
The main advantages are：
(1) It is simple in construction and can，therefore， be made in a wide range of materials
(2)There is a complete absence of valves．
(3)It operates at high speed(up to 100 Hz)and，therefore，can be coupled directly to
an electric motor. In general，the higher the speed the smaller the pump and motor for a give n duty．
(4)It gives a steady delivery．
(5)Maintenance costs are lower than for any other type of pump．
(6)No damage is done to the pump if the delivery line becomes blocked，provided it is not run in this condition for a prolonged period．
(7)It is much smaller than other pumps of equal capacity．It can，therefore，be made into a sealed unit with the driving motor and immersed in the suction tank．
(8)Liquids containing high proportions of suspended solids are readily handled．
The main disadvantages are：
(1)The single—stage pump will not develop a high pressure．Multistage pumps will develop greater heads bat they are very much more expensive and cannot readily be made in corrosion—resistant material because of their greater complexity．It is generally better to use very high speeds in order to reduce the number of stages required．
(2)It operates at a high efficiency over only a limited range of conditions; this applies especially to turbine pumps．
(3)It is not usually self-priming.
(4)If a non-return valve is not incorporated in the delivery or suction line, the liquid will run back into the suction tank as soon as the pump stops．
(5)Very viscous liquids cannot he handled efficiently．
3. Cavitation in centrifugal pump
（1）The term ‘cavitation’ comes from the Latin word cavus, which means a hollow space or a cavity. Webster’s Dictionary defines the word ‘cavitation’ as the rapid formation and collapse of cavities in a flowing liquid in regions of very low pressure.
In any discussion on centrifugal pumps various terms like vapor pockets, gas pockets, holes, bubbles, etc. are used in place of the term cavities. These are one and the same thing and need not be confused. The term bubble shall be used hereafter in the discussion.
In the context of centrifugal pumps, the term cavitation implies a dynamic process of formation of bubbles inside the liquid, their growth and subsequent collapse as the liquid flows through the pump.
Generally, the bubbles that form inside the liquid are of two types: Vapor bubbles or Gas bubbles.
1.Vapor bubbles are formed due to the vaporisation of a process liquid that is being pumped. The cavitation condition induced by formation and collapse of vapor bubbles is commonly referred to as Vaporous Cavitation.
2.Gas bubbles are formed due to the presence of dissolved gases in the liquid that is being pumped (generally air but may be any gas in the system). The cavitation condition induced by the formation and collapse of gas bubbles is commonly referred to as Gaseous Cavitation.
（2）Important Definitions: To enable a clear understanding of mechanism of cavitation, definitions of following important terms are explored.
· ??????? Static pressure,
· ??????? Dynamic pressure,
· ??????? Total pressure,
· ??????? Static pressure head,
· ??????? Velocity head,
· ??????? Vapour pressure.
Static pressure ：The static pressure in a fluid stream is the normal force per unit area on a solid boundary moving with the fluid. It describes the difference between the pressure inside and outside a system, disregarding any motion in the system. For instance, when referring to an air duct, static pressure is the difference between the pressure inside the duct and outside the duct, disregarding any airflow inside the duct. In energy terms, the static pressure is a measure of the potential energy of the fluid.
Dynamic pressure：A moving fluid stream exerts a pressure higher than the static pressure due to the kinetic energy (? mv2) of the fluid. This additional pressure is defined as the dynamic pressure. The dynamic pressure can be measured by converting the kinetic energy of the fluid stream into the potential energy. In other words, it is pressure that would exist in a fluid stream that has been decelerated from its velocity ‘v’ to ‘zero’ velocity.
Total pressure：The sum of static pressure and dynamic pressure is defined as the total pressure. It is a measure of total energy of the moving fluid stream. i.e. both potential and kinetic energy.
Velocity head：Vapor pressure is the pressure required to keep a liquid in a liquid state. If the pressure applied to the surface of the liquid is not enough to keep the molecules pretty close together, the molecules will be free to separate and roam around as a gas or vapor. The vapor pressure is dependent upon the temperature of the liquid. Higher the temperature, higher will be the vapor pressure.
（3） Cavitation Damage：Cavitation can destroy pumps and valves, and cavitation causes a loss of efficiency in pumps immediately, and also a continuously increasing loss of efficiency as the equipment degrades due to erosion of the pump components by cavitation. Therefore It is important to understand the phenomena sufficiently to predict and therefore reduce cavitation and damage from cavitation, and also to diagnose and find practical solutions to cavitation problems。
1）Cavitation Enhanced Chemical Erosion
Phenomenon of Cavitation
Pumps operating under cavitation conditions become more vulnerable to corrosion and chemical attack. Metals commonly develop an oxide layer or passivated layer which protects the metal from further corrosion. Cavitation can remove this oxide or passive layer on a continuous basis and expose unprotected metal to further oxidation. The two processes (cavitation & oxidation) then work together to rapidly remove metal from the pump casing and impeller. Stainless steels are not invulnerable to this process.
2）Materials Selection
There is no metal, plastic, or any other material known to man, that can withstand the high levels of energy released by cavitation in the forms of heat and pressure. In practice however, materials can be selected that result in longer life and customer value in their ability to withstand cavitation energies, so that attention to pump construction materials is valuable and productive.
Where cavitation is not a problem or not predicted to be a problem, common materials such as cast iron and bronze are suitable for pump construction. There are millions of cast iron and bronze pumps that work fine for 20 years or more without any problem even though many of those pumps experience some cavitation.
（4）Mechanism of Cavitation：The phenomenon of cavitation is a stepwise process as shown in Figure (below).
Step One, Formation of bubbles inside the liquid being pumped.
The bubbles form inside the liquid when it vaporises i.e. phase change from liquid to vapor. But how does vaporization of the liquid occur during a pumping operation?
Vaporization of any liquid inside a closed container can occur if either pressure on the liquid surface decreases such that it becomes equal to or less than the liquid vapor pressure at the operating temperature, or the temperature of the liquid rises,
Collapse of a Vapor Bubble
raising the vapor pressure such that it becomes equal to or greater than the operating pressure at the liquid surface. For example, if water at room temperature (about 77 °F) is kept in a closed container and the system pressure is reduced to its vapor pressure (about 0.52 psia), the water quickly changes to a vapor. Also, if the operating pressure is to remain constant at about 0.52 psia and the temperature is allowed to rise above 77 °F, then the water quickly changes to a vapor.
Just like in a closed container, vaporization of the liquid can occur in centrifugal pumps when the local static pressure reduces below that of the vapor pressure of the liquid at the pumping temperature.
Step Two, Growth of bubbles Unless there is no change in the operating conditions, new bubbles continue to form and old bubbles grow in size. The bubbles then get carried in the liquid as it flows from the impeller eye to the impeller exit tip along the vane trailing edge. Due to impeller rotating action, the bubbles attain very high velocity and eventually reach the regions of high pressure within the impeller where they start collapsing. The life cycle of a bubble has been estimated to be in the order of 0.003 seconds。
Step Three, Collapse of bubbles，As the vapor bubbles move along the impeller vanes, the pressure around the bubbles begins to increase until a point is reached where the pressure on the outside of the bubble is greater than the pressure inside the bubble. The bubble collapses. The process is not an explosion but rather an implosion (inward bursting). Hundreds of bubbles collapse at approximately the same point on each impeller vane. Bubbles collapse non-symmetrically such that the surrounding liquid rushes to fill the void forming a liquid microjet. The micro jet subsequently ruptures the bubble with such force that a hammering action occurs. Bubble collapse pressures greater than 1 GPa (145x106 psi) have been reported. The highly localized hammering effect can pit the pump impeller. The pitting effect is illustrated schematically in this the figure.
After the bubble collapses, a shock wave emanates outward from the point of collapse. This shock wave is what we actually hear and what we call "cavitation". The implosion of bubbles and emanation of shock waves (red color) . In nutshell, the mechanism of cavitation is all about formation, growth and collapse of bubbles inside the liquid being pumped. But how can the knowledge of mechanism of cavitation can really help in troubleshooting a cavitation problem. The concept of mechanism can help in identifying the type of bubbles and the cause of their formation and collapse.
(5)Solution and Remedies：For vaporization problems (cavitation)
(1.To cure vaporization problems you must either increase the suction head, lower the fluid temperature, or decrease the N.P.S.H. Required. We shall look at each possibility:
1).Increase the suction head: ? Raise the liquid level in the tank
? Raise the tank
? Put the pump in a pit
? Reduce the piping losses. These losses occur for a variety of reasons that include :
1. The system was designed incorrectly. There are too many fittings and/or the piping is too small in diameter.
2. A pipe liner has collapsed.
3. Solids have built up on the inside of the pipe.
4. The suction pipe collapsed when it was run over by a heavy vehicle.
5. A suction strainer is clogged.
6. Be sure the tank vent is open and not obstructed. Vents can freeze in cold weather
7. Something